综合英语教程1册U1

Introduction

Common formal greetings are Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening. These expressions can also be used when leaving people. Note that Good night is only used when leaving people, never when meeting them. The most usual answer to Good morning, etc. is to use the same expression. Less formal greetings are Hello or Hi. Goodbye, Bye are used when leaving people.

How are you? is the most common way to ask about someone's health. Common answers are: Very well, thank you or Fine, thank you; Very well(or Fine), thanks is more informal.

Informal enquiries are:How're things?How's everything?How's it going? Informal answers are: Not too bad; So-so;Can't complain; (It)could be worse; OK; All right.

Note that How do you do? does not mean the same as How are you? It is used when one is introduced to a stranger. The normal answer is to use the same expression-How do you do?In American English, How are you? is used both when asking about someone's health and in introductions.

After we have given an answer to How are you? we often repeat (And) how are you? Or add And you? Or What about you? to the question.

Expressions

Useful Structures

1. It's been nice talking/meeting ...

[structure] It's been nice + -ing + ...

It's been nice having dinner with you.

[grammatical point]

In American English, some people also use " It's nice to + v. + ...

2. I'm flying ...

[structure] subject + be + -ing (verbs of motion)

George is arriving on the four o'clock train.

[grammatical point]

For some verbs of motion, we can use the present progressive tense to talk about the future. They are: arrive，come，die，drive ，fly ，give ，go，leave，return，start，sail, etc.

3. Have a ... !

structure] Have a + adj. + n. + ... !

This structure is used to express one's best wishes. Usually the adjectives are "happy / safe / good / wonderful."

Have a good /wonderful time!

Have a happy journey!

Have a safe trip home!

Have a happy landing! (A farewell formula used only when people are going to take a plane)

Useful Expressions

clerk: n. person employed in a bank, office, shop, etc. But in the U.S.A, " clerk" also means "assistant".

an office clerk

a sales clerk

a bank clerk

a store clerk

department: n. section

the sales department

the accounting department

English Department

a first-year student: freshman

sophomore: a second-year student

junior: a third-year student

senior: a fourth-year student

given name: first name/Christian name, the name given to a child by the parents family name: surname, the name shared by the members of a family

middle name: second of two given names

e.g.

George Bernard Shaw

| | |

first name middle name family name

given name surname

cf. university college institute

All these three words refer to institution of higher education.

University means a comprehensive institution with a variety of subjects conferring degrees and engaging in research and more advanced education. e.g. Hunan University, Harvard University, Yale University.

College is a school for higher or professional education. Sometimes, "college" is part of a university. e.g. teacher's college, technical college.

Institute means an organization for a special educational program. e.g. Beijing Foreign Language Institute.

farewell party

cf. farewell good-bye

These two words are used when leaving people. But farewell is more formal than good-bye, which is a short form of "God be with you".

leave for

cf. leave for leave

leave means" go away", but leave for means "leave some place and go to another place".

When do you leave?

We are leaving Beijing for New York next week.

go ahead: (colloquial) to proceed without hesitation

A: May I open the window?

B: Yes. Go ahead!

Main Idea

This passage tells a story of a six-year-old boy who started his first job in an eatery run by his parents.He was to shine the diners' shoes. When he grew up, he was a captain in the Army. However, when he came home full of pride, his parents regarded him as a member of the family restaurant other than an officer. This teaches us that loyalty to a team comes first. It doesn't matter whether that team is involved in a family restaurant or Operation Desert Storm.

本文讲述了一个小男孩六岁起就在父母经营的小餐馆里干第一份工作——给顾客擦鞋。长大后，在军队服役期间被提升为上尉。然而当他衣锦还乡时，父亲仍然把他当成是自己小餐馆中的一员，而不是一名军官。这件事使他明白了这样一个道理：一个人必须首先对自己的团队保持忠诚，无论这个团队是家庭小餐馆还是实施“沙漠风暴行动”计划的部队。

Text Analysis

Para 1

My parents ran the Pagonis Restaurant, a small eatery in Charleroi, Pa. The Pagonis was

open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and my first real job, when I was six years

old,

was shining diners' shoes. My father had done it when he was young, so he taught me how to do it right, telling me to ask the customer if I'd done a good job and to offer to re-

shine the shoes if the customer wasn't satisfied.

1. My parents ran the Pagonis Restaurant, a small eatery in Charleroi, Pa.

"a small eatery" is in apposition to "the Pagonis Restaurant".

run: v. to manage

These music halls are virtually run by him.

2. My father had done it when he was young, so he taught me how to do it right, telling me

to ask the customer if I'd done a good job and to offer to reshine the shoes if the customer

wasn't satisfied.

reshine: v. to shine again

re-: verb prefix, again

re- + print : reprint

re- + start: restart

re- + sell: resell

offer

1) v. to ask

I really didn't need any help, but it was very kind of you to offer.

2) v. to say what one is willing to pay, give or exchange (for sth.)

They offered a reward for the return of the jewels that had been lost.

cf. offer sb. 200 yuan for the bicycle

offer sb. the bicycle for 200 yuan

3) n. statement offering to do sth. or give sth.

I've had an offer of 3,000 dollars for the house.

The police are a reward for information about the murder.

A. dealing

B. gaining

C. offering

D. offending

We're not allowed to smoke the job.

A. out of

B. in

C. on

D. at

Let the motor until it warms up.

A. run

B. move

C. motion

D. go

Correct Answer: A [解析] run 运行；move 移动；motion 行动；go 去

The army has grain. They are in a very difficult situation.

A. run down

B. run out of

C. run off

D. run into

Correct Answer: B [解析] run down 撞倒；run off 逃跑；run into 偶然遇到；run out of 用完

Para 2

My duties increased as I grew older. By age ten, I was clearing tables and working as the janitor. Dad beamed when he told me that I was the best "mop guy" he'd ever had. Dad beamed when he told me that I was the best "mop guy" he'd ever had. beam: v. to smile broadly

He beamed on his friends.

She beamed with satisfaction.

mop guy: a boy who cleans sth. with a mop

guy: n. a man or a boy in informal English; in American English, it can also refer to females when it is in plural, such as "You guys" to mean " You girls".

It's the of a lawyer to act in the best interests of his clients.

A. dust

B. duty

C. job

D. right

Correct Answer: B [解析] dust 灰尘，尘土；job 工作；right 权利；duty 责任，义务

They have the price of petrol by almost 20%.

A. improved

B. added

C.enlarged

D. increased

Correct Answer: D [解析] improve改进，改善；add加(一般后面跟to）；enlarge使变大；扩大

The road is snow now.

A. clear out

B. clear up

C. clear of

D. clear away

Correct Answer: C [解析] 除C项中的clear 是形容词，可以放入题中外，其他三个选项中的clear都是动词，语法不对。clear away 拿走，移开

Para 3

Working in the restaurant was a source of great pride because I was pitching in for the good of the whole family. But my father made it clear I had to meet certain standards to be part of the team. I had to be punctual, hard-working, and polite to the customers.

1.Working in the restaurant was a source of great pride because I was pitching in for the good of the whole family.

pitch in: to set to work with energy

If everyone pitches in, we'll soon have the job finished.

2.But my father made it clear I had to meet certain standards to be part of the team. "it" refers to "I had to meet certain standards to be part of the team".

[grammatical point]

When the object of a sentence is an infinitive or a that-clause, we sometimes use "it" as a preparatory object. Normally, this only happens when there is an adjective connected with the object.

George made it clear that he disagreed.

When there is no adjective, "it" is not normally used.

*I remember it, that we were very happy.(Correct structure: I remember that ... )

part of:

[grammatical points]

When "part of" is used without an adjective, it is usually not preceded by an article (like "half of"). make sth. clear: to express or explain sth. clearly

clear:adj. distinct

adv. distinctly, completely

v. to make clear

It was clear that the war would not end quickly.

The prisoner got clear away.

He cleared his throat.

meet: v. to satisfy; to agree with

He didn't meet the qualifications.

We shall do our best to meet his wishes.

Women are in socialist construction.

A. playing games

B. taking part

C. parting

D. playing an important part

Correct Answer: D [解析] play games 玩游戏；play/take a part 担任，起作用；part 作动词时表“分开”；play an important part 起重要的作用

Para 4

Except for the shoe shining job, I was never paid for any work I did at the restaurant. One day, I made the mistake of telling Dad I thought he should give me $10 a week. He said, "Okay, then how about you paying me for the three meals a day you eat here? And for the times you bring in your buddies for free sodas?" He figured I owed him about $40 a week. This taught me that when you negotiate, you'd better know the other side's arguments as well as your own.

1.And for the times you bring in your buddies for free sodas?

The complete sentence is How about you paying me for the ...?

bring in: to supply or carry in from an outer place; to introduce

They've brought in experts to advise on the scheme.

buddy: a close friend, especially a male friend of a man; used in informal English

soda: a drink of soda water

sprite:雪碧

Coca Cola: 可口可乐

fruit juice: 果汁

2. He figured I owed him about $40 a week.

figure : v. to caculate, to count

The boss figured that it would be about five hundred yuan.

figure out: to understand

I can't figure out why he said that.

owe: v. to be in debt to sb. for sth.; to feel gratitude to; to contribute to

He owed his tailor $50. (= He owed $50 to his tailor.)

He still owes for the goods he had last month.

I owe it to you that I'm still alive.

He owes his success to good luck.

The road was empty a few of cars.

A. for

B. except for

C. besides

D. to

Correct Answer: B [解析] for 作连词时，表示的是原因、目的，即“因……”或“为……”；besides 意为“除……之外还……”；to 后接名词时为介词，表示的是动作的方向；except for 除……之外

One day, he'll this foolish behavior.

A. pay

B. pay for

C. pay back

D. pay off

Correct Answer: B [解析] pay 支付；pay for 花钱买，付款，为……付出代价；pay back 还钱，偿还；pay off 还清

Science has brought many changes in our lives.

A. up

B. in

C. back

D. about

Correct Answer: D [解析] bring up 提出，抚养；bring in 带进来；bring back 返回，带回；bring about 引起，造成

There is a group of on the left of the painting.

A. numbers

B. fatigues

C. figures

D. numerals

Correct Answer: D [解析] number 数字（画上出现一大群数字不合逻辑）；fatigue 劳累，疲劳（为不可数名词）；figure 图案，图形；numeral代表数目的字或符号

The aim of our course is to teach our students to have the ability of tackling problems .

A. of their own

B. on their own

C. to their own

D. in their own

Correct Answer: B [解析] of one's own 属于某人自己的；of one's own doing某人自己做的；on one's own 独立地，独自地；in their own 没有这个短语

The government says it will not with the terrorists.

A. talk

B. negotiate

C. agree

D. handle

Correct Answer: B [解析] talk with sb. 与某人谈话；agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)；handle处理；negotiate with 与……谈判

Para 5

I remember coming home to Charleroi after being away in the Army about two years. I had just been promoted to captain and was full of pride as I walked into my parents' restaurant. The first thing Dad said was, "It's the janitor's day off. How about you cleaning up tonight?"

1. I remember coming home to Charleroi after being away in the Army about two years. after being away in the Army: after leaving home and serving in the Army

remember doing sth. = remember what one has done, or what has happened

remember to do sth. = remember what one has to do

I remembered locking the door when I left yesterday.

[grammatical point]

With remember, forget, stop, go on and regret, the difference is connected with time. The -ing form refers to things that happen earlier(before the remembering, forgetting, etc. took place); the infinitive refers to things that happen after the remembering etc..

forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事（已发生）

forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事（未发生）

stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事

stop to do sth. 停止正在做的事去做另外的事

regret doing sth. 后悔做过的事

regret to do sth. 后悔去做某事事

2. I had just been promoted to captain and was full of pride as I walked into my parents' restaurant.

promote: v. to give sb. higher position or rank

He was promoted from a clerk to a manager.

be full of: to be filled with

The river is full of fish.

3. It's the janitor's day off.

have/take a day off: to have a free day on holiday

The company the rock group's new record by playing it often on the radio.

A. promised

B. promoted

C. progressed

D. proceeded

Correct Answer: B [解析] promote 促进，促销；promise 答应；progress 进步；proceed 进行

Your shoes need .

A. clean

B. clear

C. clearing

D. cleaning

Correct Answer: D [解析] need 后接-ing形式表被动意思；clearing 意为"清楚，明白"，cleaning 意为“干净、清洁”

Para 6

I can't believe this! I thought I'm an officer in the United States Army! But it didn't matter. As far as Dad was concerned, I was just another member of the team. I reached for the mop.

1. But it didn't matter.

matter: v. to be of importance (chiefly in interr., neg. and conditional sentences)

It matters little to me who is elected.

It doesn't matter much whether we go together or separately.

2. I reached for the mop.

reach for: to stretch out

He reached for his cap. (= He reached out his hand for his cap.)

This story is a Russian family in the 19th century.

A. concerned about

B. concerned for

C. concerned with

D. concerned

Correct Answer: C [解析] be concerned for / about担心/关心；be concerned with关于；concerned adj. 担忧的，关切的

Para 7

Working for Dad had taught me that loyalty to a team comes first. It doesn't matter whether that team is involved in a family restaurant or Operation Desert Storm.

1. Working for Dad had taught me that loyalty to a team comes first.

loyalty: n. faith

loyal: adj. faithful

be loyal to: to be faithful to

He is loyal to the Party.

2．It doesn't matter whether that team is involved in a family restaurant or Operation Desert Storm.

involve: v. to cause to be caught in

be involved in: to be got into a complicated or difficult condition

He was involved in trouble.

He has remained to the team even though they lose every game.

A. believable

B. faithfully

C. loyal

D. honest

Correct Answer: C [解析] believable 可信的；faithfully 是副词，忠实地，忠诚地；honest 诚实的；be loyal to 对……忠诚

Don't other people in your mad schemes!

A. evolve

B. involve

C. invoke

D. invite

Correct Answer: B [解析] evolve 进化；invoke 利用，号召；invite 邀请，聘用；involve 使卷入

Key Structures

Sentences in the text

Okay, then how about you paying me for the three meals a day you eat here? (Para 4)

How about you cleaning up tonight? (Para 5)

As far as Dad was concerned, I was just another member of the team. (Para 6)

This taught me that when you negotiate, you'd better know the other side's arguments as well as your own. (Para 4)

1. How about ...?

How about ... ? is a colloquial expression for making a suggestion or an offer. One may also say “ What about ...?”.

How about another piece of pie?

How about going for a walk?

2. as far as ... be concerned

As/so far as ... be concerned: This expression is used to focus attention to announce what we are going to talk about. It’s often placed at the beginning of the sentence.

As far as marketing is concerned, I think the best thing is to have a meeting with the Sales Manager and the advertising people.

So far as our desire is concerned, we don't want to fight even for a single day.

3. had better

had better:This expression is followed by the infinitive without to. It means that someone ought to do sth. In negative structures, "better" comes before "not" (we don't say *hadn't better). "Better" can come before "had" for emphasis.

You'd better hurry up if you want to get home before dark.

You'd better not wake me up when you come in.

"I promise I'll pay you back." ''You better had."

Synonym Comparison

1. eatery canteen restaurant

These three words mean a place where meals can be bought and eaten.

Eatery is an American slang, used on informal occasion.

Canteen refers to a small restaurant, esp. in factories, offices and barracks, e.g. a dry/wet canteen(食品/酒类小卖部)

Restaurant refers to a large one. The atmosphere there is more formal than that of a canteen and an eatery.

2. diner customer

Diner means a person who dines, especially in a restaurant. In American English, it is more commonly used to mean a type of restaurant. This type of restaurant is usually informal, cheap, and popular with families, for breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Customers sit in booths of vinyl, or may sit at the bar for their meal. Waitresses wear a uniform and a white apron, and offers country-style meals such as soup, ham, mashed potatoes and gravy, and ice-cream sodas, as well as the usual hamburgers, hot dogs and sandwiches. The atmosphere there is less formal than the expensive restaurants.

3. clear clearly

Clear can be used as an adjective and also an adverb.

The adjective clear means "distinct ", "easily seen", e.g. a clear sky, a clear voice.

The adverb clear means "distinctly", e.g. speak loud and clear.

"Clear of" means "not touching". e.g. Stand clear of the gates!

Clearly has a similar meaning to the adverbial clear, in the sense of "without confusion", "distinctly". e.g. I can't see clearly without my glasses.

"Clear" means "clearly" in the expression "loud and clear".

4. except for except

Except means not including, while except for is used when what is excluded differs from what is included.

Every one of us, except him, went to see the exhibition.

Your composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes.

Applications

Cover (or application) letters are formal business writings. You need a cover letter to accompany your resume and other documents if you are applying for a professional job. For admission to college, graduate program, medical school, resident program, and scholarship, you have to write letters of application, too. These letters can be a crucial factor in deciding whether your application will be accepted or you will be invited for an important job interview. Therefore, cover letters are among the most significan letters you will ever write. The reason is simple: they represent you and tell the reader what sort of person you are.

The purpose of a cover letter is not to repeat what is already listed in the resume, but

To arouse the reader's interest (whether the reader is admissions office personnel or a prospective employer),

To express interest in the position (or the program, scholarship, etc.)

To call attention to the highlights of your credentials, and

To request (more) application forms and / or an interview.

Cover letters, like other business letters, have three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Each part is important in its own way. With skills and creativity, you can write a cover letter which will make you stand out from the applicants.

Motivating Introduction

How many cover letters have begun with "I am writing to you to apply for ..." or "I saw your ad in ..." or "This is in answer to your ad in ... "? Tons of them. Would that type of opening excite a reader who has gone through stacks of cover letters as well as resumes? Instead of this trite and boring opening, you can be more creative, arouse

the reader's interest with the very first few words, and motivate him or her to read on.

Effective Body

The body of a cover letter should not go over everything listed in the resume. Rather, it presents the highlights in your credentials in support of the claims you made about your strongest selling point(s). The presentation of these highlights usually follows the order in which they were introduced in the opening.

Courteous Conclusion

The typical cover letter ends with a request for an interview (or a response). After all, gaining an interview (or a response) is the mission of the cover letter. But you should make the request in a courteous manner (the reader is very busy and has no patience to put up with "arrogant" or "resumptuous" demand). Besides, you should make it as easy as possible for the reader to arrange for the interview by including your phone number and times that are convenient (though usually at the reader's convenience).

By the way, it would be premature to talk about your salary expectations at this time. You would leave a very negative impression and perhaps scare the prospective employer away if you bring it up so early. It would not be too late to discuss salary and benefits during the interview if you are invited for one. Though a very important question, it is one of the last things discussed, usually when there is an actual offer.

Resume

A typical resume or curriculum vitae has the following six parts:

Heading

Career objectives

Educational experience

Work experience

Activities (or Interests, Skills, Awards)

References

Heading

The heading of a typical resume begins with the title Resume, or Curriculum Vita, or simply Vitae, beneath the title lists the name, address, and phone number (and E-mail address if applicable). The heading can be placed on the left or right side of the page, or centered at the top of the page.

Career Objectives

A clear statement of career objectives shows the prospective employer your confidence and readiness for the job, your overall maturity as well as your long-term and immediate goals. Vague statements like "I am willing to take on anything offered to me." or "I am leaving my career choices wide open " will only leave an impression of immaturity or desperateness.

Educational Experience

If you do not have extensive work history and impressive accomplishments, you can compensate this by emphasizing your educational experiences. You can do this by placing the details of your educational experiences before those of your work experiences. These details (dates, degrees. institutions) are arranged from the most advanced level of education (graduate school) downward. But high school is usually omitted unless there is something of special significance to the job you are applying for.

Work Experience

If you have significant and extensive work experiences, you can highlight this fact by placing details of your work experiences before those of your educational experiences. Details of your work experiences include dates of employment, names and places of employers, responsibilities, and achievements. They are usually arranged from the pre-

sent backward.

Activities

This section of the resume is for you to list any extracurricular activities, interests, special skills, honors and awards. The name or content varies from person to person.

References

This section lists the names, addresses, and phone numbers of three or four people who can give meaningful assessment of your abilities and potential for achievement. These individuals are usually your professors, supervisors, managers, or colleagues and you should gain their permission before including them in this section. Sometimes, you withhold the detailed

information in this section (with the statement "References upon request" ) until you are invited for interview.

However, not all resumes have all these components and not all resumes are arranged in the same order. There is flexibility depending on each applicant's situation.

高级综合英语教程1

Unit 6 I. Background to Text 1 Family is considered to be the “cell” of society. It is a group of people related to each other by blood or by marriage. There are extended families—a large group of relations living together or in close contact with each other. In such a family, usually several generations live under the same roof, including grandparents. On the other hand, there are “nuclear” families, consisting of parents and children. In some societies an extended family consists of a large group of people of different generations closely or distantly related, depending on each other for economic support and security. In others, even nuclear families can be very large with many children. In different countries, there are different policies for family size, and people take different attitude towards it. For instance, in some developed countries, people tend to marry late and have fewer children. Some governments have to give incentives to encourage births. However, in some developing countries, where people tend to have more children and population is growing so fast that it hinders the economic development and keeps the living standard low, governments are forced to formulate policies to limit family size. Of course, people still do not agree as to the matter of family size because there are a lot of factors involved such as economy, religion, cultural tradition, education and even politics. There are indeed advantages and disadvantages to have a number of brothers or sisters. This text is a narration of the experience by a young woman who was brought up with six other brothers or sisters. In her opinion, having a big family is a bad thing, for there is always competition among the brothers and sisters for things. They fight for better beds, for better places to watch TV, for own favourite TV programmes and for parents? care. They have no privacy, no peace and quiet because of too many friends (each has friends of their own) and pets and so on. For parents,

综合英语教程第一册Unit1 课件

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