炼油装置英文简称
催化重整：Catalytic reforming
石脑油加氢NHT--Naphtha Hydrotreating
芳烃抽提aromatics extraction process
连续重整：Continuous catalytic reforming(CCR)
催化剂连续再生：Continuous catalyst regeneration(CCR)
半再生重整：Semi-regenerative reforming(SR)
航煤加氢处理Kerosene Hydrogen Treating(KHT)航煤加氢精制Kerosene hydrofinishing (KHF)
柴油加氢处理Diesel Hydrogen Treating（DHT）柴油加氢精制Diesel hydrofinishing（DHF）
常减压蒸馏装置CDU&VDU Crude Distillate Unit&Vacuum Distillate Unit
延迟焦化装置DCU Delayed Coking Unit
渣油加氢脱硫residue hydrodesulfurization(RDS)
减压渣油加氢脱硫Vacuum residue hydrodesulfurization(VRDS)
加氢裂化Hydrocracking（HC）
硫璜回收装置Sulfur Recovery Unit（SRU）
变压吸附Pressure swing adsorption（PSA）
催化裂化装置catalytic cracking unit（CCU）
深度催化裂化DCC
流化催化裂化Fluid catalytic cracking(FCC)
渣油催化裂化residue catalytic cracking(RCC)
炼油装置英文简称
常减压蒸馏装置:CDU/VDU
催化裂化装置:CCU
流化催化裂化:FCC
渣油催化裂化:RCC
催化重整:CCR
石脑油加氢:NHT
延迟焦化装置:DCU
渣油加氢脱硫:RDS
减压渣油加氢脱硫:VRDS
加氢裂化:HCR
硫磺回收装置:SRU
变压吸附:PSA
脱汞装置：MRU
酸性水汽提装置：SWS
胺液再生装置：ARU
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/db13545699.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
企业常用缩写-中英文对照
企業常用縮寫 5S : 5S管理 ABC : 作業制成本制度(Activity-Based Costing) ABB : 實施作業制預算制度(Activity-Based Budgeting) ABM : 作業制成本管理(Activity-Base Management) APS : 先進規畫與排程系統(Advanced Planning and Scheduling) ASP : 應用程式服務供應商（Application Service Provider） ATP : 可承諾量(Available To Promise) AVL : 認可的供應商清單(Approved Vendor List) BOM : 物料清單(Bill Of Material) BPR : 企業流程再造(Business Process Reengineering) BSC : 平衡記分卡(Balanced ScoreCard) BTF : 計劃生產(Build To Forecast) BTO : 訂單生產(Build To Order) CPM : 要徑法(Critical Path Method) CPM : 每一百萬個使用者會有幾次抱怨(Complaint per Million) CRM : 客戶關係管理(Customer Relationship Management) CRP : 產能需求規劃(Capacity Requirements Planning) CTO : 客製化生產(Configuration To Order) DBR : 限制驅導式排程法(Drum-Buffer-Rope) DMT : 成熟度驗證(Design Maturing Testing) DVT : 設計驗證(Design Verification Testing) DRP : 運銷資源計劃(Distribution Resource Planning) DSS : 決策支援系統(Decision Support System) EC : 設計變更／工程變更(Engineer Change) EC : 電子商務(Electronic Commerce) ECRN : 原件規格更改通知(Engineer Change Request Notice) EDI : 電子資料交換(Electronic Data Interchange) EIS : 主管決策系統(Executive Information System) EMC : 電磁相容(Electric Magnetic Capability) EOQ : 基本經濟訂購量(Economic Order Quantity) ERP: 企業資源規劃(Enterprise Resource Planning) FAE: 應用工程師(Field Application Engineer) FCST : 預估(Forecast) FMS : 彈性製造系統(Flexible Manufacture System) FQC : 成品品質管制(Finish or Final Quality Control) IPQC : 製程品質管制(In-Process Quality Control) IQC : 進料品質管制(Incoming Quality Control) ISO : 國際標準組織(International Organization for Standardization)
工厂常用英文缩写
工廠常用英文縮寫 PE: Products Engineer;生产工程 Process engineer 制程工程 TE: Test Engineer 测试工程 ME: Manufacturing Engineer;制造工程; Mechanical Engineer 机械工程 IE: Industrial Engineer 工业工程 DCC: Document Control Center 文管中心 BOM: Bill OF Material 材料清单 ECN: Engineering Change Notice 工程变动公告 TECN: Temporary Engineering Change Notice 工程临时变动公告ATY: Assembly Test Yield Total Yield 直通率
TPM: Total Productivity Maintenance PM: Product Manager; Project Manager ECR: Engineering Change Request 工程变更申请ECO: Engineering Change Order 工程变更指令EN: Engineering Notice 工程通报 WPS: Work Procedure Sheet 工作说明书 ICT: In Circuit Test 电路测试 P/R: pilot run;C/R control run T/R trial run 试做EVT: Engineer Verification Test 工程验证测试DVT: Design Verification Test 设计验证测试MVT:
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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制造业工厂常用英文与缩写词汇大全要点
一:常用術語 Hon Hai 鴻海 CMM Component module move 機動元件整合 CEM Contract Manu faction service 合約委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 國際互聯網應用中心 PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 個人電腦外設事業群（FOXTEQ）CCBG Connector& cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鴻富錦事業群 SABG system assembly business group 系統組裝事業群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鴻準 Stamping tool shop I 沖模一廠 Stamping tool shop II 沖模二廠 Prototype workshop 樣品中心 Steel factory 裁剪廠 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模廠 Hua Nan test and measurement center 華南檢測中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 鎂合金 Engineer standard 工標 Document center (database center)資料中心 Design Center 設計中心 Painting 烤漆(廠) Assembly組裝(廠) Stamping 沖壓(廠) Education and Training教育訓練 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善 Technological exchange and study 技術交流研習會 Technology and Development Committee 技術發展委員會 BS Brain Storming 腦力激蕩 QCC Quality Control Circle 品質圈
中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
世界各国国旗图片+英文名称及缩写(珍藏版)
亚洲 6不丹王国全称：KingdOm of BhUtan 缩写：BHU 1阿富汗 全称：AfghaniStan 缩写：AFG 7文莱 5孟加拉共和国 全称：BrUnei DarUSSaIam 缩写：BRU 2亚美尼亚 全称：The RePUbliC Of Armenia 缩写：ARM 8缅甸 全称：The Union of Myanmar 缩写：MYA 3阿塞拜疆 全称：The RePUbIiC of AZerbaijan 缩写：AZE 9柬埔寨 全称：The KingdOm of CambOdia 缩写：CAM 4巴林 全称：The KingdOm of Bahrain 缩写：BRN 10 中国英文名称The People's RePUbIiC of China 缩写：CHN 全称：The People's RePUbIiC of BangIadeSh 缩写：BAN
11塞浦路斯 全称：The RePUbliC Of CyPrUS 缩写：CYP 16伊拉克 全称：The RePUbIiC of Iraq 缩写：IRQ 全称：DemOCratiC RePUbIiC of TimOr-LeSte 缩写：TLS 13印度 全称：The RePUbIiC Oflndia 缩写：IND 14印度尼西亚 全称：The RePUbIiC of IndOneSia 缩写：INA 19约旦 全称：The HaShemite KingdOm of JOrdan 缩写: JoR 15伊朗 全称：The ISIamiC RePUbIiC of Iran 缩写：IRI 20哈萨克斯坦 全称：The RePUbIiC of KaZakhStan 缩写： KAZ 12东帝汶 17 以色列The State of ISraeI 缩写：ISR 18日本 全称：JaPan缩写：JPN
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no
世界各国各地英文缩写
序号缩写中文英文 1 AE 阿联酋United Arab Emirates 2 AF 阿富汗Afghanistan 3 AL 阿尔巴尼亚Albania 4 AO 安哥拉Angola 5 AR 阿根廷Argentina 6 AT 奥地利Austria 7 AU 澳大利亚Australia 8 AZ 阿塞拜疆Azerbaijan 9 BD 孟加拉Bangladesh 10 BE 比利时Belgium 11 BG 保加利亚Bulgaria 12 BH 巴林Bahrain 13 BI 布隆迪Burundi 14 BJ 贝宁Benin 15 BM 百慕大Bermuda 16 BN 文莱Brunei 17 BO 玻利维亚Bolivia 18 BR 巴西Brazil 19 BS 巴哈马Bahamas 20 BT 不丹Bhutan 21 BW 博茨瓦纳Botswana
22 CA 加拿大Canada 23 CF 中非共和国Central Africa 24 CG 刚果Congo 25 CH 瑞士Switzerland 26 CK 库克群岛Cook Is. 27 CL 智利Chile 28 CM 喀麦隆Cameroon 29 CN 中国China 30 CO 哥伦比亚Colombia 31 CR 哥斯达黎加Costa Rica 32 CU 古巴Cuba 33 CV 佛得角群岛Cape Verde Is. 34 CY 塞浦路斯Cyprus 35 CZ 捷克共和国Czech 36 DE 德国Germany 37 DK 丹麦Denmark 38 DZ 阿尔及利亚Algeria 39 EC 厄瓜多尔Ecuador 40 EE 爱沙尼亚Estonia 41 EG 埃及Egypt 42 ES 西班牙Spain 43 ET 埃塞俄比亚Ethiopia
自我介绍英语(中文翻译)
Good morning. My name is xxx .It is really a great honor to have this opportunity to introduce myself，and I hope I can make a good performance today. 早上好。我的名字是某某某。非常荣幸能有这个机会来介绍我自己,我希望今天我能有个好的表现。 Now I will introduce myself briefly ,I am 23 years old，born in wenling, the capital of Zhejiang Province. I graduated from the The Chinese people's armed police force academy department of Frontier command in July, 2011. 现在我将简单介绍一下我自己,我今年23岁,出生在温岭市,是浙江省的省会。我毕业于中国人民武装警察部队学院前沿指挥部
门,2011年6月。 During the four years in university, I spend most of my time on study, I have passed CET4 and I have acquired basic knowledge of Frontier command. Besides, with my efforts and cheerful personality，I received a scholarship and outstanding student awarded. Generally speaking, I am a hard worker especially do the thing I am interested in. I like to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is Basketball, swimming or surf online.Through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. 在四年的大学,我把大部分时间花在学习上,我已经通过国家基本知识,我已经获得了国境的命令。同时,我的努力和性格开朗,我收
世界各国英文名称
世界七大洲及各个国家的英文名字 世界各国及首府中英文对照－亚洲 国家country 首都(capital) 阿富汗Afghanistan 喀布尔Kabul 孟加拉国Bangladesh 达卡Dhaka 不丹Bhutan 廷布Thimphu 缅甸Burma 仰光Rangoon 柬埔寨Cambodia 金边Phnom Penh 中国China 北京Beijing/香港Hong Kong/台湾Taiwan/澳门Macau 印度India 新德里New Delhi 印度尼西亚Indonesia 雅加达Jakarta 日本Japan 东京Tokyo 老挝Laos 万象Vientiane 马来西亚Malaysia 吉隆坡Kuala Lumpur 马尔代夫Maldives 马累Male (Maale) 蒙古Mongolia 乌兰巴托Ulaanbaatar 尼泊尔Nepal 加德满都Kathmandu 朝鲜North Korea 平壤P'yongyang 巴基斯坦Pakistan 伊斯兰堡Islamabad 菲律宾共和国Philippines 马尼拉Manila 新加坡Singapore 新加坡Singapore 韩国South Korea 首尔Seoul 斯里兰卡Sri Lanka 科伦坡Colombo 泰国Thailand 曼谷
土耳其Turkey 安卡拉Ankara 越南Vietnam 河内Hanoi 文莱斯里巴加湾市 巴勒斯坦Palestine 无 锡金Sikkim 甘托克 世界各国及首府中英文对照－欧洲 国家(coutry) 首都名称(capital) 阿尔巴尼亚Albania 地拉那Tirana 奥地利Austria 维也纳Vienna 比利时Belgium 布鲁塞尔Brussels 保加利亚Bulgaria 索非亚Sofia 克罗地亚Croatia 萨格勒布Zagreb 塞浦路斯Cyprus 尼克西亚Nicosia 丹麦Denmark 哥本哈根Copenhagen 芬兰Finland 赫尔辛基Helsinki 法国France 巴黎Paris 德国Germany 柏林Berlin 希腊Greece 雅典Athens 匈牙利Hungary 布达佩斯Budapest 冰岛Iceland 雷克亚未克Reykjavik 爱尔兰Ireland 都柏林Dublin 意大利Italy 罗马Rome 列支敦士登Liechtenstein 瓦杜兹Vaduz 卢森堡Luxembourg 卢森堡Luxembourg
Eqhetu制造业工厂常用英文与缩写词汇大全
生活需要游戏，但不能游戏人生；生活需要歌舞，但不需醉生梦死；生活需要艺术，但不能投机取巧；生活需要勇气，但不能鲁莽蛮干；生活需要重复，但不能重蹈覆辙。 -----无名 一:常用術語 Hon Hai 鴻海 CMM Component module move 機動元件整合 CEM Contract Manu faction service 合約委托代工 IBSC Internet Business Solution Center 國際互聯網應用中心 PCEG Personal Computer Enclosure group 個人電腦外設事業群（FOXTEQ）CCBG Connector& cable business group CPBG Competition business group ESBG Enterprise system business group 鴻富錦事業群 SABG system assembly business group 系統組裝事業群 NWE Net Work Enclosure NSE Network system enclosure NSG Network system group NFE Network flexible enclosure Foxcavity = HZ = Hong Zhun 鴻準 Stamping tool shop I 沖模一廠 Stamping tool shop II 沖模二廠 Prototype workshop 樣品中心 Steel factory 裁剪廠 PCE molding tooling workshop PCE塑模廠 Hua Nan test and measurement center 華南檢測中心 MPE mobile phone enclosure MPE MBE mobile phone and notebook enclosure 明塑厂 MGE Alloy magnesium alloy enclosure 鎂合金 Engineer standard 工標 Document center (database center)資料中心 Design Center 設計中心 Painting 烤漆(廠) Assembly組裝(廠) Stamping 沖壓(廠) Education and Training教育訓練 proposal improvement/creative suggestion提案改善 Technological exchange and study 技術交流研習會 Technology and Development Committee 技術發展委員會 BS Brain Storming 腦力激蕩 QCC Quality Control Circle 品質圈
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”