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大学英语三课后练习答案

《专业英语》练习

专业年级班级姓名学号 1．单词短语中译英（每小题1分，共10分）

1.钠

2.乙醇

3.丙烯

4.亚硝酸钠

5.甲烷

6电池7.化合物8. 金属有机9. 氧10.物理化学

二、单词短语英译中（每小题1分，共 20分）

1. significant figure

2. Conformational Isomer

3. reactive intermediate

4. substitution reaction

5. butanol

6. free radical

7. thermodynamics 8. kinetics 9.Cycloalkane

10. sodium chloride 11.cation 12. addition reaction

13. ionization energy 14. titrimetric method 15.IUPAC

16. Sodium chloride 17. carbon monoxide 18. carbon dioxide

19. Sulfuric acid 20. Dihydrogen monoxide

3、选择题（每小题2分，共30分）

1.Mixtures can be the component substances by physical means, involving physical changes.

(A) broken down (B) decomposed (C) separated into (D) decompounded

2. A is a change that does not alter the of the matter.

(A) chemical change，physical identity (B) physical change，chemical identity

3. An compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds.

(A) ionic (B) molecular (C) covalent (D) chemical

4. The and more tightly bound an electron is to the nucleus, the more it will be to remove.

(A) further, easy (B)closer, difficult

5. oxides are acidic; they react with to form salts and water.

(A) Nonmetal，acids (B)Metal， bases

6. The have no nonbonding electrons and are charged.

(A) carbocations，positively (B) carbanions，negatively

(C)carbocations，negatively(D)carbanions，positively

7. More highly substituted, radicals are more stable, and the observed order of stability is > > > .

(A) primary, secondary, tertiary, methyl (B) methyl, tertiary, secondary , primary,

(C)methyl, primary, secondary, tertiary(D)tertiary, secondary, primary, methyl

8. If the substituents are removed from sides of the C-C bond, the

reaction is called an anti .

(A) same, elimination (B) opposite, substitution

9. In physical chemistry， can tell you only that a reaction should go because the products are more stable (have a lower free energy) than the reactants. On the other hand, can tell you how fast the reaction will go but doesn't tell you anything about the final state of things once it gets there.

(A) kinetics，thermodynamics (B) kinetics，electrochemistry

10. is the branch of chemistry that establishes and develops the principles of the subject. It is also essential for developing and interpreting the modern techniques used to determine the structure and properties of matter.

(A) Inorganic chemistry (B) Organic chemistry

11. In science, is the study of energy conversion between heat and mechanical work, and subsequently the macroscopic variables such as temperature, volume and pressure.

(A) kinetics

(B) thermodynamics

(D) analytical chemistry

12. The four thermodynamics laws of are , , and law.

(A) zeroth, first, second, third

(B) first, second, third, fourth

(D) one，two，three, four

13. The is defined as the electrode where occurs.

(A) anode, oxidation (B) anode, reduction

14. is the science of inventing and applying the concepts, principles, and strategies for measuring the characteristics of chemical systems and species.

(A) Inorganic chemistry (B) Organic chemistry

15. In most analyses, are used to measure mass to a very high degree of precision and accuracy.

(A) desiccators (B)volumetric flasks (C) burets (D) analytical balances

四、翻译题（每小题5分，共 40分）

1. Molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more

atoms.

2. Electrons are added, one at a time, moving from left to right across a period. As this happens, the electrons of the outermost shell experience increasingly strong nuclear attraction, so the electrons become closer to the nucleus and more tightly bound to it.

3. The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system always increases over time, approaching a maximum value or we can say, "In an isolated system, the entropy never decreases". Another way to phrase this: Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter area - work is required to achieve this.

4.We study organic chemistry because just about every living organism, plant and animal, is composed of organic compounds, so the chemical reactions that take place in living systems, including our own bodies, are organic reactions.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/e316872759.html,anic compounds are classified into families that contain functional groups. The IUPAC rules assign names to organic compounds consist of three parts: prefix, parent, and suffix. The prefix lists the substituents and their position, the parent gives the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous carbon atom chain, and the suffix identifies the family.

6. Sampling involves obtaining a small mass of a material whose composition accurately represents the bulk of the material being sampled. Whether sampling is simple or complex, however, the analyst must be sure that the laboratory sample is representative of the whole before proceeding with an analysis.

7.Alkanes can take up different shapes or conformations due to rotation around the C–C bonds. Actually there are an infinite number of conformational isomers (also called conformations) because there are an infinite number of degrees of rotation around the bond, but normally one only needs to be concerned with energy minima and maxima. The most stable conformations are those where the bonds are staggered, rather than eclipsed.

8. Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that establishes and develops the principles of the subject. It is the explanation of macroscopic, microscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate phenomena in chemical systems in terms of physical concepts; sometimes using the principles, practices and concepts of physics like thermodynamics, kinetics, quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics. Physical chemistry is also essential for developing and interpreting the modern techniques used to determine the structure and properties of matter, such as new synthetic materials and biological macromolecules.

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