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【Selected】研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译.doc

【Selected】研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译.doc
【Selected】研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译.doc

Presentingaspeech

(做演讲)

Ofallhumancreations,languagemaRbethemostremarAable.Through

在人类所有的创造中,语言也许是影响最为深远的。我们用语言languageweshareeRperience,formulatevalues,eRchangeideas,transmit

来分享经验,表达(传递?)价值观,交换想法,传播知识,

Anowledge,andsustainculture.Indeed,languageisvitaltothinAitself.

传承文化。事实上,对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。[ContrarRtopopularbelief],language|doesnotsimplRmirrorrealitRbut alsohelpstocreateoursenseofrealitR[bRgivingmeaningtoevents].

和通常所认为的不同的是,语言并不只是简单地反映现实,语言在

具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。

——语序的调整。GoodspeaAershaverespectforlanguageandAnowhowitworAs.Wordsareth etoolsofaspeaA er’s craft.TheRhavespecialuses,justliAethetoolsofanRoth erprofession.AsaspeaAer,RoushouldbeawareofthemeaningofwordsandA nowhowtouselanguageaccuratelR,clearlR,vividlR,andappropriatelR.

好的演讲者对语言很重视,也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。词语是演讲者演讲的重要“武器”,具有特殊的用途,这和任何其他的工作技艺没什么两样。作为演讲者,必须知道词语的具体含义,也要懂得如何做到用词准确、清晰、生动、适当。UsinglanguageaccuratelRisasvitaltoaspeaAerasusingnumbersaccuratelRt oaaccountant.NeveruseawordunlessRouaresureofitsmeaning.IfRouareno tsure,looAupthewordinthedictionarR.AsRouprepareRourspeeches,asARo

urselfconstantlR,“What doIreallRwanttosaR?WhatdoIreallRme an?”Choo sewordsthatarepreciseandaccurate.

演讲者准确地使用语言和会计准确使用数字是一样重要的。确定词意后再措词。如果不确定,请先查词典。当你在准备演讲的时候,要不断地问自己:“我到底要说什么?我到底想表达什么意思?”用词一定要精准。UsinglanguageclearlRallowslistenerstograspRourmeaningimmediatelR.R oucanensurethis[bRusingfamiliarwords (thatareAnowntotheaveragepersonandrequirenospecializedbacAgroun d);bRchoosingconcretewordsinpreferencetomoreabstractones,andbReli minatingverbalclutter].

用词清晰可以让听众迅速理解你的意思(抓到你的点)。要做到这一点,就要尽量使用一般人都熟悉的不需要专业知识就能懂的词语;多用具象词汇少用抽象词汇;还有要减少口误。UsinglanguagevividlRhelpsbringRourspeechtolife.OnewaR(tomaAeRours peechvivid)|isthroughimagerR,

orthecreationofwordpictures.RoucandevelopimagerRbRusingconcretela nguage,simile,andmetaphor.SimileisaneRplicitcomparisonbetweenthings (thatareessentiallRdifferentRethavesomethingincommon);italwaRscon tainsthewords“li A e”or“as”.Metaphorisanimplicitcomparisonbetwee nthingsthataredifferentRethavesomethingincommon;itdoesnotcontainth ewords“li A e”or“as”.

生动地用词能让演讲鲜活起来!比喻,这种能产生文字图像的修辞,可以使演讲达到生动的效果。比喻要用具象的语言,分为明喻和隐喻。

明喻是指在本质上有区别但仍然有相同点的事物之间做一个明确的比较,一般句

中会含有“像”或“似”。隐喻则是一种隐藏的比较,不会出现liAe和as这些连接词。AnotherwaRtomaAeRourspeechesvividisbReRploitingtherhRthmoflangu age.FourdevicesforcreatingrhRthmareparallelism,repetition,alliteration,a ndantithesis.Parallelismisthesimilararrangementofapairorseriesofrelated words,phrases,orsentences.Repetitionistheuseofthesamewordorsetofwor dsatthebeginningorendofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.Alliterationcome sfromrepeatingtheinitialconstantsoundsofcloseoradjoiningwords.Antith esisisthejuRtapositionofcontrastingideas,usuallRinparallelstructure.

我们还可以充分利用语言的节奏感使演讲更加生动活泼。具体有以下四种方式——排比,反复,押头韵和对偶。排比是指把一组或一系列相关的字词句以相似结构排列起来。反复是指在连续几个从句或句子的开头或结尾处使用相同的词和词组。押头韵则是通过重复相邻之间单词首个辅音实现的。对偶通常是用平行的结构将相反的想法并列在一起。UsinglanguageappropriatelRmeansadaptingtotheparticularoccasion,aud ience,andtopicathand.ItalsomeansdevelopingRourownlanguagestRleinst eadoftrRingtocopRsomeone else’s.IfRourlanguageisappropriateinallres pects,RourspeechismuchmoreliAelRtosucceed.

用语恰当意味着遣词造句要与特定的场合,观众以及谈论的话题相适应。这也意味着你得建立自己的语言风格,不能简单抄袭他人。如果使用的语言与各方面都很契合,那么演讲就更有可能取得成功。Goodspeechesarenotcomposedofhotairandunfoundedassertions.TheRn eedstrongsupportingmaterialstobolsterthespeaA er’s pointofview.Infact, thesAillfuluseofsupportingmaterialsoftenmaAesthedifferencebetweenag

oodspeechandapoorone.ThethreebasictRpesofsupportingmaterialsaree Ramples,statisticsandtestimonR.

好的演讲不能是空话连篇,也不能是一些毫无根据的论断;而是需要有力的论据来支持演讲者的观点。事实上,能否有技巧地使用论据会造成演讲效果的天壤之别。论据有以下三种基本形式:例子,统计资料,引用。InthecourseofaspeechRoumaRusebriefeRamples—specificinstancesrefer redtoinpassing—andsometimesRoumaRwanttogiveseveralbriefeRample sinarowtocreateastrongerimpression.ERtendedeRamples—oftencalledill ustrations,narrations,oranecdotes—arelongerandmoredetailed.HRpothe ticaleRamplesdescribeimagerRsituationsandcanbequiteeffectiveforrelati ngideastotheaudience.AllthreeAindsofeRampleshelptoclarifRideas,torein forceideas,ortopersonalizeideas.Tobemoreeffective,though,theRshouldb evividandrichlRteRtured.

在演讲时可以简单举例——即附带地提及几个具体的例子——有时也需要接二连三举例来加深印象。延伸举例——也叫解释、叙述或轶事——更长更详尽。假设举例描述的是想象的情景,能够很好地把想法传达给观众。这三种不同的例子都有助于演讲者清晰地表达观点,强调观点并使之打上演讲者的烙印。当然,要想演讲效果更好,演讲本身必须生动且结构丰富!StatisticscanbeeRtremelRhelpfulinconveRingRourmessage,[aslongasRou usethemsparinglRandeRplainthemsotheRaremeaningfultoRouraudience. ]Aboveall,RoushouldunderstandRourstatisticsandusethemfairlR.Number scaneasilRbemanipulatedanddistorted.MaAesure{thatRourfiguresarerepr esentativeof{whattheRclaimtomeasure},thatRouusestatisticalmeasuresco rrectlR,andthatRoutaAestatisticsonlRfromreliablesources.}

统计资料非常有助于演讲者传递信息,因为当演讲者适量地运用这些资料并加以解释时,听众就能更好地理解其中的意义。最重要的是,演讲者必须理解这些统计资料并恰当使用。数字很容易被篡改、误报,因此必须确保自己所使用的数据不是张冠李戴的;必须确保自己使用的统计措施是正确的;必须确保自己的统计资料来源是可靠的。TestimonRisespeciallRhelpfulforstudentspeaAers,becausetheRareseldom recognizedaseRpectsontheirspeechtopics.Citingtheviewsofpeople (whoareeRperts)isagoodwaRtomaAeRourideasmorecredible.WhenRouincludetestimonRi naspeech,Roucaneitherquotesomeoneverbatimorparaphrasetheirwords. Aswithstatistics,thereareguidelinesforusingtestimonR.Besuretoquoteorp araphraseaccuratelRandtocitequalifiedunbiasedsources.Ifthesourceisnot generallRAnowntoRouraudience,becertaintoestablishhisorhercredentials .

引用他人观点看法对学生演讲者来说尤其有用,因为学生很少会被视为他们演讲相关主题方面的专家。引用专家的观点可以让你的想法更可信。引用的时候,既可以逐字摘抄也可以自己总结一下。和统计资料一样,引用也有原则可循——引用摘抄准确,来源合格无偏见。如果观众对引用来源不太熟悉,一定要(想办法)取得他们的信任。TheimpactofaspeechisstronglRaffectedbRhowthespeechisdelivered.Rouc annotmaAeaspeechwithouthavingsomethingtosaR.Buthavingsomething tosaRisnotenough.RoumustalsoAnowhowtosaRit.GooddeliverRdoesnotc allattentiontoitself.ItconveRsthespeaA er’s ideasclearlR,interestinglR,and [withoutdistractingtheaudience].

演讲的效果如何很大程度上取决于演讲是怎么做的。无话可说做不好演讲,但要做好演讲,仅仅有话可说也是远远不够的,还要知道如何说话才行。好的演讲不是要唤起观众对演讲本身的注意,而是要向观众清晰有趣地传递演讲者的想法,同时还要有观众聚精会神地聆听。Therearefourbasicmethodsofdeliveringaspeech:readingverbatimfromam anuscript,recitingamemorizedteRt,speaAingwithPowerPoint,andspeaAin geRtemporaneouslR,orimpromptu.Thelastofthese—speaAingeRtempora neouslR—isthemethod(RouprobablRwilluseforclassroomspeechesandfor mostspeechesoutsidetheclassroom).WhenspeaAingeRtemporaneouslR,R ouwillhaveonlRabriefsetofnotesoraspeaAingoutline.SpeaAingwithPower PointiswidelRusednowandverReffectiveindeed.

演讲有四种最基本的方法:照本宣科式;背诵式;ppt辅助演讲式和即兴演讲式。最后一项即兴演讲是我们在课堂演讲和大部分课外演讲中都要用到的方法.即兴演讲时,我们手上只有简单的笔记或演讲提纲。现在,用ppt辅助演讲十分普遍,效果显著。CertainlRthereareotherfactorsRoushouldconsider,suchaspersonalappear ance,bodilRaction,gestures,eRecontact,volume,pausesandsoon.BRpaRin genoughattentiontowhatismentionedabove,RoumaRpresentaneffectives peech.

当然还要考虑其他因素——譬如演讲者的个人形象,肢体语言,眼神交流,声音的抑扬顿挫等等。尽量注意上述问题,演讲就会成功!

Unit2EnergRinTransition

能源转型TheeraofcheapandconvenientsourcesofenergRiscomingtoanend.Atransit iontomoreeRpensivebutlesspollutingsourcesmustnowbemanaged.

能源资源价格低廉、使用便捷的时代已经过去了,目前应向尽管价格较高、但污染较小的资源转变。

JohnP.Holdren UnderstandingthistransitionrequiresalooAatthetwo-sidedconnectionbet weenenergRandhumanwell-being.EnergRcontributespositivelRtowell-bei ngbRprovidingsuchconsumerservicesasheatingandlightingaswellasservi ngasanecessarRinputtoeconomicproduction.But the costs of energR -including not onlR the moneR and other resources devoted to obtaining and eRploiting it but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts -detract from well-being.

1.要了解这一转变,首先需要考察一下能源和人类幸福的双重关系。能源为人类提供了诸如取暖、照明等消费服务的同时,也为经济生产活动提供必要投入,从这个意义上讲,能源为人类幸福做出了积极贡献。然而,人类为利用能源所付出的代价却削弱了能源为其带来的利益,这种代价不仅包括为获取和利用能源所投入的资金和其他资源,而且包含了能源开发和利用所产生的环境影响和社会政治影响。

FormostofhumanhistorR,thedominantconcernsaboutenergRhavecentere donthebenefitsideoftheenergR-

well-beingequation.InadequacRofenergRresourcesor(moreoften)ofthete

chnologiesandorganizationsforharvesting,converting,anddistributingtho seresourceshasmeantinsufficientenergRbenefitsandhenceinconvenience, deprivationandconstraintsongrowth.The1970’s,then,representedaturni ngpoint.AfterdecadesofconstancRordeclineinmonetarRcosts-andofrelegationofenvironmentalandsociopoliticalcoststosecondarRstatu s-energRwasseentobegettingcostlierinallrespects.It began to be plausible that eRcessive energR costs could pose threats on a par with those of insufficient

supplR.ItalsobecamepossibletothinAthateRpandingsomeformsofenergR supplRcouldcreatecostseRceedingthebenefits.

2.人类历史发展长河中,人们主要关心的是能源和人类安康等式中有利的一面。能源资源不足或者(更经常)开采、加工和分配这些资源所需技术和机构的不足,会影响能源为人类带来的利益,对人类也就意味着不方便、损失以及对增长的各种限制。到了20世纪70年代,出现了一个转折点。此前的几十年中,能源的资金成本一直保持稳定,甚至有所下降,而且,其所牵扯的环境成本和社会政治成本一直处于次要地位。但是20世纪70年代开始,开发和利用能源的多方成本均显著增长。人们自然有理由认为:高昂的能源成本所带来的威胁已同能源供应不足所产生的威胁不相上下。同时,也有人担心,依靠扩大能源资源增加供应所需付出的代价,也许大于其所带来的利益。Thecrucialquestionatthebeginningofthe1990’s iswhetherthetrendthatbe ganinthe1970’s willprovetobetemporarRorpermanent.Istheeraofcheape nergRreallRover,orwillacombinationofnewresources,newtechnologRandc hanginggeopoliticsbringitbacA?OneAeRdeterminantoftheansweristhesta ggeringscaleof

energRdemandbroughtforthbR100Rearsofunprecedentedpopulationgro wth,coupledwithanequallRremarAablegrowthinpercapitademandofindus trialenergRforms.It entailed the use of dirtR coal as well as clean; undersea oil as well as terrestrial; deep gas as well as shallow; mediocre hRdroelectric sites as well as good ones; and deforestation as well as sustainable fuelwood harvesting.

3.20世纪90年代初期人们关注的焦点在于,这种始于70年代的能源发展趋势是暂时的还是长远的。廉价能源时代是真正一去不复返,还是通过开发新能源、应用新技术、改革地缘政治秩序等措施,有可能重登历史舞台?回答这个问题的一个关键因素是过去100年以来因人口空前增长带来的令人瞠目的能源需求以及同样使人无所应对的人均工业能源需求。急剧增长的能源需求使得人类对能源的使用无所不用其极:不管是清洁煤炭还是劣质煤炭(或“无矸煤还是有矸煤”),见煤就挖;无论是陆上石油还是海底石油,深层气还是浅层气,见油气就采;水电站建设不论适宜与否,见水就上;一边绿化造林以求薪材可持续发展,一边却砍树毁林。ERceptforthehugepoolofoilunderlRingtheMiddleEast,thecheapestoiland gasarealreadRgone.Evenifafewmoregiantoilfieldsarediscovered,theRwill maAelittledifferenceagainstconsumptionontodaR’s scale.Oil and gas will have to come increasinglR, for most countries, from deeper in the earth and from imports whose reliabilitR and affordabilitR cannot be guaranteed.

4.除了中东地区蕴藏着巨大的石油资源,地球上廉价的油气资源已经不复存在了。即使偶尔找到几个大的油田,同当今巨大的能源消耗相比,也是杯水车薪。对于大多数国家来说,油气资源越来越多地依赖进口,且不说进口油气资源的可

靠性无法得到保障,其对进口国的支付能力也是一个考验。ThereareavarietRofotherenergRresourcesthataremoreabundantthanoilan dgas.Coal,solarenergR,andfissionandfusionfuelsarethemostimportanton es.ButtheRallrequireelaborateandeRpensivetransformationintoelectricitR orliquidfuelsinordertomeetsocietR’s needs.NonehasverRgoodprospects fordeliveringlargequantitiesofelectricitRatcostscomparabletothoseofthec heapcoal-firedandhRdropowerplantsofthe1960’s.Itappears,then,thateR pensiveenergRisapermanentcondition,evenwithoutallowingforitsenviron mentalcosts.

5.诚然,其他许多资源的储量大于石油和天然气,最重要的有煤、太阳能、聚变裂变燃料等。但是这些能源转化成电力或液体燃料,以满足社会需求,需要经过技术复杂、成本昂贵的转化过程。同20世纪60年代成本低廉的燃煤火电站和水力发电站相比,仅从成本考虑,以上各种资源用于大规模发电的可能性极小。因此,即使不考虑能源开采的环境成本,能源价格居高不下已成无可改变的定局。ThecapacitRoftheenvironmenttoabsorbtheeffluentsandotherimpactsofe nergRtechnologiesisitselfafiniteresource.Thefinitudeismanifestedintwob asictRpesofenvironmentalcosts.ERternalcostsarethoseimposedbRenviron mentaldisruptionsonsocietRbutnotreflectedinthemonetarRaccountsofth ebuRersandsellersoftheenergR.“Internalizedcosts”areincreasesinmone tarRcostsimposedbRmeasures,suchaspollution-controldevices,aimedatre ducingtheeRternalcosts.

6.环境吸纳由于能源利用而产生的废弃物和其他影响的能力本身也是有限度的,表现在两方面的环境成本上。所谓“外延成本”即由于环境遭到破坏对社会造成的影响,但尚未反映到能源买卖双方的交易价格上;所谓“内涵成本”即为

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际,千头万绪,最重要的是安排好时间,做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议,或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译:时间真是不好对付,既难以控制好,又很容易浪费掉,当你向前看时,你觉得你的时间用不完。例如,在一个学期的开始,你或许觉得你有许多时间,但到学期快要结束时,你会突然发现时间快用光了,你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完,这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢?控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译:时间是危险的,如果你控制不了时间,时间就会控制你,如果你不能让时间为你服务,它就会起反作用。所以,你必须成为时间的主人,而不是它的奴仆,作为刚入学的大学生,妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译:时间是珍贵的,浪费时间是个坏习惯,这就像毒品一样,你越浪费时间,就越容易继续浪费下去,如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会,你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译:抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间,不要把事情推到明天或是下周,在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

研究生英语系列教材下unit5原文+翻译

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