中南大学研究生英语考试-课本翻译下册1-8单元

Unit 1

A．The process of learning an art can be divided conveniently into two parts: one, the mastery of the theory; the other, the mastery of the practice. If I want to learn the art of medicine, I must first know the facts about the human body, about various diseases. When I have all this theoretical knowledge, I am by no means competent in the art of medicine. I shall become a master in this art only after a great deal of practice, until eventually the results of my theoretical knowledge and the result of my practice are blended into one—my intuition, the essence of the mastery of any art. But aside from learning the theory and practice, there is a third factor necessary to becoming a master in any art—the mastery of the art must be a matter of ultimate concern; there must be nothing else in the world more important than the art. This holds true for music, for medicine, for carpentry—and for love. And, maybe, here lies the answer to the question of why people in our country try so rarely to learn this art, in spite of their obvious failures: in spite of the deep-seated craving for love, almost everything else is considered to be more important than love: success, prestige, money, power—almost all our energy is used for the learning of how to achieve these aims, and almost none to learn the art of loving.

学习艺术的过程可以非常容易地分成两部分：一、掌握理论；

二、精于实践。如果我需要学习医学，我必须首先了解人体和各种疾病。但即使我掌握所有这些理论知识，也决不表明我就能熟练操作了。只有当经过大量实践，直到最后我的理论知识和实践结果融合在一起，形成直觉了，我才能称得上这门艺术的专家。直觉是艺术掌握的精华所在。但是除了学习理论知识和进行实践外，想在艺术领域成为一名真正的行家里手还必须掌握第三种因素，即对艺术的追求必须是其最终所关怀的；世上再无比这门艺术更重要的事。音乐、医药、木工手艺都是这样，爱情也是如此。我们这个社会中的人们，尽管显然已经失败却仍很少去学习爱的艺术，其原因也许就在于此：虽然内心深处都渴望爱，却认为其他任何事都比爱重要，如成功、名望、财富、权力；我们几乎把所有的精力都消耗在对这些目标的追逐上，而几乎不花费任何精力来学习这种爱的艺术。

B.What is it we want most from a marriage? To love and be loved. To be happy and secure. To grow, to discover. A love relationship is the garden in which we plant, cultivate and harvest the most precious of corps, our own self, and in which our spouse is provided the same rich soil in which to bloom.

We cannot obtain what we want unless our partner also gets what he or she wants. A woman may, for instance, want to go to the symphony. Her husband might hate symphonies. But by spending a few hours listening to music he doesn’t care for, he can bring joy to his partner. That’s pretty cheap price to pay for joy, isn’t it?

我们在婚姻中最想得到的是什么？爱与被爱，幸福与安全，成长与实现。爱的关系是一个花园，我们在其中种植、培育和收获最珍贵的作物——我们自己，我们的配偶在这个花园里得到同样肥沃的土壤可以蓬勃发展。

只有当我们的配偶也心愿得偿时，我们才可能心愿得偿。例如，一位妇女可能想去听交响乐而她的丈夫则痛恨交响乐。但是，花几个小时听他不喜欢的音乐，他可以给自己的伴侣带来快乐。为得到这份快乐所付出的代价并不高，对吧？

Unit 2

A．The speed of communication is bound to have an effect on

composers—styles are now known and imitated so quickly that

―crossover‖ may be the buzzword for music in the new century.

People can download anything in their home, and you know

tomorrow what someone on the other side of the world did yesterday.

Barriers between classical music, jazz and other forms will continue

to break down and audiences will derive equal pleasure from lots of

different styles. I foresee a greater plurality of taste.

The great unknown is the effect new technology is going to

have on the soundworld of music, as opposed to its forms and

structures. In this century we’ve seen the potential of percussion in

orchestral work develop out of all recognition, and have become

accustomed to electronic music. So I anticipate developments around

the corner that will produce huge changes in what we listen to.

高速通讯肯定会对作曲者产生影响。如今各种风格如此快速

地为人所了解和模仿，―风格跨越‖可能成为新世纪里音乐界的时

髦词。人们可以在家里下载任何作品。昨天地球另一边的人做了

什么，明天你就可以知道。古典音乐、爵士乐和其它音乐形式之

间的屏障将会继续崩溃，听众将会从许多不同风格的作品中获得

同样的快感。可以预见，人们的欣赏口味将会更加多元化。

一个很大的未知数是，新技术对音乐的音响效果而不是其形

式和结构会产生什么影响。本世纪我们已经看到打击乐在管弦乐

作品中的潜力发挥到了令人无法辨认的程度，而且我们也已经习

惯了电子音乐。因此可以预见，未来的发展不久就会给我们所听

到的音乐带来巨大的变化。

B.At present, with further progress of economic globalization,

countries are increasingly interdependent, and the pursuit of peace,

development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the

times, presenting the world with rare opportunities for development.

At the same time, uncertainties and destabilizing factors in world

economic growth have increased recently, as evidenced by continued

turbulence in the financial market, rising prices for energy and

resource, acute problem of food security, and growing pressure of

global inflation. There remain numerous grim challenges in the effort

to build a harmonious world of lasting peace and common

prosperity.

当前，经济全球化深入发展，国与国相互依存日益紧密，

求和平、谋发展、促合作已成为不可阻挡的时代潮流，世界面临

难得的发展机遇。同时，近来世界经济增长中的不确定、不稳定

因素增多，金融市场持续动荡，能源资源价格上涨，粮食安全问

题突出，全球通胀压力增大。建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世

界，仍面临不少严峻挑战。

Unit 3

A．While China is home to 22% of the world’s population, it has

only 7% of the cultivated land. Still, Chinese agriculture has made

remarkable progress over the past five years. In 1994, China was a

global leader in the production of major farm products such as grain,

cotton and meat. The grain harvest in 1995 hit 460 million tons,

setting a new domestic record.

In addition, China is developing strategies to ensure an

adequate domestic food supply for years to come. One key has been

a variety of market reform. Unlike the past, individual farms and

agricultural cooperatives now operate as profit-making enterprises.

That means taking risks. But the benefits are obvious. Farm families

have seen their annual income rise considerably, while consumers

find more food available than ever before.

中国是占世界人口22%的家园，却只占世界耕地的7%。但

在过去5年里，中国农业仍然取得了显著的进步。1994年，中

国主要农产品如谷物、棉花和肉类都居世界领先地位。1995年

粮食丰收，达到4.6亿多吨，创造了新的国家记录。

另外，中国正在实施今后几年内保障粮食足以自给的发展战

略。一个关键是实行多种形式的市场改革。与过去不同的是，现

在个体农场和合作农场都是赢利企业，尽管有风险，但其好处是

显而易见的。农民家庭每年收入有相当大的增长，而消费者较之

以前也可以买到更多的食品。

B.China is one of the largest countries in the world, her territory

being about the size of the whole Europe. In the vast country of ours

there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and

clothing; mountain ranges across its length and breadth with

extensive forests and rich mineral deposits; many rivers and lake

which provide us with water transport and irrigation, and a long

coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the

seas.

( Excerpts from The Selected Works of Mao Zedong)

我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土和整个欧

洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃

地，给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，给我们生长了

广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以

舟楫和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各民族的

方便。

——《毛泽东选集》（节选）

Unit 4

A．First, the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly live and

attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or

even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does

rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid,

sarcastic, cynical, frustrated, and overbearing. I would say too, that it

excludes all of dull or purely negative personality.

Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to

have a genuine capacity for sympathy—in the literal meaning of that

word—a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people.

Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant—not, indeed,

of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature

which induce people, and again especially children, to make

mistakes.

首先，教师应该经历充沛，有个性魅力，令人愉快。这并不

意味着应当排除相貌平平的人，或者甚至相貌难看的人，因为许

多这类老师具有很大的个人魅力。然而这的确意味着应当排除那

种过于激动、忧郁、冷漠、爱冷嘲热讽、爱挑剔挖苦、沮丧以及

盛气凌人的人。我还要说应当排除所有那些生性呆板或对一切都

采取绝对消极态度的人。

第二，教师要有真诚的同情心，教师的这种品质不仅是可取

的而且是必不可少的。―同情‖，顾名思义就是一种能对他人内心

和感受表示深切理解的能力。与此紧密相连的是宽容——不是宽

容错误而是宽容人性中的脆弱和不成熟，这种脆弱和不成熟容易

使人，尤其是孩子，犯错误。

B.The success of science has less to do with a particular method

than with an essential attitude of the scientist. This attitude is

essentially one of inquiry, experimentation and humility before the

facts. Therefore, a good scientist is an honest one. True scientists do

not bow to any authority but they are ever ready to modify or even

abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting them.

Scientists, they do place a high value on honesty.

Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to

be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see

and what they wish to see—for humanity’s capacity for

self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt

general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly

questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have

been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The

most widespread assumptions are the least questioned. Most often,

when and idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that

seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted,

belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to

―change o ur minds.‖ Competent scientists, however, must be expert

at changing their minds. This is because science seeks not to defend

our beliefs but to improve them. Better theories are made by those

who are not hung up on prevailing ones.

科学的成功与其说取决于某种特定的方法，不如说与科

学家们所共有的一种态度更为有关。从根本上来讲，这种态度是

一种探究、实验、尊重事实的态度。真正的科学家不屈服权威，

但如果他们发现有足够证据证明他们的想法有矛盾，他们乐意修

正，甚至放弃那些观点。科学家确确实实置诚实至上。

科学家必须接受事实，即使在他们希望事实不同时也必

须如此。他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分

开来——因为人类具有极大的自欺能力。人们一贯倾向于未经彻

底询问其是否正确，便采纳一般的规则、信仰、信念、理论和观

点，而且在它们被证明是毫无意义的、错误的或者至少是可疑的

之后，能长久的抱住它们不放。流传最广的假定是最少受到怀疑

的。

Unit 5

A．Does the rise of a contingent work force mean that traditional jobs, in which workers can expect a long term relationship with their employer, will soon be obsolete? Probably not, although there are likely to be much fewer traditional jobs than in the past. Rather the trend toward a flexible work force is leading to a redefinition of the job. Jobs are increasingly seen as arrangements in which people sell their services to employers in a variety of ways, often starting as contingency workers and being promoted into full-time positions later on.

The evolution of the job required a corresponding evolution in employees’ approach to work. Just as employers are transforming themselves to get closer to their market and their customers, employees must get closer to the reality of the labor market. Employees should think of themselves as entrepreneurs who own a bundle of skills and competencies, which they can market to their ―clients‖. Thus works need to continuously update their skill bundles to remain attractive to employers.

这种非固定型劳动队伍的出现意味着传统工作——员工和雇员之间有着长期雇佣关系的工作——将很快过时了吗？或许不会的！尽管传统型工作同过去相比可能会减少很多。然而，这种向灵活多变发展的趋势正在引导我们去重新界定―工作‖一词。人们越来越强烈地认识到：工作是一种商约，人们以各种不同方式将自己的劳务卖给雇主。这种商约常常以临时员工身份开始，到后来才被晋升到全日制的职位。

工作的演变过程需要一个相应的雇工对待工作的演变过程。正如雇主正在努力改变自我以求更接近于他们的市场和顾客，雇工必须更接近劳工市场的显示。雇工应该把自己看作企业家：他们拥有一套技术和技能，他们完全可以向他们的―顾客‖推销自己的技术和技能。这样，雇工需要不断地更新自己的技术，使自己对雇主一直有吸引力。

B.Respect versus popularity—it is the old conflict between being professional and being personal. We want to do a good job, but we want to be friends with everyone, too. The truth is, you can’t always be liked if you do your job properly. And the desire to keep everyone happy can become a weakness.

If you do your job properly you’ll seldom be everyone’s favourite person. But the payoff comes in the form of a deeper liking and admiration. Respect is like money in the bank: You have to put it in before you can draw in out. Don’t worry about popularity, work on respect. That will take you a lot further in the long run.

受人尊敬与受人欢迎归结起来其实是敬业和个人化之间的矛盾。我们都想把工作做好，同时我们也想和所有的人成为朋友。而实情是如果你想把工作做好的话，你就必然不讨人喜爱。想成为好好先生的一厢情愿往往会成为你的弱点。

尽职工作并不能使你成为大家都喜欢的人物，可这样做的报酬却相当可观，它能让你得到更深层次的喜爱和仰慕。尊敬就如同银行里的钱一样：在提款之前你必须往里面存款！不用担心自己的人气指数，要激发别人的尊敬，从长远来说，这能助你迈向成功之路。Unit 6 Section A

If human beings paid attention to all the sights, sounds, and

smells that besiege them ,their ability to codify and recall

information would be swamped .instead ,they simplify the

information by grouping it into broad verbal categories .For

example ,human eyes have the extraordinary power to discriminate

some ten million colors ,but the English language reduces these to no

more than four thousand color word ,of which only eleven basic

terms are commonly used .That is why a driver stops at all traffic

lights whose color he categories as red ,even though the lights vary

slightly from one to another in their a of redness .

倘若人类关注其周围所有的现象、声音和气味，则其编排和

提取信息之时就会应接不暇。相反，他们以文字的形式将信息

进行广义分类，从而使之简化。例如，人眼具有区分大约一千

万种颜色的非凡能力，但英语中这类词汇却不超过4000个，其

中常用的基本词汇只有11个。那就是为什么司机遇到交通灯时，

如果此时灯的颜色正处于他所划定的红色范畴，就会把车停下

来，尽管不同的交通灯在红灯状态下的色度稍有不同。

Section B

当人们聚在一起的时候，无论做其他什么事情——不管是玩

耍、争吵，交朋友，还是造汽车，他们都要说话。我们生活在一

个语言的世界里。我们与朋友、同事交谈，与妻子、丈夫或情人

交谈，与师长、父母或姻亲交谈，我们还和个人又以更多的谈话

加以回应。电视和广播则进一步助长了这种滔滔不绝的谈话现

象。我们醒着的时候几乎没有一刻能离开语言。即使在梦中，我

们也说话或听别人说话。在没人答话时，我们照样说话。我们中

有些人在熟睡时大声说话，有时候我们与宠物说话，有时候还会

自言自语，

拥有语言，或许比别的任何特征，更能把人类与其他动物区

分开来。要了解人类，就得了解使我们成为人的语言的本质，根

据许多民族的神话和宗教，语言才是人类生活和力量的源泉。对

一些非洲人来说，一个新生的婴儿只是一件―东西‖，还不是一个

―人‖。一个孩子只有通过学习才能成为人。因此，根据这一传统，

我们都是因为至少掌握了一种语言才变成―人‖的。

Whatever else People do when they come together –whether

they play, fight, make friends ,or make automobiles –they talk .We

live in a world of language .We talk to our friends ,our

associates ,our wives and husband ,our lovers ,our teachers our

parents and in-laws. We talk to bus drivers and total strangers .We

talk face-to-face and over the telephone ,and everyone responds with

more talk .Television and radio further smell this torrent of words.

Hardly a moment of walking lives is free from words ,and even in

our dreams we talk and are talked to. We also talk when there is no

one to answer. Some of us talk aloud in our sleep. We talk to our pets

and sometimes to ourselves.

The possession of language ,perhaps more than any other

attribute ,distinguishes humans from other animals. To understand

our humanity one must understand the nature of language that makes

us human. According to the philosophy expressed in the myths and

religions of many peoples , it is language that is the source of human

life and power . To some people of Africa ,a newborn child is a

―thing‖ ,not yet a ―person‖. Only by the act of learning dose the child

become a human being. Thus , according to this tradition ,we all

become ―human‖ because we all know at least one language.

Unit 7 Section A

lucky kids! As a child, I had to make do with virtual camping: devou

ring the wonderful nature books that my own children now love. But

they get the real thing: life lived on the bosom of mother earth. Adve

nture and courage and responsibility with the security of parents on a

beach nearby.

These are the things the children recall with shining eyes ,backs strai

ght with pride when we reminisce about the good times we have had.

Not the latest computer game or website or TV series, but the magic

, old as humankind itself, of tents and campfires, storytelling and ski

nny-dipping and sleeping under the stars.

These are gifts that we can give them as a talisman against the despai

r felt by so many young people.

These are the memories that enchant their childhood, will carry them

into adulthood and warm them in their old age.

他们真是幸运的孩子！孩提时的我只能如饥似渴地阅读那些描写

自然美景的精彩书籍，在脑海里拼命想像露营的情景。我自己

的孩子现在也喜欢这些书，但除此之外他们还能真正体验在大地

母亲怀抱里的生活。经历一下冒险、检验一下勇气、承担一点责

任，而且不乏安全感，因为父母就在不远处的沙滩上。

每当我们回首一起度过的美好时光，对这些事的回忆总是让孩子

们双眸发亮，骄傲地挺直了腰板。它不是最新的电脑游戏、不

是最时髦的网站、也不是最流行的电视连续剧，而是和人类自身

一样古老的，来自帐篷中和篝火下，讲故事、裸泳以及星光下的

夜宿的神奇魔力。

我们可以把这样的礼物当做护身符送给孩子们，用它来驱走困扰

许多年轻人的绝望情绪。

这些美好记忆使他们的童年令人陶醉，还会伴随他们长大成人，

给他们的暮年增添暖意。

Section B

Life is like a winding path surrounded by flowers,

butterflies,and delicious fruit, but many of us spend much time

looking for happiness around the next corner. We do not bend to

enjoy the happiness which is ours for the taking just at our feet.

In our desire to reach the ―pot of gold‖,complete and lasting

happiness we all want to fill our lives,we ignore anything which does

not seem worthy of such a large ambition,or which can not give us

the whole thing all at once.

Happiness is all around us,but it often comes in small grains.When w

e gather it grain by grain,we soon have a basketful.

生活宛如一条蜿蜒曲折的小径，周围鲜花绽放，彩蝶飞舞，美果

压枝。但是，我们有很多人却不惜花费很多时间舍近求远去寻找

幸福。其实，幸福就在脚下，俯拾即得，而我们却不肯弯腰拣起

享用。

生活中，我们都渴望得到满盛完美而永恒幸福的―金罐子‖。与此

同时，对配不上即将实现的宏愿的细枝小叶，却视而不见；对起

不到立竿见影功效的一砖一瓦，却置之不理。

幸福就在我们周围，但它往往以小小颗粒的形式出现。只要我们

一粒一粒地把它收集起来，很快就可以装满一篮子。

Unit 8

Section A

China has gone through a journey of 15years in order to first

resume the contracting party status in GA TT and later to enter the

WTO .the twists and turns over the past 15 years have been deeply

embedded in the minds of the Chinese People and witness by each

every foreign friend who care for and supports chin’s cause of

modernization . However , it is a comfort to see that china’s

accession to the WTO has been noticeably accelerate with the

concerted efforts of various relevant parties over recent years .

In May and June this year ,china held consultations and reached

comprehensive consensus with US and EU on the outstanding issue

in the multilateral negotiation of china’s WTO accession .in early

and mid July ,the WTO held the 16th and 17th sessions of the china

working party meeting ,at which the substantive negotiation on

china’s WTO entry was concluded with the drafting of the

protocol ,working party report and other multilateral legal documents

regarding china’s WTO accession completed . I believe at th e 18th

Working Party Meeting to be convened in September, all the legal

documents on china’s WTO accession will be eventually adopted

and submitted to the WTO General Council for review, thus

wrapping up the historic mission of the WTO Working Party on

china. Hard endeavor of 15 years is about to turn china’s entry to the

WTO into a reality.

中国为恢复关贸总协定缔约国地位和加入世贸组织已经走

过了15年的历程。15年的沧桑变化，已经深深印在中国人的记

忆之中，并且也为每一位关心和支持中国现代化事业的外国朋友

所见证。值得欣慰的是，近年来，在有关各方的共同努力下，

中国加入世贸组织的进程明显加快。

今年5月6日，中国先后同美国、欧盟就中国加入世贸组织

在多边谈判中的遗留问题进行了磋商，并达成了全面共识。7月

初和7月中旬，世贸组织第16次和第17次中国工作组会议，结

束了中国加入世贸组织的实质性谈判，完成了中国加入世贸组织

的议定书枠、枟中国工作组报告书枠等多边法律文件的起草工

作。我相信，9月召开的第18次中国工作组会议，将最终通过

中国加入世贸组织的所有法律文件，并将这些法律文件提交世贸

组织总理事会审议，从而结束中国工作组的工作。经过15年的

艰辛努力，中国加入世贸组织即将成为现实。

Part B

中国即将加入世界贸易组织，这将为中国和其他发展中国家

之间的合作带来更多新的机会。中国成为世贸组织成员国后，将

进一步强化这种合作，推动发展中国家和发达国家之间的对话。

中国加入世贸组织自然是世贸组织所有成员的一个胜利，不过这

一胜利首先应该属于所有的发展中国家。

China’s impending entry into the World Trade Organization

（WTO）will usher in more new opportunities for co-operation

between China and other developing countries．The WTO

membership will lead China to further commit itself to intensifying

such co-operation and pushing for bilateral talks between developed

and developing countries．China’s WTO entry is of course a victory

for all members of the organization，but the victory belongs to all

developing countries first of all．

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Unit 2 III Translation Practice Exercise 1 A. 1. 麦当劳有很多让农民恼怒的事：千篇－律，平淡无味，还有其所代表的烹饪霸权 2. 至少有40种植物已经通过了政府审核。 3. 到目前为止，还没有任何迹象表明基因重组作物会对任何人造成任何伤害。 4. 即使还没有法律措施，公众舆论正以更加怀疑的态度看待基因改良技术。 5. 这种优质作物受到农民的欢迎是情有可原的，因为对他们来说，产量即使有一丁点 的增长也就意味着利润上的极大提高。 B. 1. In recent years Europeans have become increasingly jumpy about bad food – and with good reason. 2. This year the E.U. banned the importation of non-approved GM corn. 3. It is crucially important that we take stock of this technology’s probable effects on our planet’s ecosystems. 4. We should also take a sober look at the effect of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. 5. Nature is never idle. Through random mutations, nature constantly tests new genetic models of organisms. Exercise 2. A. 1. 全世界的人们都在密切地注视他们食品中的基因构成——并地为他们所看到的一切 越发感到不安。在过去的十年里，随着科学家们将无数的水果和蔬菜的基因重组，使平常的农作物变成了能抵御霜冻、经得起除草剂，甚至产生消灭自身害虫作用的超级作物，基因改良食品已日益成为普遍现象。就总数而言，超过4,500的基因改良植物已经过测试，其中至少有40种——包括13种玉米，11种西红柿和4种大豆——已经通过了政府的审核。 2. 但是，一个国家的禁令对另一国家而言就是一种贸易保护主义，美国对欧洲的举动 持怀疑态度。自从欧洲决定继续禁止进口助长荷尔蒙的美国牛肉以来，美国通过对欧洲某些出口食品征收100%的关税作为反击，欧美之间的关系近来变得越发紧张。在这种激烈的争斗中，转基因食品禁令的审慎态度与报复差不多/ 看似是报复行为，其实是一种审慎。此外，假如欧洲如此担忧转基因食品的话，为什么还要生产它们呢？法国生产的转基因粮食规模不大，而消费得却比其它欧洲国家多。 B. 1. Ready or not, the world is entering the age of genetic engineering. Altered environments and human-created life forms will be part of this new age. Plants may be transformed into miniature factories producing plastics, medicines, or perfumes. Animals may be given human genes to make their tissues compatible with humans, allowing animal hearts and other organs to be transplanted into critically ill people. 2. We should also take a sober look at the effects of genetic engineering in the social and political realms. Because the agricultural and medical benefits of genetic engineering are expensive, poor individuals and poor nations will not be able to afford them – at least not for years to come. As a result, the economic gap between rich and poor is likely to widen. In

2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版)

2020年考研《英语一》翻译真题答案(跨考版) 文章来源于An Outline of American History，《美国历史纲要》，是一本历史学方面的专著。 46 We don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy; it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or mend a broken bone. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句，第一个并列句主干是 We don’t have to learn ，how引导宾语从句做learn的宾语，第二个 并列句主干是it is built into us in the same way，that引导定 语从句修饰先行词way，that定语从句中主干是our bodies know，how引导宾语从句做know的宾语。 【参考译文】我们无需刻意去了解学习才能让心理更健康，它正 如我们的身体知道怎样让伤口愈合和修复骨折一样，是根植于我们体 内的/是我们与生俱来的水平。 47 Our mental health doesn’t really go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant. 【句子结构】分号连接的两个并列句, 第一个并列句主谓结构， 很简单，第二个并列句中，like the sun behind a cloud是状语， but 连接两个并列分句，包括短语be hidden from 和be capable of. 涉及被动语态的翻译方法。 【参考译文】我们的心理健康并不是真的消失不见，就像云朵背 后的太阳，它也许暂时被遮挡，但是它也能够在瞬间重焕光芒。 48 Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are.

研究生英语课文翻译

Unit One 旅行通用语 1 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 2 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。“honour”普遍被写成“honor”，“night”也变成了“nite”。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱“boot”变成了“trunk”(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖“bonnet”变成了“hood”(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布“nappy”变成了“diaper”(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套“matineejacket”也变成了“vest”(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 3 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： 4 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有“a speedy execution’——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是“送货及时”)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人“please hang yourself here”——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是“将衣帽挂在这儿”)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。 5 我还可以补充一些多年周游世界时的亲身经历。例如，奥斯坦德的一家精品店正在宣扬其货品立意新颖，却用了“revolting new ideas”，即“令人作呕的立意”。孟买的几家糕饼屋也鼓吹自己是“No.1 loafers”，目口头号游手好闲者，可是其本意是要宣称自己的糕饼全市第一。 6 我并不知道基督教影响如此之广，直到我在香港看到一位牙医的宣传：“我们由最新的循道宗信徒拔牙”，这儿的“Methodists”(循道宗信徒)显然应改为“methods”，即“方法”。 7 恐怕没人能确定这些误用实际上是体现了英语的普及还是仅仅反映了局限于地方的习惯用法。但可以确定的是，海法医学会绝对应该阻止其会员挂这样的铜招牌：“妇女及其它疾病的专家”。 8 看来旅店对多语种告示颇为青睐，希望它们会有利于人们更好地使用现代化设施。没有它们，旅店就会显得沉闷而缺乏效率。然而，在布鲁塞尔的一家旅店中，这条电梯告示只会令毫无防范的房客更愿意爬楼梯：“使用电梯时，请按要去楼层的按钮。若更多人进入电梯，请分别按各自要去楼层的按钮。电梯会按楼层的字母顺序，依次送客。没复位的按钮显示着接收到的要去楼层的指令”。伊斯坦布尔的一则旅店告示则没这么复杂：“想要客房服务时，请开门喊叫‘客房服务’”。至少那儿的客人不用对付也许经常失灵的电子设备。 9 在土耳其，人们对于“直言不讳”的喜爱在一个已远近闻名的安卡拉导游册中得到了充分体现。导游册这样招揽顾客：“来我们餐馆吧，你会在欧洲救护车中享用中东风味美食”(显然这儿的救护车“ambulance”应为氛围“ambience”)。而另一家瑞士餐馆的菜单也同样吸引人：“我们的葡萄酒绝人他念”。(“our wines leave nothing to hope for'’一语双关，可本意显然是“我们的葡萄酒美味绝伦”)。 10在东欧，奥匈帝国时期的老牌大旅馆从未放弃过礼节。一则旅馆房间告示上写着“诚邀尊贵的客人在12点到14点之间占客房女服务员的便宜”(take advantage of t he chambermaids)。然而，这可能造成意外的交通阻塞。最近的一次莫斯科画展也未必能让偶尔光顾者欣然前往，根据其告示，“画展将展出俄罗斯艺术家的300幅作品，他们中的大部分人在过去十年中已被处死了”。 11 曼谷一家洗衣房的广告词邀请来访的顾客“留下你的衣服，尽情享受吧!”就像是鼓励人们在这座远东娱乐首府干些出格之事。

英语研究生专业分类

与其他不少考研热门专业一样，英语专业研究生招生的研究方向设置非常细，不同学校的方向设置类别不一，名称也各异。 比如上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有语言方向、文学方向、教学法方向、翻译学方向、口译学方向、英语国家文化方向、跨文化交际方向7个方向。而同样是外语类专业院校，北京外国语大学该专业设置的研究方向明显不同，广东外语外贸大学该专业设置的8个研究方向更与前两所学校无一相同。 在这种情况下，不少备考英语专业的同学对“如何选择研究方向”这样的问题一头雾水，也就不足为怪了。 就英语专业考研而言，外国语言文学下设置的二级学科很多，包括英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、法语语言文学、德语语言文学、日语语言文学、印度语言文学、阿拉伯语语言文学、欧洲语言文学、亚非语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学11个学科。其中，涉及英语专业的二级学科主要有3个：英语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学、翻译学。 一般院校的英语专业多设置英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学两个专业，所以，英语专业考研的专业设置其实比较简单，一般就是两大专业。不过，这两个专业被不同学校细化研究方向以后，就变得复杂了。如前面说到的上海外国语大学英语语言文学专业下设有7个方向，这7个方向进一步细分，小的研究方向达37个之多。 英语专业的研究方向虽名目众多，却也并非杂乱无章，其设置仍是遵循一定规律的。粗略分析，这些研究方向可分为传统研究方向和新兴研究方向两大类。 传统研究方向 传统研究方向，顾名思义，指的是设置多年的老牌研究方向，这些研究方向一般学校都有开设。 1. 文学方向 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有17所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设文学方向。 研究内容：主要研究英美文学研究领域中的重大问题，目的在于提高文学素养、理论水平和研究能力。 就业方向：此方向开设学校多，招生人数较多，就业范围非常广泛，一般为教师、研究人员。所学课程：西方文论、美国经典文学、美国现当代文学、英国经典文学、文学批评、英国文学选读、美国文学选读、17～19世纪英国文学研究、希腊戏剧研究、英国长篇小说选读、美国长篇小说选读、英国诗歌选读、美国诗歌选读、英美散文鉴赏、王尔德戏剧欣赏、英国短篇小说欣赏、美国短篇小说鉴赏、英美戏剧鉴赏、中国文学史、中国古典文学选读等。 2. 语言学 开设学校：全国绝大部分招收英语专业研究生的学校。据2007年的招生统计，仅有9所招收英语专业研究生的学校没有开设语言学方向。 研究内容：语言学是我国高校近年来普遍设置的一个综合性的语言研究学科。主要学习语言学理论及语言在各种学科中的应用，不同学校侧重点有所不同。 通过大量阅读有关文献、论文和最新的研究成果报告，使学生对于语言学的形成和发展有进一步的了解，并了解现代语言学的最新动向和最新发展。语言学特别强调和重视研究生的广泛阅读，包括专业的外语期刊和近几年的语言学相关论文。 就业方向：该专业理论性较强，主要面向大中专教师及研究人员。 所学课程：语言学概论、语用学与话语分析、应用语言学、现代语法学、语义学、语用学、英语语体学与文体学、语篇分析等。 3. 英美文化研究 开设学校：南京大学、上海外国语大学、天津师范大学等。

研究生英语 翻译+答案

1.Visual cues from audience members can indicate that a speech is dragging , that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long , or that a particular point requires further explanation 听众的眼神足以表明，演说过于拖沓，演讲者在某一点上讲得太多，或者在某一点上还需要做进一步的解释。 2.But art history focuses on much more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people , but also religious beliefs , emotions , and psychology. 但是艺术史注意的不仅仅是这些，因为艺术不仅反映了一个民族的政治价值，也反应了他们的宗教信仰，感情和心理特点。 3.One widely held belief is that a sharp fright will end a troublesome bout of hiccups , but many people prefer just waiting for them to go away as this “cure” is often worse than the ailment itself . 一个普遍认同的观点是，猛然的惊吓会止住一阵讨厌的打嗝，但是很多人更愿意等待打嗝自然过去，因为这种“止隔得方法”往往比打嗝本身更加的糟糕。 4.That our environment had little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。 5.And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours , has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions , because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way. 敌人吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领战略要地，由于受到顽强抵抗，甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。 6. A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June , must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，她必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。 7.The president said at a press conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在主要问及昨天选举结果的记者招待会上，总统说他无法解释为何共和党遭到如此惨痛的失败,这最终会使共和党丧失在众议院长期以来享有的优势。 8.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from the government official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work. 第二个方面是，社会上的一切成员，从政府部门中任公职的官员到普通公民，都应运用科学家们在科研工作中所采用的专门的思维方法和工作方法。 9.The method was largely developed by physicists , chemists and biologists ; it was later adopted by people working in such areas as education, psychology and sociology , where the subjects of research were often people. 这种方法在很大程度上先是由物理学家、化学家和生物学家使用，后来为在教育学、心理学和社会学等领域内工作的研究人员所采纳而发展起来的。