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Dark Matter Halos Velocity Anisotropy -- Density Slope Relation

a r X i v :0711.3791v 1 [a s t r o -p h ] 23 N o v 2007

Submitted to Astrophysical Journal

Preprint typeset using L A T E X style emulateapj v.6/22/04

DARK MATTER HALOS:VELOCITY ANISOTROPY –DENSITY SLOPE RELATION

Amir Zait 1,Yehuda Hoffman 1,Isaac Shlosman 2

Submitted to Astrophysical Journal

ABSTRACT

Dark matter (DM)halos formed in CDM cosmologies seem to be characterized by a power law phase-space density pro?le.The density of the DM halos is often ?tted by the NFW pro?le but a better ?t is provided by the Sersic ?tting formula.These relations are empirically derived from cosmological simulations of structure formation but have not yet been explained on a ?rst principle basis.Here we solve the Jeans equation under the assumption of a spherical DM halo in dynamical equilibrium,that obeys a power law phase space density and either the NFW-like or the Sersic density pro?le.We then calculate the velocity anisotropy,β(r ),analytically.Our main result is that for the NFW-like pro?le the β?γrelation is not a linear one (where γis the logarithmic derivative of the density ρ[r ]).The shape of β(r )depends mostly on the ratio of the gravitational to kinetic energy within the NFW scale radius R s .For the Sersic pro?le a linear β?γrelation is recovered,and in particular for the Sersic index of n ≈6.0case the linear ?t of Hansen &Moore is reproduced.Our main result is that the phase-space density power law,the Sersic density form and the linear β?γdependence constitute a consistent set of relations which obey the spherical Jeans equation and as such provide the framework for the dynamical modeling of DM halos.

Subject headings:cosmology:dark matter —galaxies:evolution —galaxies:formation —galaxies:

halos —galaxies:kinematics and dynamics —galaxies:clusters

1.INTRODUCTION

In the standard cosmological model of structure forma-tion the luminous matter is embedded in extended dark matter (DM)halos.The large scale structure emerges out of the primordial perturbation ?eld via gravita-tional instability.The model further assumes the DM to be made of weakly interacting particles and its dy-namics to be collisionless and therefore dissipationless (Padmanabhan 1993for a review).The problem of the dynamics of DM halos can be formulated as the classical gravitational N -body problem,subject to the assump-tion of cosmological initial and boundary conditions.As such the problem can be very easily formulated,yet it de?es any rigorous analytical treatment.The spheri-cal top-hat model provides the main analytical tool for shading light on the problem,but its scope of validity is rather limited (Gunn &Gott 1972).The model can be extended to accommodate shell crossing (Gunn 1977)and cosmological initial conditions (Ho?man &Shaham 1985)resulting in the secondary infall model.

In the absence of a rigorous analytical theory the study of the evolution DM halos relies heavily on numerical N -body simulations.The advent of CPU power and im-proved numerical algorithm have led to a general con-sensus about the basic properties of DM halo,such as the spherically-averaged density pro?le,the spin and shape of halos.One of the pillars of the phenomenol-ogy of DM halos is the so-called NFW density pro?le (Navarro et al.,1997),

ρNFW (r )=

4ρs R 3

s

σ3r

,(2)

where σr is the radial velocity dispersion.The basic ?nd-ing of Taylor &Navarro (2001)is that the PSD pro?le

follows a power law of the form

Q (r )∝r ?α.

(3)

Taylor &Navarro (2001)found α≈1.875,and more re-cent studies ?nd α=1.92±0.01(Dehnen &McLaughlin 2005)and 1.94±0.01(Ho?man et al.2007).Again,the power law behavior of Q (r )is found over a wide range of mass scales and di?erent cosmological models,suggesting a universal property of DM halos.

It has been recently suggested that a universal density slope-velocity anisotropy relation exists for relaxed DM halos (Hansen &Moore 2006).These author found a linear relation between the velocity anisotropy parameter βand the density slope γ(<0),

β=?0.2(γ+0.8),

(4)

where

β(r )=1?

σ2θ+σ2

φ

2Zait,Ho?man and Shlosman

and

γ=r

d r

,(6)

whereσθandσφare the dispersions of the two transver-sal velocity components.Again,the linear relation has been found for a variety of halos obtained in various sim-ulations and setups,suggesting a universal nature of the linear relation.

The phenomenological gNFW density pro?le,the PSD power law and the linearβ?γrelation are supposed to provide us clues about DM halos.The universal nature of these relations suggests that they hold over a broad range of scales and models,at least within the parameter space of the Cold Dark Matter(CDM)-like cosmogonies.The equilibrium structure of collisionless self-gravitating sys-tems obey the Jeans equation(e.g.,Binney&Tremaine 1987),which relates the velocity second moments and the density?eld.Under the assumption of a spherical sym-metry,the Jeans equation relatesρ(r),σr(r)andβ(r), and can be rewritten so as to relateρ(r),Q(r)andβ(r). Lacking a fundamental theory that can predict even one of the above relations we are motivated to study the in-ternal consistency of the three conditions and to?nd out whether one of these can be found to depend on the other two.Given the large scatter around the linearβ?γrela-tion(Hansen&Moore2006,Hansen&Stadel2006)we suspect that theβ?γrelation is the’weakest’and less certain among the three relations.We therefore assume that the density of spherical halos follows an exact gNFW pro?le and that the PSD pro?le is a power law and solve the Jeans equation to obtain theβpro?le.This is to be compared with the linearβ?γrelation.

It has been recently suggested that the so-called Ser-sic,also known as the Einasto(1965),pro?le provides a better?t to the density pro?le(Merritt et al.2005; Prada et al.2006;Gao et al.2007).Given the very dif-ferent functional form of the Einaso pro?le it will be con-sidered here as an alternative to the NFW-like family of pro?les and the associatedβ(r)will be calculated.This will enable us to check the sensitivity ofβ(r)to the as-sumed density?tting formula.

The structure of the paper is as follows.The Jeans equation is solved in§2and the solutions of theβpro?le are given in§3and discussed in§4.

2.THE JEANS EQUATION

The following model of DM halo is assumed here:the halos are in dynamical equilibrium;it is spherically sym-metric;the halo density pro?le is given by the gNFW pro?le;and the PSD pro?le follows a power law.Such a halo should obey the Jeans equation(e.g.,Binney& Tremaine1987),

dσ2rρ

r σ2rρ=?ρ(r)

GM(r)

σ3r,s r

R sρ2/3

s

d xρ5/3x2α/3 =

?ρ(x)

GM(x)

2 5xρ′3+ρ2/3s R s x

(10)

Here the prime denotes a derivative with respect to x.

The density is assumed to follow a gNFW pro?le,using

the functional form proposed by Zhao(1996),namely

ρ(r)=ρsρgNFW r

xμ(1+x)??μ

.(12)

The NFW pro?le corresponds toμ=1and?=3.

Given the PSD power law and the the gNFW pro?le

the structure of a DM halo is determined by three pa-

rameters,i.e.,R s,ρs andσr,s.In particular the velocity

anisotropy pro?le is given by:

β(x)=?

α

6(1+x)

+

η

π21+(??μ)/3x2?μ/3(1+x)2(??μ)/3

3

+

5(1+3x)

1+1/x (1+x)4/3

Velocity anisotropy–density slope3

Fig.1.—The dependence of the velocity anisotropy pro?leβ(x≡r/R s)on the phase space density power law slopeα,the inverse virial parameterη=Gρs R2s/σ2r,s and the parameters of the generalized NFW density pro?le is presented.The left hand column displays theβ(x) and the right hand one the dependence ofβon the logarithmic derivative of the density pro?leγ.The Hansen&Moore(2006)empirical ?t toβ?γis plotted in the right frames.A nominal model is assumed(η=0.16,μ=1.0,α=1.9and?=3.0)and the parameters are

varied around that model.

and n is the Sersic index(Prada et al.2006).The Sersic

density pro?le yields aβpro?le of the form

1

βSer(x)=

4Zait,Ho?man and Shlosman Here we choose a base model and change the four halo

parameters,one at the time,to check the dependence ofβ

(Fig.1).The base model is an NFW density pro?le(i.e.,

?=3and aμ=1cusp),α=1.9(Dehnen&McLaughlin

2005,Ho?man et al.2007).Romano-D′?az et al.(2007)

found that T/W within R s is roughly2,or somewhat

larger.Therefore,

2≈?2T(

4πη

.(18)

For the base model we chooseη=0.15.Fig.1showsβas a function of x=r/R s(left column)andγ(right column).The empiricalβ=?0.2(γ+0.8)relation (Hansen&Moore2006)is plotted for reference.

Over the range of parameters studied hereβ(x)has local minimum around~0.1R s and a local maximum at a few×R s.At the minimum the velocity dispersion is nearly isotropic(i.e.,β≈0.Moving outwards to larger radii the velocity dispersion becomes more radial, asβincreases.However,beyond a few R sβstarts to decrease and the dispersion becomes more isotropic.It is interesting to note that on very small scales,below 0.1R s,βmonotonically decreases with r.Its value at r=0depends mostly on the slope of the cusp,μ.We ?nd forμ=0.5,1.0and1.5the asymptotic values of βfor r→0are-0.21,0.2and0.62,respectively.(Note that forμ=0.5βreaches a minimum at r≈0.02R s with β≈?0.25.)The small scale behavior shows that NFW-like halos,obeying the phase-space density power law, can have steeper inner cusps by making their velocity dispersion more radial at the center.In other words, more radial orbits lead to a steeper inner density cusp. Eq.13,and consequently Fig.1,displays the depen-dence ofβonη—namely,an increase inηleads to a decrease inβ.The latter can be understood as following. Increase inηmeans a decrease in T/W ratio,or equiv-alently an increase in(v c/σr)2,where v c is the circular velocity at radius r.Here two possibilities exist:(1)if v2c has increased at?xedσ2r,the system responds by in-creasing the tangential dispersion velocities in order to remain in virial equilibrium and to be supported against the collapse.Note that while the overall angular mo-mentum,J,of the system described by Eq.7is zero,the individual orbits have non-zero J and are randomly ori-ented which is in fact the source of the tangential velocity dispersion.An increase in v2c then is translated into the increase in the tangential velocity dispersions in Eq.10 and the associated decrease inβ.(2)Alternatively,the growth inηcan come from the decrease inσ2r,while v2c is?xed.The latter one requires that the tangential ve-locity dispersions stay unchanged,and,consequently,βwill decrease by the same token.

3.2.The Sersic Pro?le

Theβ(r)pro?le of the Sersic?t(Eq.17)is presented in Fig.2.The base model is taken to beη=0.16,α=1.90 and a Sersic index of n=6.0.The most striking feature of theβpro?le in the Sersic case is its much simpler functional form compared with the gNFW case.For the nominalα=1.9case theβ?γrelation is very close to linear andβgrows monotonically with x over the range of10?2

To gain further insight into the di?erence between the gNFW and the Sersic case we compare their cor-responding density(Fig.3)andβ(Fig.4)pro?les. The Sersic pro?le has been proved to be a good?t for the density pro?le of DM halos over the range of 10?2

3.3.Phase Space Density of the Total Velocity

Dispersion

Given the radial PSD and the calculatedβpro?le the PSD pro?le of the total velocity dispersion is easily eval-uated.The total PSD is given by

Q tot(r)=

ρ

Velocity anisotropy –density slope 5

Fig.2.—The dependence of the β(r )pro?le on α,ηand the Sersic index n is examined The structure of the ?gure is identical to Fig.1.The base Sersic model is taken here to have 1/n =0.16and the lower panel shows the variation of the Sersic index.

Fig. 3.—The NFW (red)and Sersic (n =6,blue)density pro?les.The bottom panel shows the fractional di?erence between the two models.

Fig. 4.—The NFW (red)and Sersic (n =6,blue)βpro?les.In both cases η=0.16and α=1.9have been assumed.

6Zait,Ho?man and Shlosman

Fig.5.—Given the power law Q(r)pro?le and the calculatedβ(r)the full velocity dispersion phase-space density pro?le,Q tot=ρ/σ2tot, is easily evaluated.Here,Q tot is evaluated for the NFW density pro?le,(η=0.16,left panel)and the Sersic model(n=6,right panel), assumingα=1.9for both cases.The total velocity PSD closely follows a power law,Q tot∝r?αtot,whereαtot=1.84.The fractional residual from a power law is presented in the bottom panels.Note that in the NFW the amplitude of the residual is about10percents and only about1percent in the Sersic case.

We?nd that for no choice of parameters an NFW-like density pro?le can yield a velocity anisotropy,β(r),that is even in a rough agreement with the linearβ?γ.This stands in a sharp contrast with the Sersic?tting formula for the DM halos density pro?le.For a Sersic pro?le index of n≈6.0one recovers quite faithfully the linear β?γrelation.For that modelβ(r)is a monotonically increasing function of the radius.For the nominal model we?ndβ(x=0.1)=0.12andβ(x=10)=0.33.A by-product of the solution of the Jeans equation is that the PSD of the total velocity dispersion follows a power law,namely Q tot(r)∝r?αtot,withαtot=1.84,for both the gNFW and the Sersic density pro?les.Yet,in the fractional deviation in NFW-like case is of the order of twenty percents and in the Sersic case the deviation is of the order of one percent.

It has been realized in recent years that the Sersic pro-?le provides a better?t to the density pro?le of DM halos than the NFw model(Merritt et al.2005,2006; Prada et al.2006;Gao et al.2007).The present work substantiates and strengthens that fact and it strongly suggests that the the Sersic model should be used for the dynamical modeling of DM halos.

The main result of the papers is that the three pillars of the DM halos phenomenology,namely the PSD power law,the Sersic density pro?le and the linearβ?γre-lation,constitute a consistent set of relations that obey the Jeans equation.These relations provide a theoret-ical framework for a consistent dynamical modeling of DM halos.

A very di?erent motivation for the calculation of the βpro?le has been to provide a practical tool for mod-eling the mass distribution in clusters of galaxies from kinematic data.A powerful way of modeling the clusters of galaxies is based on taking moments of the velocity distribution of clusters’galaxies and?tting them to the

Velocity anisotropy–density slope7

solutions of the Jeans equation,under the assumptions of the NFW density pro?le andβ=const.(Lokas et al. 2006;Wojtak&Lokas2007).The presently calculatedβpro?le certainly provides a better approximation to the actual pro?le than the assumption of a constant value. We suggest that future analysis of the mass distribution of clusters will be based on the calculated pro?le ofβ. We conclude the paper with a?nal note of caution. The analysis presented here applies strictly to spherical DM halos in virial equilibrium.Inspection of the forma-tion of DM halos in cosmological simulations of CDM-like cosmologies reveals an ongoing process where halos grow continuously by a slow accretion and by major mergers, alternating between phases of dynamical equilibrium and violent o?-equilibrium.Therefore,one expects the DM halos to show some deviations from a strict virial equi-librium and this might limit the validity of the solutions of the Jeans equation.DM halos are not isolated island structures in an otherwise unperturbed Friedmann uni-verse.Halos are experiencing an ongoing smooth,and occasionally no so smooth,accretion and the boundary between the halo and outer universe is not easily de-?ned.The stationary Jeans equation,on the other hand is applicable to isolated systems.It follows that even in stationary,seemingly relaxed systems the Jeans equa-tion may not be strictly obeyed.A further complication arises from the deviation from sphericity of the DM halos. Cosmological simulations give rise to oblate and prolate ellipsoidal halos.This again might introduce a further deviation of theβpro?le of the DM halos from the so-lutions of the Jeans equation.These issues should be further investigated by means of N-body simulations.

This research has been supported by ISF-143/02and the Sheinborn Foundation(to YH),and by NASA/LTSA 5-13063,NASA/ATP NAG5-10823,HST/AR-10284(to IS).

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后验估计 a posteriori estimate 先验估计 a priori estimate 交流电子传动AC (alternating current) electric drive 验收测试acceptance testing 可及性accessibility 累积误差accumulated error 交-直-交变频器AC-DC-AC frequency converter 主动姿态稳定active attitude stabilization 驱动器,执行机构actuator 线性适应元adaline 适应层adaptation layer 适应遥测系统adaptive telemeter system 伴随算子adjoint operator 容许误差admissible error 集结矩阵aggregation matrix 层次分析法AHP (analytic hierarchy process) 放大环节amplifying element 模数转换analog-digital conversion 信号器annunciator 天线指向控制antenna pointing control 抗积分饱卷anti-integral windup 姿态轨道控制系统AOCS (attritude and orbit control system) 非周期分解aperiodic decomposition 近似推理approximate reasoning 关节型机器人articulated robot 配置问题,分配问题assignment problem 联想记忆模型associative memory model 联想机associatron 渐进稳定性asymptotic stability 实际位姿漂移attained pose drift 姿态捕获attitude acquisition 姿态角速度attitude angular velocity 姿态扰动attitude disturbance 姿态机动attitude maneuver 吸引子attractor 可扩充性augment ability 增广系统augmented system 自动-手动操作器automatic manual station 自动机automaton 自治系统autonomous system 间隙特性backlash characteristics 基座坐标系base coordinate system 贝叶斯分类器Bayes classifier 方位对准bearing alignment 波纹管压力表bellows pressure gauge 收益成本分析benefit-cost analysis 双线性系统bilinear system 生物控制论biocybernetics 生物反馈系统biological feedback system 黑箱测试法black box testing approach 盲目搜索blind search 块对角化block diagonalization 玻耳兹曼机Boltzman machine 自下而上开发bottom-up development 边界值分析boundary value analysis 头脑风暴法brainstorming method 广度优先搜索breadth-first search 蝶阀butterfly valve 计算机辅助工程CAE (computer aided engineering) 清晰性calrity 计算机辅助制造CAM (computer aided manufacturing) 偏心旋转阀Camflex valve 规范化状态变量canonical state variable 电容式位移传感器capacitive displacement transducer 膜盒压力表capsule pressure gauge 计算机辅助研究开发CARD 直角坐标型机器人Cartesian robot 串联补偿cascade compensation 突变论catastrophe theory 集中性centrality 链式集结chained aggregation 混沌chaos 特征轨迹characteristic locus 化学推进chemical propulsion 经典信息模式classical information pattern 分类器classifier 临床控制系统clinical control system 闭环极点closed loop pole 闭环传递函数closed loop transfer function 聚类分析cluster analysis 粗-精控制coarse-fine control 蛛网模型cobweb model 系数矩阵coefficient matrix 认知科学cognitive science 认知机cognitron 单调关联系统coherent system 组合决策combination decision 组合爆炸combinatorial explosion 压力真空表combined pressure and vacuum gauge 指令位姿command pose 相伴矩阵companion matrix 房室模型compartmental model 相容性,兼容性compatibility 补偿网络compensating network 补偿,矫正compensation

门禁管理系统说明

门禁管理系统 1.1.1 系统概述 采用现代信息传输技术、网络技术,结合非接触式IC卡技术,对建筑物各通道出入口实施门锁控制,并在系统中进行相关资料的记录与存储,对进出相关通道的人员实施管理。 1.1.2 门禁设计 在门禁系统服务器设置在网络中心。选用科学的系统结构,该系统采用分布式IP网络结构。各门禁控制器直接连接网络交换机(支持TCP/IP协议)与智能卡系统管理服务器之间建立双向数据通道从而构成完整的系统,各门禁控制器能够在网络不畅乃至通信中断时单独正常工作。网络门禁控制器由UPS 供电(接口?),网络门禁控制器采用加密进行通讯(如何加密?标准),其接入到就近的智能网交换机。 门禁管理子系统数据通过智能化专网提供数据传输链路。系统的管理工作站中心机房内(与消防控制中心合用),并连接一卡通管理服务器进行系统功能设置、发卡、权限控制统一管理。 达实门禁管理系统为两级控制,即:服务器→网络交换机→门禁控制器→门禁点设备(门禁感应器、电锁、门磁、开门按钮、紧急按钮等),无需其他中间设备。 1.1.3 系统功能 ?出入口管理系统采用1/2/4网络控制器,可以满足100万用户名单的记录,在跟服务器中心断开的情况下可自主读取并保持用户进出记录,待 网络恢复记录会自动上传至智能卡管理服务器,每个门禁控制器均有 100000条事件记录的存储容量和5000条报警事件,5000条巡更记录。 ?存储各门控的所有用户名单及权限信息

?支持用户名单和记录数量均是100,000 ?设备支持TCP、RS485等多种通讯方式,通讯电路具备自检功能,损坏后自动断开,不会影响其它设备稳定运行 ?支持256个时间段,16个时间组,128个节假日同时,每个时段允许设定运行模式(常开/常闭),支持卡、密码、卡或密码、卡加密码等认证方式,验证组合(比如首卡、多卡等),支持节假日及调休配置; ?定时开关门: 支持非节假日定时开关门。 ?设备存储空间大,采用双存储芯片实现名单与记录隔离 ?支持脱机、实时多种运行模式 ?开门控制方式多样化:刷卡、按钮、计算机远程、公共密码、胁迫密码、卡+密码、多卡开门、多卡多群组开门、首卡常开、首卡启动 ?支持多种组合控制类型:单向门、双向门、反潜回门、互锁门 ?支持跨网段通讯 ?存储各门控的通行数据、报警数据、日志数据 ?针对门控级别的多门互锁 ?支持半联机及实时状态下的用户权限判断 ?针对门控级别的防潜回功能 ?针对门控故障更换设备时的触发式数据下载 ?随时切换门禁运行模式(常开/常闭) ?支持门禁数据WEB浏览 ?支持远程开门功能 ?门锁控制:控制门锁开与关,亦可加装门磁设备,实时监测门开关状态;?远程控制:在管理中心可通过系统软件远程控制门锁的开、关,并能实时监控门禁的开关情况; ?远程设置:在管理中心可通过管理软件随时更改门禁工作状态和运行参数; ?用户管理:支持用户级别设置及级别分配,用户级别采用全灵活配置以支持普通用户、超级管理员及胁迫用户等;对人员的权限及时限进行统一管理,可按个人及团体两种方式进行权限的设置及下载;

velocity入门使用教程

V elocity入门使用教程 一、使用velocity的好处: 1.不用像jsp那样编译成servlet(.Class)文件,直接装载后就可以运行了,装载的过程在web.xml里面配置。【后缀名为.vhtml是我们自己的命名方式。也只有在这里配置了哪种类型的文件,那么这种类型的文件才能解析velocity语法】 2.web页面上可以很方便的调用java后台的方法,不管方法是静态的还是非静态的。只需要在toolbox.xml里面把类配置进去就可以咯。【调用的方法$class.method()】即可。 3.可以使用模版生成静态文档html【特殊情况下才用】 二、使用 1、下载velocity-1.7.zip 、velocity-tools-2.0.zip 2、解压后引用3个jar文件velocity-1.7.jar、velocity-tools-2.0.jar、velocity-tools-view-2.0.jar 还有几个commons-…..jar 开头的jar包 三、配置文件: Web.xml velocity org.apache.velocity.tools.view.VelocityViewServlet 1 velocity *.vm velocity *.jsp velocity *.html

科技英语语法_同位语从句_名词性从句_定语从句

2015/12/2 Wednesday
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句
1、一般情况 (1)公式
§5. 2 同位语从句 The latter(后一)form has the advantage that it can be extended(扩展) to complex quantities .
+ 某些抽象名词 +
the this a/an O no
形容词 物主代词
that从句[“that”在
从句中无词义、无 成分]
③ “动宾译法”:这时该“抽象名词” 来自于可带有宾语从句的及物动词。
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句
(2)译法 ① “~ 这一 ……” 的
§5. 2 同位语从句 During the past several years, there has been an increasing [a growing] recognition [realization; awareness] within business(商务)and academic(学术的) circles(界)that certain nations have evolved(发展)into information societies .
The assumption that β = constant is often made to simplify analysis. R = r is the condition that power delivered(提供)by a given source is a maximum .
西安电子科技大学
西安电子科技大学
§5. 2 同位语从句 Here we have used the definition (定义)that acceleration(加速度)is the rate(速率)of change of velocity .
② 这一 ……:~ 以下的
§5. 2 同位语从句 The main theoretical development in this decade(十年)has been in the recognition that material properties should be included in analytical models . This is equivalent to a statement that everything is attracted by the earth.
This account for(解释)the observation(观察到的情况)that the resistivity of a metal increases with temperature .
1

VRay中文使用手册

VRay中文使用手册 9030 目录 1. license 协议 2. VRay的特征 3. VRay软件的安装 4. VRay的渲染参数 5. VRay 灯光 6. VRay 材质 7. VRay 贴图 8. VRay 阴影 9. VRay的分布式渲染 10. Terminology术语 11. Frequently Asked Questions常见问题 VRay的特征 VRay光影追踪渲染器有Basic Package 和 Advanced Package两种包装形式。Basic Package具有适当的功能和较低的价格,适合学生和业余艺术家使用。Advanced Package 包含有几种特殊功能,适用于专业人员使用。 Basic Package的软件包提供的功能特点

·真正的光影追踪反射和折射。(See: VRayMap) ·平滑的反射和折射。(See: VRayMap) ·半透明材质用于创建石蜡、大理石、磨砂玻璃。(See: VRayMap) ·面阴影(柔和阴影)。包括方体和球体发射器。(See: VRayShadow) ·间接照明系统(全局照明系统)。可采取直接光照 (brute force), 和光照贴图方式(HDRi)。(See: Indirect illumination) ·运动模糊。包括类似Monte Carlo 采样方法。(See: Motion blur) ·摄像机景深效果。(See: DOF) ·抗锯齿功能。包括 fixed, simple 2-level 和 adaptive approaches等采样方法。(See: Image sampler) ·散焦功能。(See: Caustics ) ·G-缓冲(RGBA, material/object ID, Z-buffer, velocity etc.) (See: G-Buffer ) Advanced Package软件包提供的功能特点 除包含所有基本功能外,还包括下列功能: ·基于G-缓冲的抗锯齿功能。(See: Image sampler) ·可重复使用光照贴图 (save and load support)。对于fly-through 动画可增加采样。(See: Indirect illumination) ·可重复使用光子贴图 (save and load support)。(See: Caustics) ·带有分析采样的运动模糊。(See: Motion blur ) ·真正支持 HDRI贴图。包含 *.hdr, *.rad 图片装载器,可处理立方体贴图和角贴图贴图坐标。可直接贴图而不会产生变形或切片。

门禁考勤管理系统操作说明书

门禁考勤管理系统(V1.11/V1.15) 操 作 用 说 明 书

目录 一、前言 (4) 二、软件安装 1、系统要求 (6) 2、安装 (6) 3、卸载 (8) 三、操作说明 (10) 1、系统管理 (11) 2、人事管理 (19) 3、考勤管理 (21) 4、查询 (24) 5、数据管理 (25)

四、操作流程 (30) 五、常见故障与解决方法 (30) 前言: 软件安装默认目录:C: \Program Files\门禁考勤管理系统,(建议安装到D:\Program Files\门禁考勤管理系统) 。在WIN2000系统安装时,一定要以管理员帐号登陆WIN2000系统才能安装;否则安装运行门禁考勤管理软件时会出错! 硬件建议:赛扬1.5G或PIII 1.0G以上,128M内存,20G硬盘7200转以上补充说明: 1.如果安装完后运行门禁考勤管理系统时出现如下错误:“连接数据出错” 请作出如下调整: A.在控制面板中‘“区域选项”日期设为{yyyy-mm-dd}的形式,时间设为 {hh:mm:ss}的形式 做完A步骤后如果再出现“连接数据出错”再做B步骤 B.在控制面板中的ODBC项中建立一个的ODBC是HYkaoqin 的ODBC

到控制面板中的ODBC项双击“数据源(ODBC)” 进入以下界面后,点击选择:MS Access Database,再点击“添加” 再进入如下界面再点击“完成”

进入如下界面,在“数据源名(N)”输入:Hykqoqin然后点击“确定” 创建完毕。

门禁考勤网络结构图: Com口 485转换器

智能门禁管理系统

智能门禁管理系统 门禁管理系统概述 与传统钥匙门锁相比,门禁系统在携带,遗失等情况时的处理更加方便,无须更换大量门锁和钥匙,仅需要在软件中做出相应的操作即可。与监控、报警等安防方式相比,门禁系统化被动为主动,将安全隐患直接排除在管制通道之外。 门禁管理系统功能 灵活丰富的权限管制: 通过时区、周计划、假期信息、管制群组的自由设置可以控制任何一个持卡人在任何一个房门的任意时刻的开门权限和开门方式。◆通道管制、胁迫报警: 系统允许对某些房门进行管制,实行手动或自动布防和撤防,布防时间内仅系统卡和警卫卡才具有开门权限。胁迫报警是指发生不法分子挟持合法用户强迫开门事件时具备报警机制。 ◆强大的报警设置功能: 系统具有胁迫报警、防撬报警、强行进入报警、超时报警和反潜回功能。 ◆电子公告功能: 在具备液晶的读卡器上具有立方独特的电子公告功能,通过软件编辑后可向读卡机发布自定义的电子公告,用户刷卡后即可显示该短信息。 ◆强大的系统联动: 用户可以对系统的各个I/O口进行功能设置,实现与第三方系统或一卡通其他子系统进行联动。 ◆多种开门方式:

系统支持多种开门方式,如刷卡开门、密码开门、刷卡+密码开门、刷卡+密码+触发开门、刷多卡开门方式等,可根据不同的安全需求进行灵活的选择。 ◆动态电子地图显示: 系统具有电子地图,在电子地图上实时的以图形和文字的形式显示事件,如刷卡事件、进出房门、门状态变化、系统报警和各种紧急事件等。 可以输入多幅地图,从不同角度监控现场出入情况。 ◆具备多种发卡方式: 系统可以用连接电脑的发卡器或连接控制器的读卡器发卡、也可以先由控制器发卡后上传到数据库再指定用户。◆互锁通道、反潜回: 系统允许管理员对指定的通道或房门实行互锁,互锁组的房门在同一时间只能开启其中的一扇。反潜回指在合法卡刷卡进入后,必须再规定时间内外出。 ◆自动与手动的布防/撤防: 系统支持对指定房门的自动布防和撤防功能,可以在有权限的情况下指定某些房门在到达指定的时间段内处于布防状态,过了这段时间之后,系统会自动撤防;也允许在有限的条件下,随时对房门进行布防和撤防操作。 门禁管理系统优势 ◆安全: 圣坤科技门禁系统本身具备了企业级的密钥认证体系、严格的通信协议加密体系、完善的数据库安全管理体系,具有极高的系统安全性能;产品外壳坚固耐用,具备防水、防撬设计;在业务上从专业的安防角度出发,设计了最完善全面的安全功能,包括多卡认证、自动布防/撤防、反胁迫、反潜回、通道互锁、强行进入、防撬报警等,可以实现客户对系统安全性最细微的需求。 ◆美观:

fluent 使用基本步骤

fluent 使用基本步骤 步骤一:网格 读入网格(*.msh) File →Read →Case 读入网格后,在窗口显示进程 检查网格 Grid →Check Fluent对网格进行多种检查,并显示结果。注意最小容积,确保最小容积值为正。 显示网格 Display →Grid 以默认格式显示网格 能够用鼠标右键检查边界区域、数量、名称、类型将在窗口显示,本操作关于同样类型的多个区域情形专门有用,以便快速区不它们。 网格显示操作 Display →Views 在Mirror Planes面板下,axis 点击Apply,将显示整个网格 点击Auto scale, 自动调整比例,并放在视窗中间 点击Camera,调整目标物体位置 用鼠标左键拖动指标钟,使目标位置为正 点击Apply,并关闭Camera Parameters 和Views窗口 步骤二:模型 1. 定义瞬时、轴对称模型 Define →models→Solver 保留默认的,Segregated解法设置,该项设置,在多相运算时使用。

在Space面板下,选择Axisymmetric 在Time面板下,选择Unsteady 2. 采纳欧拉多相模型 Define→Models→Multiphase (a) 选择Eulerian作为模型 (b)如果两相速度差较大,则需解滑移速度方程 (c)如果Body force比粘性力和对流力大得多,则需选择implicit b ody force 通过考虑压力梯度和体力,加快收敛 (d)保留设置不变 3. 采纳K-ε湍流模型(采纳标准壁面函数) Define →Models →Viscous (a) 选择K-ε( 2 eqn 模型) (b) 保留Near wall Treatment面板下的Standard Wall Function设置 在K-εMultiphase Model面板下,采纳Dispersed模型,dispersed湍流模型在一相为连续相,而材料密度较大情形下采纳,而且Stocks数远小于1,颗粒动能意义不大。 4.设置重力加速度 Define →Operating Conditions 选择Gravity 在Gravitational Acceleration下x或y方向填上-9.81m/s2 步骤三:材料 Define →Materials 复制液相数据作为差不多相 在Material面板。点击Database, 在Fluid Materials 清单中,选Water -Liquid (h2o(1))

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GOCAD综合地质与储层建模软件 简易操作手册 美国PST油藏技术公司 PetroSolution Tech,Inc.

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