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近场通信(IJWMT-V4-N2-3)

近场通信(IJWMT-V4-N2-3)
近场通信(IJWMT-V4-N2-3)

I.J. Wireless and Microwave Technologies, 2014, 2, 20-30

Published Online March 2014 in MECS(https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html,)

DOI: 10.5815/ijwmt.2014.02.03

Available online at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html,/ijwmt

Near Field Communication

Nagashree R N a*, Vibha Rao b, Aswini N c

a PG student in Digital Electronics & Communication, MVJCE, Bengaluru and 560067,India.

b PG student in Digital Electronics & Communication, MVJCE, Bengaluru and 560067,India.

c Assiscant Professor in Dept of Electronics & Communication, MVJCE, Bengaluru an

d 560067,India.

Abstract

Near Field Communication (NFC), an emerging short-range wireless point to point interconnection technology, with the combination of handheld electronic device has become a potential tool for the two devices to exchange various information when in close range. NFC unites various standards and proprietary technologies. This paper presents a brief introduction about the NFC and various applications and security issues.

Index Terms: Near Field Communication, Data transfer, NFC data exchange format, Communication mode, Security, applications, Advantages, disadvantages.

? 2014 Published by MECS Publisher. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of the Research Association of Modern Education and Computer Science

1.Introduction

Near Field Communication (NFC), a new short-range (max. 20cm) wireless, contactless connectivity technology, evolved from a combination of earlier RFID style non-contact identification and interconnection technologies (ISO14443A/MIFARE/FeliCa). It provides a high level of comfort to user as it can communicate without any further configuration steps when two devices brought very close each other and to enjoy the privilege of accessing the content services in an intuitive way just by simply “touching” smart objects. NFC communicates based on inductive coupling. It is broadly compatible with the existing standards such as Bluetooth, Wi - Fi etc., that have been set in place. The major advantage of NFC compared to other wireless technology is its simplicity.

A potential application of NFC, contactless payment using NFC-enabled mobile phone enables secure and convenient purchases in a wide range of transactions. For example, a credit card could be integrated into a mobile phone and used over NFC. It finds a huge application in wireless sensor networks and various other fields.

* Nagashree R N. Mob.: 7259544509

E-mail address: nagashree.r.n@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html,

2.Features of the NFC Standard

The Near Field Communication system operating in the global 13.56MHz unlicensed radio frequency ISM band, standardized by ISO (18092), ECMA (340) and ETSI. Additionally NFC is compatible with Sony FeliCa smart card protocols and Philips' MIFARE? (ISO 14443 A).The NFC has two standards: NFCIP-1 is an NFC-specific communication mode, defined in the ECMA-340 standard. This mode is intended for peer-to-peer data communication between devices. The NFCIP-1 mode is divided into two variants: active mode and passivemode.NFCIP-2 (specified in ECMA-352) defines how to automatically select the correct operation mode when starting communications.

3.NFC Technology Data Transfer

The Near Field Communication system operating in the global 13.56MHz unlicensed radio frequency ISM band, standardized by ISO (18092), ECMA (340) and ETSI. The data transfer rate may be 106 or 212 or 424 kbps. The initial communication speed it set up by the application itself which might be later changed depending upon the communication environment and the requirements.

The NFC uses same channel to both transmit and receive, the y are half duplex. They operate by using …Listen before Talk? protocol to prevent two devices transmitting together, thus in turn avoiding the collision that would occur otherwise. In this protocol the device transmits only if they previously listen to check that no other devices are transmitting. Connection is established between two NFC enabled devices by bringing them in the close proximity of maximum of 20cm. The transmission range is so short, NFC-enabled transactions are inherently secure.

4.NFC Technology Device Types

The NFC near field communication standard defines two types of NFC device. The Initiator and Target, the initiator initiates the communication and it controls the data exchanges. Whereas the target device is the one that responds to the requests from the Initiator.

The NFC near field communication standard defines two different modes of operation:

4.1Active mode of communication:

In this mode of communication, both the NFC enabled devices generates an RF signal on which the data is carried.

4.2Passive mode of communication:

This is the mode of communication where only one NFC device generates an RF field. The second device is the passive device which acts as target and it uses a technique called load modulation to transfer the data back to the initiator. The passive devices do not require an internal power resource.

Generally, only two devices can communicate at the same time, but in passive communication mode the initiator is capable of communicating with several targets at the same time, which is realized by time slot method. The maximum number of time slots is limited to 16.

In addition to the NFC modes of operation, three communication modes are also defined:

?Read / Write:

In this mode of operation NFC allows applications to transfer data in an NDEF message format. But it should be noted that this mode is not secure. It is also necessary to note that this mode is supported the Contactless Communication API.

?NFC card emulation:

This NFC mode enables the NFC device to behave as a standard Smartcard. In this mode, data transfer is secure and the mode is also supported by the Contactless Communication API.

?Peer to peer:

A third mode within NFC is the peer to peer mode which supports device to communicate at the link-level. This mode of NFC communication is not supported by the Contactless Communication API.

5.Architecture

Fig 1. Architecture of Near Field Communication.

The above figure illustrates system architecture of a Near Field Communication system which has NFC system, a device that can be either active or a passive device. An active device communicates directly with each other, in an active communication mode, and/or with NFC tokens. An NFC device shall support the ISO14443 and ISO18092 standards. Here point to point communication takes place. In the above figure a NFC device, initiates the connection with the another NFC system (NFC reader/writer). This system is further connected to a Host Controller Interface (HCI), acts as an interface that enables communication between the

NFC system and Enterprise subsystem. Enterprise subsystem could be an access point, where NFC is used to pair two WLAN devices.

A NFC card mainly has two parts: a CPU and storage.CPU helps the NFC card to run some simple logic process program.

The storage can provide data storage and memory to the application. By combining these two parts make the NFC card to do all the applications of every kind of smart card. Therefore, NFC card can integrate all kinds of smart cards. Thus, just one NFC cards can helps in many applications.

In Near Field Communication, a NFC enabled device generates a low frequency radio-wave field in the13.56-MHz spectrum. When another NFC device comes within this field, magnetic inductive coupling transfers energy and data from one device to the other. A passive smart cart which has no internal power supply absorbs the energy from an active device when it gets close enough and once it gets powered up, the passive device communicates with the other device. An NFC device with an internal power supply is considered active. The ability to act as both passive and active devices makes NFC devices unique among contactless communications technologies. This enables NFC devices to function as either contactless cards or readers. Thus combination of the Near Field Communication technology and the Mobile Communication technology produce many convenient application modes, helping in the development of the smart technology.

6.NFC RF Signal Coding

The signaling format and modulation systems for NFC are chosen such that it consumes less power and ensures the reliable communications.NFC has two different coding formats on the RF signal to transfer data for both active and passive modes of operation. For an active device transmitting data at 106 kbps, a modified Miller coding scheme is used with 100% modulation, In all other cases Manchester coding with a level of 10% modulation is used.

Table 1. Data Rate coding type for Active and Passive Device

106 Modified Miller,

100%, ASK Manchester, 10%, ASK

212 Manchester, 10%,

ASK Manchester, 10%, ASK

424 Manchester, 10%,

ASK Manchester, 10%, ASK

Modified Miller coding: The modified Miller code provides an efficient form of coding and it is characterized by the pauses occurring in the carrier at different positions of a period. A high or "1" is always encoded in the same way, but a low or "0" is encoded differently dependent upon what preceded it as shown below.

Fig 2. Modified Miller coding used for NFC.

Manchester coding: The Manchester coding utilizes the two different transitions that may occur at the midpoint of a period. Bit ?0? is represented by a low-to-high transition, whereas bit …1? is represented by a high-to-low transition. To achieve these conditions it is sometimes necessary to have a transition at the middle of a bit period. Transitions at the beginning of period are disregarded.

Fig 3. Manchester coding used for NFC

6.1NFC data exchange format basics

The concept of the NFC NDEF is to be able to send data of any format over the interface while still being able to retain the air interface data format.

An NDEF message contains one or more NDEF records and the number of records that can be encapsulated into an NFC NDEF message depends upon the tag type that is being used and application.

In order for the system to know the begin and the end of the message frame, the first record in a message is marked with the Message Begin (MB) flag set and the last record in the message is marked with the Message

End (ME) flag set. The minimum message length is one record which achieved by setting both the MB and the ME flag in the same record.NFC NDEF records do not incorporate an index number directly but the index number within the message is implicitly assigned by the order in which the records occur.

The NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) is a specification that is used to define a message encapsulation format for the exchange of data information over an NFC link –i.e., between and two NFC devices or an NFC device and a tag. The NFC data exchange format is a binary message format that can be used to encapsulate one or more application-defined payloads which may be of a variety of types and sizes. These are combined into a single message construct. Each payload is described by a type, a length, and an optional identifier.

Each record of NFC NDEF consists of two parts:

Header:The header for the NDEF exchange includes indicator for a number of elements:

a)Payload identification: It is optional field that allows the applications to identify the payload carried

within an NDEF record.

b)Payload length:The payload length field is minimum of one octet long for short records but for

normal records it is four octets long. The Short records are indicated by setting a value of flag bit known as the short record (SR) flag 1. Otherwise it is 0, for valid payload length.

c)Payload type: The payload type of a record indicates the kind of data being transmitted in the payload

of that record. This may be used to guide the processing of the payload at the discretion of the user application. The format of the Payload Type field value is indicated using the Type Name Format field (TNF).

d)Payload:The payload can be of one of a variety of different types: URL, MIME media, or NFC

specific data type. For NFC-specific data types the payload contents must be defined in an NFC Record Type Definition file, RTD.

Fig 4. NFC data exchange format (NDEF) message structure

7.NFC Integrity and Security

NFC security is one of the major concerns especially with the applications for NFC being to enable contactless payments. Therefore it is essential that the basic NFC security measures to be built into the structure of NFC technology. By ensuring that the basic NFC structure is able to accommodate security measures, then the overall NFC security system is less likely to be vulnerable.

The passive attack occurs when someone eavesdrops on network traffic and as the NFC uses radio waves to communicate; it is possible for unwanted users to pick up the signals. The Passive attacks are by their very nature difficult to detect. Passive attacks on wireless networks are extremely common, almost to the point of being ubiquitous. Although the range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, it is still possible for the attacker to retrieve usable signals up to distances, often up to 1 meter away for passive signals, and for active mode distances of up to 10 meters may be at risk. So the only real solution to prevent eavesdropping is to use a secure channel.

Once an attacker has gained sufficient information from the passive attack, the hacker can then launch an active attack against the network. Rather than just listening to the communications, the attacker may try to disturb the communications by sending data that may be valid, or even blocking he channel so that the legitimate data is corrupted. It is possible for NFC devices to detect this form of NFC security attack. By listening when data is transmitted they will be able to detect any attack of this form because the power required to successfully attack a system is significantly higher than that which can be detected by the NFC device transmitting the data.

The attacker might also aim to modify the data in some way. This form of attack is possible for some bits under different coding schemes. There are a number of ways to provide protection against this form of security attack. It is impossible for an attacker to modify all the data transmitted at the 106 Baud data rate in active mode. However, the best option is to use a secure channel as this provides the greatest level of NFC security.

Fig 5. Attacker Aiming to Modify the Data

Man-in-the-middle attack is another form of NFC security issue that involves two party communications being intercepted by a third party. The third party uses information received and modifying it if required to enable to achieve their aims. This must obviously be achieved without the two original parties knowing that there is an interceptor between them. But practically it is not possible to do a Man-in-the-Middle-Attack on an NFC link. Anyhow it is recommended to use active-passive communication mode such that the RF field is continuously generated by one of the valid parties. Also, the active party should continuously listen to the RF filed while sending data to be able to detect any disturbances caused by a potential attacker.

Fig 6. NFC data exchange format (NDEF) message structure

7.1NFC secure channel

The best approach to ensuring NFC security is to use an NFC secure channel. This will protect against eavesdropping and data modification attacks. The standard key agreement protocols such as Diffe- Hellman can be used as it provides inherent protection has against man in the middle attacks and this protocol can be used in the standard non-authenticated version. The NFC secure channel also provides confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the data transferred between devices.

8.NFC Application

Near Field Communication lends itself to a whole variety of applications, some of them are as,

8.1Contactless Token

NFC finds contactless application in many ways which includes

?Contactless identification and other authentication

?Contactless payment which includes wide range of transactions including making service payments, downloading a movie trailer in a DVD shop, shopping from a TV at home, event ticketing from smart poster, merchandise.

?Contactless browsing, mainly used to municipal services, advertising and security verification. We can use SP with NFC card to get the weather forecast traffic information and other services when we move the SP over the terminal equipment provided by government.

?Contactless connection, it is mainly about that smart phone with NFC card can do Point-to-Point data transmission. Two SP owners can play game in a local wireless network which is near field communication technology.

?Contactless downloads; this includes general downloading data which provides a convenient way to get a new application based on NFC.

8.2Medical Applications with Wireless Sensor

NFC being a high-potential technology for short-range can be applied to health monitoring systems; this is very significant, especially in long-term health monitoring and in chronic disease management by providing connectivity between health monitoring device and mobile terminals.

8.3Security Applications

Using NFC enabled smart phones it also possible to unlock the doors of residents and hotel rooms. Therefore in future it also be enhanced for vehicle security and vehicle parking applications.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html,parisons of NFC and Other Wireless Technologies

NFC is a technology that is distinct from other wireless technologies, not only in the technology used, but also the applications envisaged.

9.1Bluetooth

Although both Bluetooth and NFC can be used to transfer data, Bluetooth has been designed to transfer data over much greater distances. NFC is designed to be close proximity only. From the techno-economic viewpoint,

the advantages of NFC over alternative wireless communication technologies such as Bluetooth and IrDA are its lower price, lower power consumption and better immunity to eavesdropping. And the principal difference is the NFC uses magnetic coupling to exchange the information.

9.2Wi-Fi / IEEE 802.11

Wi-Fi is designed for local area networks, and is not a short range peer to peer technology. Thus, NFC has a shorter transmission range and a slower data rate distinguishes it from Wi-Fi. Like Bluetooth, the principal difference between Wi–Fi and NFC is the use of magnetic coupling to exchange the information.

9.3RFID

Although RFID is very similar to NFC in many respects, RFID is a much broader technology. NFC is a specific case which is defined by standards enabling it to be interoperable RFID and NFC are basically using the same working standards, but as the NFC standard restrict the range with use of magnetic field induction. In addition to contact less smart cards (ISO14443 [6]), which only support communication between powered devices and passive tags, NFC also provides peer‐to‐peer communication. NFC combines the feature to read out and emulate RFID tags and to share data between electronic devices that both have active power. A shorter transmission range and slower data rates distinguish NFC from other short-range wireless technologies such as Bluetooth, radiofrequency identification (RFID), and Wi-Fi.

10.Advantages and Disadvantages

10.1Advantages

?Ease of Use:

The near field communication by it contactless payment system creates the ease of use as there is no need to carry multiple credit cards. And by loading the credit cards to phone eliminates the need of carrying each different card in the wallet.

While one can?t password protect the wallet, but can password protect the smart phone. Also to access any credit card one must need PIN. Retailers no longer have physical access to the credit card information.

?Versatility:

NFC is adaptable for all kinds of situations like bank cards, movie passes/ tickets, bus passes etc. Therefore NFC is suited for a broad range.

?Security:

Near field communication users enjoys a secure communication as it transfers data over secure channels with the encryption of information.

And some of the other privilege that users enjoys are NFC allows the individuals to share the data cost- efficiently as it has the ability to transfer the files like picture or music without the carrier charges.

The close range of NFC overcomes the risk of interference when in crowded locations, which helps in smooth data sharing between the devices.

NFC consumes less power compared to Bluetooth and it does not require the setup and connection establishment with other device.

10.2Disadvantages

?Compatibility:

As NFC is relatively new technology, compatibility is the main challenge it is facing because device compatibility is a key aspect to expanding its consumer base.

?Costly:

NFC is an expensive technology and many companies do not have the motivation to adopt this technology into the workplace as the technology they currently use may be all they need to perform efficiently. Transferring employees over to NFC compatible devices may not align with the goals of the organization.

?Security:

Another major risk is hacking. As mobile phone is being more developed, much like hand held computers they become more prone to viruses.

11.Conclusion

The NFC being most prominent technology for contactless system seems to be fulfilling the growing demands of mobile contact less communication. This paper discusses the concept of Near Field Communication along with its modes of communication, here we also discuss about security and integrity in which we have a list of threats has been derived and addressed. NFC by itself cannot provide protection against eavesdropping or data modifications. The only solution to achieve this is to use the secured channel over NFC. The paper also gives the comparison of NFC with other existing popular technologies. The approach of NFC can become more popular with more and more motivation and encouragement. Then the NFC technology will become important feature for mobile.

References

[1]JuergenSieck, VolodymyrBrovkov, “Near Field Communication -Research, Teachings and Trainin g”,

2012 14th International Conference on Modelling and Simulation.

[2]ECMA, “Near Field Communication Whitepaper”, ECMA International, 2004

[3]JormaYlinen, MikkoKoskela, LariIso-Anttila and PekkaLoula, “Near Field Communication Network

Services”, 2009 Third International Conference on Digital Society.

[4]Roy Want, “Near Field Communication”, PERVASIVE computing, July–September 2011.

[5]Texas Instruments “Near Field Communication”, 2013.

Authors Profile

Nagashree R N, Final Year Mtech in Digital Electronics and Enginnering at MVJ College

of Engineering. Bachelor of degree was awarded in the field of Telecommunication

Engineering in the year 2011 at GSSS Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women.

Have teaching experience of 1 year.

Engineering. Bachelor of degree was awarded in the field of Telecommunication

Engineering in the year 2011 at GSSS Institute of Engineering and Technology for

Women.

Aswini N, presently works as Assistant professor in Dept. of E&C at MVJ College of

Instrumentation from College of Engineering, Thiruvananthapuram in 2002 and Masters in

VLSI Design and Embedded systems from VTU in 2011.She has 6 years of teaching

experience and her areas of interest are in Multi-core processor architectures and VLSI

Design.

How to cite this paper: Nagashree R N, Vibha Rao, Aswini N,"Near Field Communication", IJWMT, vol.4,

no.2, pp.20-30, 2014.DOI: 10.5815/ijwmt.2014.02.03

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基于Android的通讯录管理系统

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一、课程设计题目 基于Android的通讯录管理系统 二、需求分析 (1) 用户通过联系人功能可以保存联系人的详细信息,可以对联系人进行编辑、删除、拨打电话、发送短信可以根据索引条件搜索联系人。 (2) 用户通过个人中心可以设置自己的详细信息,这样方便其他人了解自己,也可以将具有相同名字的联系人合并。 (3)该通讯录软件是一种主要用来记录联系人的基于安卓平台的软件,可以运行在安卓平台虚拟器或者运行在安卓平台的手持设备上 三、概要设计 一个好的系统设计的步骤决定了程序是否能按照设计者的目的按时完成,是否能在规定的时间内按照设计者的要求高质量的完成程序必要的功能。并且按照标准的设计步骤对程序进行调试,测试,以及后期的优化完善,使程序更加具有健壮性和可用性。通过对通讯录功能、系统模块、用户需求方面进行全方位的分析制定开发流程。 采用标准的开发流程确定系统具有用户管理功能,联系人增删改功能,通讯功能,查找功能,备份等功能。 四、详细设计 1增加、删除、编辑联系人 点击通信录界面中的增加按钮,进入增加联系人界面。输入联系人的基本信息,并可根据用户需求增加个性化信息如头像、姓名、手机号码、办公室电话、家庭电话、职务职称、单位名称、地址、邮政编码、Email、其他联系方式、备注这些信息,单击确认返回主界面。点击通信录中一个已存在的联系人,进入联系人编辑界面,可修改联系人的资料或进行删除联系人操作,完成后退回到主界面。对列表中联系人的标记,点击menu键弹出功能界面上的删除按键也可进行删除。还可以在菜单上选择删除全部联系人来清空通讯录。在删除联系人的过程中,系统将提示用户是否继续操作,若放弃操作,则联系人信息将继续保存。 2查找联系人 用户点击menu键打开底部菜单框,底部菜单框为查询联系人提供入口,进入通讯录的缺省页面为联系人列表,在列表中看到所有联系人的姓名、电话信息排列,用户点击查找按键输入联系人基本信息,通讯录显示所有符合查询条件的联系人列表,用户选择一个联系人进入联系人基本信息页面进行其他操作;查询完成,用户按返回键返回主界面。

通信工程专业与职业分析报告

专业与职业分析报告 ————————通信工程 一、专业介绍 通信工程(Communication Engineering)专业是信息科学技术发展迅速并极具活力的一个领域,尤其是数字移动通信、光纤通信、Internet网络通信使人们在传递信息和获得信息方面达到了前所未有的便捷程度。通信工程具有极广阔的发展前景,也是人才严重短缺的专业之一。本专业学习通信技术、通信系统和通信网等方面的知识,能在通信领域中从事研究、设计、制造、运营及在国民经济各部门和国防工业中从事开发、应用通信技术与设备。毕业后可从事无线通信、电视、大规模集成电路、智能仪器及应用电子技术领域的研究,设计和通信工程的研究、设计、技术引进和技术开发工作。近年来的毕业生集中在通信系统、高科技开发公司、科研院所、设计单位、金融系统、民航、铁路及政府和大专院校等。本专业本着加强基础、拓宽专业、跟踪前沿、注重能力培养的指导思想,培养德、智、体全面发展,具有扎实的理论基础和开拓创新精神,能够在电子信息技术、通信与通信技术、通信与系统和通信网络等领域中,从事研究、设计、运营、开发的高级专门人才。 培养目标:本专业培养具备通信技术、通信系统和通信网等方面的知识,能在通信领域中从事研究、设计、制造、运营及在国民经济各部门和国防工业中从事开发、应用通信技术与设备的高级工程技术人才。 培养要求:本专业学生主要学习通信系统和通信网方面的基础理论、组成原理和设计方法,受到通信工程实践的基本训练,具备从事现代通信系统和网络的设计、开发、调测和工程应用的基本能力。

主干学科:信息与通信工程、计算机科学与技术。 主要课程:电路理论与应用的系列课程、计算机技术系列课程、信号与系统、电磁场理论、数字系统与逻辑设计、数字信号处理、通信原理等. 主要实践性教学环节:包括计算机上机训练、电子工艺实习、电路综合实验、生产实习、课程设计、毕业设计等。一般要求实践教学环节不少于30周。 二、可从事的职业类型 1、施工单位:比如中国通信服务有限公司、中国通信建设集团有限公司,做技术和项目管理,还有各省电信工程局; 2、还可以去各大通信的科研院所:比如中原信息产业部电信研究院; 3、通信咨询和设计单位:如中讯设计院(部级,在郑州)、京移设计院(部级、在北京)、广东电信设计院、浙江华信院(这两个院在省级里面是最出色的) 4、各大运营商(移动、电信、联通),比如工程管理、设备和线路维护、财务、市场、技术支持等; 5、各通信设备厂家(华为、中兴、烽火、大唐、爱立信、摩托、阿朗、诺西),工程管理、工程督导、设备销售、培训部、合同管理等等; 6、各通信测试仪表厂家,销售、技术支持等等; 7、通信业内的各大监理公司,比如广东公诚、北京煜金桥监理、郑州华夏监理等; 8、各审计公司,负责审计通信工程项目; 9、去各党政机关、企事业单位从事专网的建设与运行维护,比如公安、税务、高速公路、交警交通监控等等; 10、广电部门的技术支持;

单片机串口通信C程序及应用实例

一、程序代码 #include//该头文件可到https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html,网站下载#define uint unsigned int #define uchar unsigned char uchar indata[4]; uchar outdata[4]; uchar flag; static uchar temp1,temp2,temp3,temp; static uchar R_counter,T_counter; void system_initial(void); void initial_comm(void); void delay(uchar x); void uart_send(void); void read_Instatus(void); serial_contral(void); void main() { system_initial(); initial_comm(); while(1) { if(flag==1) { ES = 0; serial_contral(); ES = 1; flag = 0; } else read_Instatus(); } } void uart_send(void) { for(T_counter=0;T_counter<4;T_counter++) { SBUF = outdata[T_counter]; while(TI == 0);

TI = 0; } T_counter = 0; } uart_receive(void) interrupt 4 { if(RI) { RI = 0; indata[R_counter] = SBUF; R_counter++; if(R_counter>=4) { R_counter = 0; flag = 1; } } } void system_initial(void) { P1M1 = 0x00; P1M0 = 0xff; P1 = 0xff; //初始化为全部关闭 temp3 = 0x3f;//初始化temp3的值与六路输出的初始值保持一致 temp = 0xf0; R_counter = 0; T_counter = 0; } void initial_comm(void) { SCON = 0x50; //设定串行口工作方式:mode 1 ; 8-bit UART,enable ucvr TMOD = 0x21; //TIMER 1;mode 2 ;8-Bit Reload PCON = 0x80; //波特率不加倍SMOD = 1 TH1 = 0xfa; //baud: 9600;fosc = 11.0596 IE = 0x90; // enable serial interrupt TR1 = 1; // timer 1 RI = 0; TI = 0; ES = 1; EA = 1; }

NFC近场通信技术

NFC近场通信技术与应用 引言 NFC(Near Field Communication,近场通信)技术在世界范围内受到重视。 NFC由非接触式射频识别(RFID)及互联互通技术整合演变而来,在单一芯片上结 合感应式读卡器、感应式卡片和点对点的功能,能在短距离内与兼容设备进行识 别和数据交换。这项技术最初只是RFID技术和网络技术的简单合并,现在已经 演变成一种短距离无线通信技术,发展态势相当迅速。 1、NFC技术标准 随着短距离无线数据业务迅速膨胀,NFC于2004年4月被批准为国际标准。 NFC技术符合ECMA 340与ETSI TS 102 190 V1.1.1以及ISO/IEC 18092标准。 这些标准详细规定了物理层和数据链路层的组成,具体包括NFC设备的工作模式、 传输速度、调制方案、编码等,以及主动与被动NFC模式初始化过程中,数据冲 突控制机制所需的初始化方案和条件。 此外,这些标准还定义了传输协议,其中包括协议启动和数据交换方法等。 标准规定NFC技术支持三种不同的应用模式:(1)卡模式(如同FeliCa和 ISO14443A/MIFARE卡的通信);(2)读写模式(对FeliCa或ISO14443A卡的读 (3)NFC模式(NFC芯片间的通信)。标准规定了NFC的工作频率是13.56MHz,写); 数据传输速度可以选择106kb/s、212kb/s或者424kb/s,在连接NFC后还可切 换其它高速通信方式。传输速度取决于工作距离,工作距离最远可为20厘米, 在大多数应用中,实际工作距离不会超过10厘米。标准中对于NFC高速传输 (>424kb/s)的调制目前还没有作出具体的规定,在低速传输时都采用了ASK 调制,但对于不同的传输速率具体的调制参数是不同的。 标准规定了NFC编码技术包括信源编码和纠错编码两部分。不同的应用模式 对应的信源编码的规则也不一样。对于模式1,信源编码的规则类似于密勒 (Miller)码。具体的编码规则包括起始位、“1”、“0”、结束位和空位。对于模 式2和模式3,起始位、结束位以及空位的编码与模式1相同,只是“0”和“1” 采用曼彻斯特(Manchester)码进行编码,或者可以采用反向的曼彻斯特码表示。 纠错编码采用循环冗余校验法。所有的传输比特,包括数据比特、校验比特、起 始比特、结束比特以及循环冗余校验比特都要参加循环冗余校验。由于编码是按

近场通信技术分析

第36卷 第6期 电 子 科 技 大 学 学 报 V ol.36 No.6 2007年12月 Journal of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Dec. 2007 ·网络与计算机应用· 近场通信技术分析 吴思楠,周世杰,秦志光 (电子科技大学计算机科学与工程学院 成都 610054) 【摘要】对近场通信技术的相关标准作了分析;对其发展过程、目前的状况和未来的发展趋势作了详细的介绍。分析了该技术在商业环境中的运用模式和应用开发中的关键问题。安全问题成为决定应用是否成功的重要因素,文中分别从链路层和应用层对近场通信技术中的安全问题作了全面的分析,说明了目前近场通信技术发展的情况和存在的困难,并指出未来的技术发展方向和趋势。 关 键 词 近场通信; 协议; 安全; 标准 中图分类号 TN92 文献标识码 A Analysis of Near Field Communication Technology WU Si-nan ,ZHOU Shi-jie ,QIN Zhi-guang (School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054) Abstract This paper analyzes the international standard of Near Field Communication (NFC). Authors survey the developing history of the technology; describe the current status, as well as point out the tendency of them. The model in commercial environment and the problems of application development are analyzed. Security has become an important factor in application. So authors also discuss the security problems from link level and application level. This paper analyses the existing problems and the goal of further developments. Key words near field communication; protocol; security; standard 收稿时间:2007 ? 09 ? 09 作者简介:吴思楠(1982 ? ),男,硕士生,主要从事网络安全与射频识别方面的研究. 近场通信(Near Field Communication ,NFC)是由Philips 公司和Sony 公司在2002年共同联合开发的新一代无线通信技术,并被欧洲电脑厂商协会(ECMA)和国际标准化组织与国际电工委员会(ISO/IEC)接收为标准。2004年,Nokia 、Philips 和Sony 公司成立NFC 论坛,共同制定了行业应用的相关标准,推广近场通信技术。与蓝牙、UWB 和802.11等无线通信协议相比,NFC 的通信距离更短,软硬件实现更简单。 各种电子设备间能够以非常简便、快速的方式建立 安全的连接进行信息交换,实现移动电子商务的功 能,如智能海报的应用等[1]。 1 NFC 应用模式 NFC 由非接触式识别和互连技术发展而来,是 一种在十几厘米的范围内实现无线数据传输的技术。在单一芯片上,它集成工作在13.56 MHz 主频段的无线通信模块,实现了非接触式读卡器、非接触式智能卡和设备间点对点通信的功能。在一对一的通信中,根据设备在建立连接中的角色,把主动发 起连接的一方称为发起设备,另一方称为目标设备。发起和目标设备都支持主动和被动两种通信模式。主动通信模式中,发起和目标设备都通过自身产生的射频场进行通信。被动通信模式中,发起设备首先产生射频场激活目标设备,发起通信连接;然后目标设备对发起方的指令产生应答,利用负载调制技术进行数据的传输。在被动通信模式中,设备工 作的耗电量很小,可以充分地节省电能。 在实际应用中存在三种主要的NFC 应用模式: (1) 读写模式,如图1a 所示。NFC 设备充当阅读 器,对符合ISO/IEC 14443、15693和18092规范的智能卡进行读写。 (2) 智能卡模式,如图1b 所示。NFC 设备模拟智能卡的功能与读写器进行交互。目前只支持ISO/IEC 18092规范,暂不支持对ISO/IEC 14443和15693智能卡的模拟。

Android实验报告_基于SQLite的通信录

第一次实验Android界面设计 一. 实验目的及实验环境 1. 实验目的 1)掌握SQLiteOpenHelper类结构 2)掌握基于SQLite数据库的应用开发过程 3)掌握Content Provider发布数据的方法 4)掌握Content Resolver获取数据的方法 2.实验环境 系统开发平Android Studio 3.0 系统开发平台:Android 7.1 运行平台:Windows10 x64 运行环境:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/f316258723.html, Framework SDK 2.0 二. 实验教材、组织方式、实验内容 1.实验教材:Andorid开发与应用 2.组织方式:个人独立完成 2.实验内容: 实现基于SQLite数据库的通信录应用,通过单击增加图标打开添加通信录界面,通过单击通信录中的各条信息可删除选中项。 三.方案设计 Android系统中集成了SQLite数据库,并且为数据库的操作提供了相关的类和方法,便于没有数据库开发经验的开发者编写程序。另外,Android平台中利用Content Provider机制来实现跨应用程序数据共享。一个应用程序可以通过Content Provider来发布自己的数据,其他的应用程序可以通过Content Resolver 来获取共享数据。

四.运行结果

五.总结 通过这次实验掌握了SQLite OpenHelper类结构,掌握了基于SQLite数据库的应用开发过程以及Content Provider发布数据的方法和掌握Content Resolver获取数据的方法。 六.附录:源代码 主布局文件activity_main.xml:

通信工程行业分析报告

通信工程行业分析报告 一、行业概况 目前电信行业都在经历移动通信接替固定通信,流量业务接替话音业务的业务结构转型。全球电信行业收入近年来持续低增长,中国电信行业2014年来告别高增长时代,2014与2015年连续两年收入增幅放缓。根据工信部公布的《2016年通信运营业统计公报》显示,2016年我国电信业务收入完成11893亿元,同比增长5、6%。 参考工信部数据,国内电信业已经达到拐点要求,2015年移动收入占比达到32%。《2016年通信运营业统计公报》数据显示,2016年,我国电信移动通信业务实现收入8586亿元,同比增长5、2%,移动通信收入增速已经有所回升。 目前中国通信行业处于严重的国企垄断状态,中国移动、联通与电信三大运营商占据整个电信行业,资源无法有效配置,也无法调动产业积极性。最近3-5年三大运营商收入并未有大幅增长,且在2015年开始衰退。工信部《2016年通信运营业统计公报》数据显示,2016年全行业固定资产投资规模完成4350亿元,较2015年略有下降,相比2015年,预计铁塔贡献了较多资本支出。国内三大运营商资本支出十二五期间保持快速增长,2015年合计资本支出4386亿,2016年由于中国联通大幅削减开支以及铁塔公司的联合效应,三大运营商的计划资本支出为3582亿元,相较2015年实际资本支出下降约18%。 2014年以来,4G网络的完善促使移动流量爆发式增长;2015年以来, 中移动大力推进光接入,固网带宽消费需求释放。两者共同推动中国互联网流量每 2 年实现翻倍,骨干传输网光通信设备每 3 年升级一次,称为“光学摩尔定律”。

我国人均移动流量呈爆发式增长,根据 2017 年 10 月数据,我国人均移动月度流量已达 2、3G,而 2016 年同期数据为 931Mb,同比增幅达 147%。2020 年全球数据总量将达 40000EB,年复合增长率达 36%,而中国互联网数据流量增长速度更为突出,2020 年中国互联网数据流量将达 8806EB,占全球数据产量的 22%,年复合增长率达 49%。 目前电信行业在内部管理效能低下、外部互联网公司新进入加剧行业竞争前提下,正在加速改革,有一定的特殊性。我们认为未来2-3年将就是改革与拐点双重作用的关键年,有望恢复收入增长。中国信息通信研究院(工业与信息化部电信研究院)预计未来3-5年国内电信行业将处于2%-6%的收入增速区间。 在业务转型替代过程中,通信行业面临着通信基础设施升级、探索产品创新、寻找新增长点等重点目标,也就是未来2-3年国内通信行业的挑战与机会。我国通信行业起步相较发达国家落后,近年来加大投资力度进行网络建设,但整体通信网络质量不到,根据akamai的数据,到2016Q3,发达国家网速基本已经10Mbps,韩国达到26、3Mbps,而中国平均网速为5、7Mbps,仅对应发达国家5年前水平。 从产业链来瞧,通信设备商领域,华为、中兴已经成为全球第一、第四,并且近两年以20~30%的速度继续增长。 往上游光纤光缆、光器件以及再往上的制造设备、原材料等领域来瞧,国内厂商与国外厂商相比技术仍有差距,正在加大研发以实现国产替代,目前在光纤光缆、光器件、海缆等领域都有了成果。 在4G建设末期,5G技术研发积累的关键时期,国家也非常重视改变国内通信行业大而不强的格局。《信息通信行业发展规划(2016-2020年)》中关于5G 提出目标:突破5G关键技术与产品,成为5G标准与技术的全球引领者之一,具体

UART串口通信设计实例

2.5 UART串口通信设计实例(1) 接下来用刚才采用的方法设计一个典型实例。在一般的嵌入式开发和FPGA设计中,串口UART是使用非常频繁的一种调试手段。下面我们将使用Verilog RTL编程设计一个串口收发模块。这个实例虽然简单,但是在后续的调试开发中,串口使用的次数比较多,这里阐明它的设计方案,不仅仅是为了讲解RTL编程,而且为了后续使用兼容ARM9内核实现嵌入式开发。 串口在一般的台式机上都会有。随着笔记本电脑的使用,一般会采用USB转串口的方案虚拟一个串口供笔记本使用。图2-7为UART串口的结构图。串口具有9个引脚,但是真正连接入FPGA开发板的一般只有两个引脚。这两个引脚是:发送引脚TxD和接收引脚RxD。由于是串行发送数据,因此如果开发板发送数据的话,则要通过TxD线1 bit接着1 bit 发送。在接收时,同样通过RxD引脚1 bit接着1 bit接收。 再看看串口发送/接收的数据格式(见图2-8)。在TxD或RxD这样的单线上,是从一个周期的低电平开始,以一个周期的高电平结束的。它中间包含8个周期的数据位和一个周期针对8位数据的奇偶校验位。每次传送一字节数据,它包含的8位是由低位开始传送,最后一位传送的是第7位。

这个设计有两个目的:一是从串口中接收数据,发送到输出端口。接收的时候是串行的,也就是一个接一个的;但是发送到输出端口时,我们希望是8位放在一起,成为并行状态(见图2-10)。我们知道,串口中出现信号,是没有先兆的。如果出现了串行数据,则如何通知到输出端口呢?我们引入“接收有效”端口。“接收有效”端口在一般情况下都是低电平,一旦有数据到来时,它就变成高电平。下一个模块在得知“接收有效”信号为高电平时,它就明白:新到了一个字节的数据,放在“接收字节”端口里面。

基于android的手机通讯录的设计与实现大学本科毕业论文

基于Android的天气预报查询系统的实现摘要:随着智能手机一步步走进人们的生活,它将成为人们获取信息的主要设备,相关应用越来越广泛,并在人们的日常生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。因此,关键应用程序的开发成为影响移动智能终端普及的重要因素,设计并开发实用、方便的应用程序具有重要的意义和良好的市场前景。Android作为当前最流行的操作平台,自然也存在着大量的应用服务需求。 Android是基于Linux平台完全开源的手机操作系统,同时开发语言为Java,因此我选择了以Android为平台的手机天气预报系统来作为我的毕业设计,目的是帮助用户随时随地查询天气信息及天气变化情况,让生活更加舒适方便。本文详细讲述了Android平台下天气软件的界面设计及界面的实现、控件的使用、界面的布局等内容,结合中国气象网的天气数据,将准确的天气情况以友好的方式呈现给用户,使用户可以更加赏心悦目地体验本软件的服务。 关键词:Android 天气软件手机天气预报软件系统

System implementation of weather query based on Android Abstract With the development of intelligent mobile phone step by step into people's lives, it will become the main device to obtain information, related to more widely, and plays a more and more important role in people's daily life. Therefore, the development of critical applications has become an important factor affecting the popularization of mobile intelligent terminal, application design and development of practical, convenient has important significance and good market prospects. Android as the most popular operating platform, natural also exist in application service needs of a large number of. Android is a mobile phone operating system Linux platform based on open source, at the same time, the development of language Java, so I chose the platform of mobile phone weather system with Android as my graduation design, the purpose is to help the user whenever and wherever possible query weather information and weather condition, make life more comfortable and convenient. This paper describes the layout of content, interface design and interface control weather software under the Android platform use, interface, combined with the weather data of China Meteorological Network, will be accurate weather conditions in a friendly way is presented to the user, the user can be more pleasant experience of the software service. Keyword:Android weather software the software system of mobile phone weather

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