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ANSI B92.1-1970(R1993) SAE美国渐开线花键-中文翻译完整版0429

ANSI B92.1-1970(R1993) SAE美国渐开线花键-中文翻译完整版0429
ANSI B92.1-1970(R1993) SAE美国渐开线花键-中文翻译完整版0429

翻译:朱晓峰节选至《美国机械工程师手册》第28版,有错之处,请指正。

SPLINES AND SERRATIONS

A splined shaft is one having a series of parallel keys formed integrally with the shaft and mating with corresponding grooves cut in a hub or fitting; this arrangement is in contrast to a shaft having a series of keys or feathers fitted into slots cut into the shaft. The latter construction weakens the shaft to a considerable degree because of the slots cut into it and consequently, reduces its torque-transmitting capacity.

花键轴是一种具有“一系列相互平行的齿、并且齿与轴整体成型”的轴,它与在轮毂上或者装配体上开的键槽相配合。这种装置与“在轴上开槽并且与一组销子或者楔键相配合”的结构相反。后者的结构由于在轴上开槽大大降低了轴(的强度),降低了传递扭矩的能力。

Splined shafts are most generally used in three types of applications: 1 ) for coupling shafts when relatively heavy torques are to be transmitted without slippage; 2) for transmitting power to slidably-mounted or permanently-fixed gears, pulleys, and other rotating members; and 3) for attaching parts that may require removal for indexing or change in angular position. 花键轴主要用在以下三种情况:1)需要在无滑动的联轴器上传递大的扭矩;2)用于向“可滑动的装配组件”或者“固定装配的齿轮组或滑轮副”传递动力,3)用于“要求指定滑移量或转角位置”的配件上。

译注A1:“slidably-mounted”例如球笼式等速万向节,万向节同时能转动一定角度;“ermanently-fixed gears”例如齿轮变速箱。(凡是带“译注”的,表示译者的理解,下同)

Splines having straight-sided teeth have been used in many applications (see SAE Parallel Side Splines for Soft Broached Holes in Fittings); however, the use of splines with teeth of involute profile has steadily increased since 1) involute spline couplings have greater torque-transmitting capacity than any other type; 2) they can be produced by the same techniques and equipment as is used to cut gears; and 3) they have a self-centering action under load even when there is backlash between mating members.

具有“直边式齿形”的花键已经适用于多种场合(请查看“用于软拉削加工成型的直边式花键”);然而,“齿侧具有渐开线形状的花键”的使用正在逐步的增长,原因如下:1)渐开线花键传递扭矩的性能超过其他形式;2)可用加工齿轮的技术或设备来加工;3)在内齿和外齿配合情况下产生的反作用力具有自定心功能。

译注A2:“Parallel Side Splines”指的是矩形花键,文中翻译成“直边式花键”,见《GB/T 1144 矩形花键尺寸、公差和检验》;

译注A3:“SAE Parallel Side Splines for Soft Broached Holes in Fittings”指SAE J499A,一种类似GB/T 1144的标准。

Involute Splines

American National Standard Involute Splines*.— These splines or multiple keys are similar in form to internal and external involute gears. The general practice is to form the external splines either by hobbing, rolling, or on a gear shaper, and internal splines either by broaching or on a gear shaper. The internal spline is held to basic dimensions and the external spline is varied to control the fit. Involute splines have maximum strength at the base, can be accurately spaced and are self-centering, thus equalizing the bearing and stresses, and they can be measured and fitted accurately.

美国渐开线标准:这种花键的成型和齿轮的内外花键类似。通常的成型加工方法是外花键用滚铣刀、搓齿或插齿刀,内花键用拉削、齿轮插齿刀。内花键的尺寸是固定的,外花键根据不同的配合采用不同的尺寸。渐开线花键在近跟处有最大的强度,(键齿)能精确分布和自定心,这样就有相同的支撑力和应力,同时能准确地配合和测量。

译注A4:内花键尺寸不变,外花键变,原理等同于基孔制。

In American National Standard ANSI B92.1-1970 (R 1993), many features of the 1960

standard are retained; plus the addition of three tolerance classes, for a total of four. The term ―involute serration,‖ formerly applied to involute splines with 45-degree pressure angle, has been deleted and the standard now includes involute splines with 30-, 37.5-, and 45-degree pressure angles. Tables for these splines have been rearranged accordingly. The term ―serration‖ will no longer apply to splines covered by this Standard.

在美国渐开线标准ANSI B92.1-1970 (R 1993)中,保留了许多1960版本的特征;增加了三种公差等级,现一共有四种公差等级。前版中45度压力角使用的术语“渐开线锯齿involute serration”,本版本已经删除。现在版本包含了30度、37.5度和40度压力角的渐开线花键。相对应的表格也做了更新。术语“involute serration”不再适用本标准。

The Standard has only one fit class for all side fit splines; the former Class 2 fit. Class 1 fit has been deleted because of its infrequent use. The major diameter of the flat root side fit spline has been changed and a tolerance applied to include the range of the 1950 and the 1960 standards. The interchangeability limitations with splines made to previous standards are given later in the section entitled ―Interchangeability.‖

本标准中只有一种齿侧配合情况:第二种情况。在旧标准中的第一种情况由于不太使用已经被删除。平齿根齿侧配合中的大径已经有所变化,并且应用了包含1950和1960版本范围的公差。旧版本的花键术语“interchangeability limitations”已经被新版本的“Interchangeability”代替。

译注A5:旧版中的配合第一种情况是“较松配合”,第二种情况是“较紧配合”。参数是Cvmin,较松配合的Cvmin的值见旧版,这里不讨论,较紧配合的Cvmin=0。原来“最大实际弧齿槽宽”的计算公式为:Smax=Smin+Cvmin+m+λ(具体参数意思看后面章节),删除第一种情况后Smax=Smin+m+λ。

There have been no tolerance nor fit changes to the major diameter fit section

外径配合部分,(与旧版相比)公差和配合情况没有改变。

The Standard recognizes the fact that proper assembly between mating splines is dependent only on the spline being within effective specifications from the tip of the tooth to the form diameter. Therefore, on side fit splines, the internal spline major diameter now is shown as a maximum dimension and the external spline minor diameter is shown as a minimum dimension. The minimum internal major diameter and the maximum external minor diameter must clear the specified form diameter and thus do not need any additional control.

本标准认为影响花键合理装配的作用区域是从齿顶(外花键大圆或内花键小圆)到“渐开线构成圆”之间的那段范围,因此在齿侧配合情况下,内花键大径以“最大尺寸值”出现,外花键小径以“最小尺寸值”出现。“内花键大径的最小值”应大于“渐开线构成圆”的直径,“外花键小径的最大值”应小于“渐开线构成圆”的直径(见后面“Form Circle”的定义)。此外,没必要指定额外的控制条件(见“译注B7”)。

The spline specification tables now include a greater number of tolerance level selections. These tolerance classes were added for greater selection to suit end product needs. The selections differ only in the tolerance as applied to space width and tooth thickness.

花键的规格表中,提供了多种公差水平的选择,以适应最终装配需求。选择不同的公差在“弧齿槽宽”和“弧齿厚”中应用。

* See American National Standard ANSI B92.2M-1980 (R1989), Metric Module Involute Splines; also see page 2177.

见美国国家标准ANSI B92.2M-1980 (R1989) 公制模数渐开线花键,可也参见(原版的)第2177页。译注A6:渐开线花键(也包括渐开线齿轮)所定义的“齿宽”、“齿厚”,都是指弧度方向上的长度。

The tolerance class used in ASA B5.15-1960 is the basis and is now designated as tolerance Class 5. The new tolerance classes are based on the following formulas:

在ASA B5.15-1960中使用的基本公差,已经被本标准中公差等级5代替,各关系见下表:Tolerance Class 4(公差等级4)= Tolerance Class 5(公差等级5)× 0.71

Tolerance Class 6(公差等级6)= Tolerance Class 5(公差等级5)× 1.40

Tolerance Class 7(公差等级7)= Tolerance Class 5(公差等级5)× 2.00

All dimensions listed in this standard are for the finished part. Therefore, any compensation that must be made for operations that take place during processing, such as heat treatment, must be taken into account when selecting the tolerance level for manufacturing.

本标准罗列的所有尺寸为最终成品尺寸。因此,在加工过程中必须考虑修正系数,慎重选择加工的公差等级。

The standard has the same internal minimum effective space width and external maximum effective tooth thickness for all tolerance classes and has two types of fit. For tooth side fits, the minimum effective space width and the maximum effective tooth thickness are of equal value. This basic concept makes it possible to have interchangeable assembly between mating splines where they are made to this standard regardless of the tolerance class of the individual members. A tolerance class ―mix‖ of mating members is thus allowed, which often is an advantage where one member is considerably less difficult to produce than its mate, and the ―average‖ tolerance applied to the two units is such that it satisfies the design need. For instance, assigning a Class 5 tolerance to one member and Class 7 to its mate will provide an assembly tolerance in the Class 6 range. The maximum effective tooth thickness is less than the minimum effective space width for major diameter fits to allow for eccentricity variations. 本标准中,所有公差等级的“内花键最小作用弧齿槽宽”和“外花键最大作用弧齿厚”的值是相同的,并且有两种配合类型。齿侧配合类,“内花键最小作用弧齿槽宽”和“外花键最大作用弧齿厚”的值相等。这一理念使得根据本标准制造的各种公差等级的单个花键能够互配。一个“混合”公差等级的配合是允许的,这样的优点是在于,一个配合零件的制造难度更小于与它相配的另一个零件。并且,“平均”的公差,也是设计需要。例如,将一个5级和7级公差的零件配合,可以得到一个范围为6级公差的配合。外径配合类,“外花键最大作用弧齿厚”比“内花键最小作用弧齿槽宽”要小,这种配合适用(装配后)的偏心情况。

译注A7:“两种配合类型”指的是“齿侧配合”和“外径配合”。(也有的参考翻译成“齿形定心”和“大径定心”)

In the event the fit as provided in this standard does not satisfy a particular design need and a specific amount of effective clearance or press fit is desired, the change should be made only to the external spline by a reduction or an increase in effective tooth thickness and a like change in actual tooth thickness. The minimum effective space width, in this standard, is always basic. The basic minimum effective space width should always be retained when special designs are derived from the concept of this standard.

如果本标准规定的配合不能满足特殊的作用侧隙或压力配合的设计需要,设计更改应只改变(减少或增加)“外花键的作用弧齿厚”或“实际弧齿厚”。本标准的理念就是“内花键最小作用弧齿槽宽”是基本值(不变的)。

Terms Applied to Involute Splines.— The following definitions of involute spline terms, here listed in alphabetical order, are given in the American National Standard. Some of these terms are illustrated in the diagram in Table 6.

渐开线花键术语—下列美国国家标准中规定的渐开线花键术语按字母顺序排列,部分术语可参见表6中的图形。

Active Spline Length (La) is the length of spline that contacts the mating spline. On sliding splines, it exceeds the length of engagement.

有效花键长度:花键配合部分的长度。滑动情况下,这个长度长于配合的部分。

Actual Space Width (s) is the circular width on the pitch circle of any single space considering an infinitely thin increment of axial spline length.

实际弧齿槽宽:在内花键节圆(分度圆)上,各齿槽间的弧长度。

译注B1:“infinitely thin increment”表示将圆弧进行无限的分割(使之成为直线),微积分概念。

Actual Tooth Thickness (t) is the circular thickness on the pitch circle of any single tooth considering an infinitely thin increment of axial spline length.

实际弧齿厚:在外花键节圆(分度圆)上,各齿上的弧长度。

Alignment Variation is the variation of the effective spline axis with respect to the reference axis (see Fig. 1c).

同心度偏差:实际花键轴心和参考轴心之间的偏差。(见图1c)

译注B2:本译文中的“Variation”翻译为“偏差”,“Tolerance”翻译为“公差”。因为按照字面理解,“Variation”指的是实际与理论的相

差状态,“Tolerance”指的是相差的具体数值和范围。

Base Circle is the circle from which involute spline tooth profiles are constructed.

基圆:渐开线齿形开始形成处的假象圆。

Base Diameter (Db) is the diameter of the base circle.

基圆直径:基圆所在处的直径。

Basic Space Width is the basic space width for 30-degree pressure angle splines; half the circular pitch. The basic space width for 37.5- and 45-degree pressure angle splines, however, is greater than half the circular pitch. The teeth are proportioned so that the external tooth, at its base, has about the same thickness as the internal tooth at the form diameter. This proportioning results in greater minor diameters than those of comparable involute splines of 30-degree pressure angle.

基本弧齿槽宽:压力角30度下,为周节的一半。压力角37.5度和45度下,要大于周节的一半。这样,在基圆处的外花键弧齿厚和在“内花键渐开线构成圆的弧齿厚”是相等的。这种比例引起了“压力角37.5度和45度的小径”要大于“压力角30度”的小径。Circular Pitch (p) is the distance along the pitch circle between corresponding points of adjacent spline teeth.

周节:节圆(分度圆)上相邻同侧齿形之间的弧长。

Depth of Engagement is the radial distance from the minor circle of the internal spline to the major circle of the external spline, minus corner clearance and/or chamfer depth.

啮合深度:从内花键小径到外花键大径之间的,并减去“conrner clearance拐角裕度‖和(或)倒角的径向距离。

译注B3:conrner clearance,见图2.

Diametral Pitch (P) is the number of spline teeth per inch of pitch diameter. The diametral pitch determines the circular pitch and the basic space width or tooth thickness. In con- junction with the number of teeth, it also determines the pitch diameter. (See also Pitch.)

径节:在节圆上,每英寸的花键齿数。他决定了周节和基本弧齿槽宽或弧齿厚。它和齿数共同确定了节圆直径。

Effective Clearance (cv) is the effective space width of the internal spline minus the effective tooth thickness of the mating external spline.

作用侧隙:内花键作用弧齿槽宽减去与之相配的内花键作用弧齿厚。(正值为间隙,负值为过盈)

Effective Space Width (Sv) of an internal spline is equal to the circular tooth thickness on the pitch circle of an imaginary perfect external spline that would fit the internal spline without looseness or interference considering engagement of the entire axial length of the spline. The minimum effective space width of the internal spline is always basic, as shown in Table 3. Fit variations may be obtained by adjusting the tooth thickness of the external spline.

作用弧齿槽宽(Sv):数值等于一与之在全齿长上配合(无间隙且无过盈)的“理想全齿外花键节圆弧齿厚”的弧齿槽宽。“内花键最小作用弧齿槽宽”是基本值,其值在表3中列出。用改变外花键的弧齿厚来获得各种不同的配合。

译注B4:Effective Space Width (Sv),国标《GB/T 3478.1-2008 圆柱直齿渐开线花键》(以下简称《GB 3478.1》)中的缩写为Ev。

Three Types of Involute Spline Variations

三种渐开线花键偏差

Center Lines of Teeth

齿中心线

Reference Axis8

参考轴

图1a. Lead Variation(齿向偏差)

Center Lines of Teeth

齿中心线

Reference Axis

参考轴

图1b. Parallelism Variation(平行度偏差)

Effective Spline Axis

齿中心线

Reference Axis

参考轴

图1c. Alignment Variation(同轴度偏差)

Effective Tooth Thickness (tv) of an external spline is equal to the circular space width on the pitch circle of an imaginary perfect internal spline that would fit the external spline without looseness or interference, considering engagement of the entire axial length of the spline.

作用弧齿厚(tv):数值等于一与之在全齿长上配合(无间隙且无过盈)的“理想全齿外花键节圆弧齿厚”的弧齿槽宽。

译注B5:Effective Tooth Thickness (tv),国标《GB 3478.1》中的缩写为Sv。

Effective Variation is the accumulated effect of the spline variations on the fit with the mating part.

作用偏差:配合渐开线花键上的各种偏差的累积。

External Spline is a spline formed on the outer surface of a cylinder.

外花键:在圆柱外表面形成的花键。

Fillet is the concave portion of the tooth profile that joins the sides to the bottom of the space.

齿根圆弧:联结齿形处和底部(小圆)的凹处部分。

Fillet Root Splines are those in which a single fillet in the general form of an arc joins the sides of adjacent teeth.

圆齿根花键:两侧渐开线齿形由一段或近似一段过渡曲线与底部(小圆)相连的花键。Flat Root Splines are those in which fillets join the arcs of major or minor circles to the tooth sides.

平齿根花键:两侧渐开线齿形各由一段过渡曲线与齿根圆相连接的花键。

Form Circle is the circle which defines the deepest points of involute form control of the tooth profile. This circle along with the tooth tip circle (or start of chamfer circle) determines the limits of tooth profile requiring control. It is located near the major circle on the internal spline and near the minor circle on the external spline.

渐开线构成圆:渐开线构成圆是用于控制齿廓上渐开线的极限距离的圆。渐开线构成圆与齿顶圆(或者倒角线的起点所在的圆)共同构成了“所要求的渐开线齿廓”的范围。渐开线构成圆的位置靠近内花键的大圆(齿根圆)或者外花键的小圆(齿根圆)。

译注B6:在《GB/T 3478.1-2008》中,将Form Cycle定义为两个圆:键的渐开线终止圆(内花键用)和渐开线起始圆(外花键用)。而在本

标准中,将这两个圆统称为Form Cycle,译者将Form Cycle翻译为渐开线构成圆。(这个圆与另外一个圆,构成了渐开线使用的范围)。具体

看《GB 3478.1》中,表1序号17 -20和图1 渐开线花键联结。

译注B7:定义Form Circle(渐开线构成圆)的原因是:在渐开线构成圆与齿顶圆(或者倒角线的起点所在的圆)之间的花键的齿形必须为

渐开线齿形,其余部分不一定按照渐开线成形。

译注B8:句中chamfer,并不是指真正的倒角,而是一种平滑的过渡线。(渐开线和大径或小径的过渡线)

译注B9:这个范围是一个直径的范围。也就是从直径A开始到直径B为止,这中间的齿廓必须为渐开线。

Form Clearance (c F) is the radial depth of involute profile beyond the depth of engagement with the mating part. It allows for looseness between mating splines and for eccentricities between the minor circle (internal), the major circle (external), and their respective pitch circles.

齿形裕度:齿形裕度(c F)是相互配合的内、外花键的渐开线齿廓超过结合部分的径向距离。(定义齿形裕度的原因是)它允许相互配合的内、外花键之间存在一定间隙,而且小径(内花键)、大圆(外花键)、以及内、外花键各自的节圆之间存在一定的偏心距。

译注B10:关于cF请看《GB 3478.1》中,图1 渐开线花键联结cF,或者本标准表6,图中cF。

Form Diameter (D Fe, D Fi) the diameter of the form circle.

渐开线构成圆直径(D Fe, D Fi):渐开线构成圆所在圆的直径。(见译注B4和表6中的图)Internal Spline is a spline formed on the inner surface of a cylinder.

内花键:在圆柱体的孔的内表面形成的花键。

Involute Spline is one having teeth with involute profiles.

渐开线花键:花键的齿形为渐开线形式的花键。

Lead Variation is the variation of the direction of the spline tooth from its intended direction parallel to the reference axis, also including parallelism and alignment variations (see Fig. 1a). Note: Straight (nonhelical) splines have an infinite lead.

齿向偏差:花键的键齿的实际齿线与花键的参考轴线之间的平行度偏差的最大绝对值。它包括平行度偏差(见图1b)和同轴度偏差(见图1a)。注意:直齿花键(非螺旋花键)的齿向偏差为无限长。

译注B11:在《ISO 4156 Straight cylindrical involute splines —Metric module, side fit》中,“Lead variation‖定义为“Helix deviation”。国标《GB 3478.1》定义为“齿向公差”。本人认为《ISO 4156》中的定义和图形更详细和易于理解。根据《ISO 4156》中定义,“Form deviation”(综合形状偏差),包括了三种:Profile deviation、Index deviation和helix deviation。“Form deviation”的值即为《GB 3478.1》中的“Deviation allowance (λ)”。λ=(Total Profile deviation + Total Index deviation+ Total helix deviation)

Length of Engagement (L q) is the axial length of contact between mating splines.

配合长度(L q):配合长度是配合花键接触段轴向的长度。

Machining Tolerance (m) is the permissible variation in actual space width or actual tooth thickness.

加工公差(m):加工公差是花键的实际弧齿槽宽和实际弧齿厚的允许的变动量。

译注B12:在《GB 3478.1》中,加工公差代号为T。

Major Circle is the circle formed by the outermost surface of the spline. It is the outside circle (tooth tip circle) of the external spline or the root circle of the internal spline.

大圆:大圆是花键的最大齿形面的形成的圆。它是外花键的外圆(齿顶圆),和内花键的齿根圆。

Major Diameter (D o, D ri) is the diameter of the major circle.

大径:大圆直径(D o, D ri)是大圆所在圆的直径。

Minor Circle is the circle formed by the innermost surface of the spline. It is the root circle of the external spline or the inside circle (tooth tip circle) of the internal spline.

小圆:小圆是花键的最小齿形面的形成的圆。它是外花键的齿根圆,和内花键的内圆(齿顶圆)。

Minor Diameter (D re, D i) is the diameter of the minor circle.

小圆直径:小圆直径(D re, D i)是小圆所在圆的直径。

Nominal Clearance is the actual space width of an internal spline minus the actual tooth thickness of the mating external spline. It does not define the fit between mating members, because of the effect of variations.

理论侧隙:理论侧隙是“内花键的实际弧齿槽宽”减去与之相互配合的“外花键的实际弧齿厚”所得的值。由于(内、外花键)的各种实际偏差,理论侧隙不能用于确定花键的配合情况。

Out of Roundness is the variation of the spline from a true circular configuration.

圆度:圆度是花键与理论圆的轮廓之间的偏差。

Parallelism Variation is the variation of parallelism of a single spline tooth with respect to any other single spline tooth (see Fig. 1b).

平行度偏差:平行度偏差是单根键齿相对其它的单根键齿之间的平行偏差。(见图1b)

Pitch (P/Ps) is a combination number of a one-to-two ratio indicating the spline proportions; the upper or first number is the diametral pitch, the lower or second number is the stub pitch and denotes, as that fractional part of an inch, the basic radial length of engagement, both above and below the pitch circle.

径节(分数制)(P/Ps):径节(分数制)是一个1比2组合分数,用于表示花键的比率。分数中第一个数(分子)表示的是花键的节圆径节,第二个数(分母)表示的是齿根径节,其中的分数用英寸表示,节圆径节表示的是在节圆上方的键齿在半径方向上的配合长度,齿根径节表示的是在节圆下方的键齿在半径方向上的配合长度。

译注B13:可以理解为节圆将整个花键键齿一分为二,节圆上方的键齿的齿高为径节,节圆下方的键齿的齿高为齿根径节。在实际计算时要考虑到渐开线终止圆与修缘线所在圆对键齿有效结合齿高的影响,并将其扣除。

Pitch Circle is the reference circle from which all transverse spline tooth dimensions are constructed.

节圆:节圆是一个参考圆,花键的所有横向尺寸都是以节圆为基础开始计算的。

译注B14:米制叫分度圆。

Pitch Diameter (D) is the diameter of the pitch circle

节圆直径(D):节圆直径是节圆所在圆的直径。

.

Pitch Point is the intersection of the spline tooth profile with the pitch circle.

节点:节点是键齿的齿廓与节圆的交点。

Pressure Angle (Φ) is the angle between a line tangent to an involute and a radial line through the point of tangency. Unless otherwise specified, it is the standard pressure angle.

压力角(Φ):压力角是花键的渐开线齿廓的切线与通过切点的半径所组成的夹角。除非有特殊说明,压力角通常是指标准压力角。

Profile Variation is any variation from the specified tooth profile normal to the flank.

齿形偏差:垂直于侧面的、指定的齿廓(与理论齿廓)的所有公差。

译注B15:见《GB 3478.1-2008》表1中的“齿形公差”定义,本人认为国标从轮廓度检测方面加以解释,应更合理。

Spline is a machine element consisting of integral keys (spline teeth) or keyways (spaces) equally spaced around a circle or portion thereof.

花键:是一种机械零件,它由凸出的齿(花键齿)或凹下的沟(槽)组成,键齿和键槽等分一个完整的圆或圆上部分。

Standard (Main) Pressure Angle (ΦD) is the pressure angle at the specified pitch diameter.

标准压力角(ΦD)(主压力角):标准压力角是指特定在节圆上的压力角。

Stub Pitch (Ps) is a number used to denote the radial distance from the pitch circle to the major circle of the external spline and from the pitch circle to the minor circle of the internal spline. The stub pitch for splines in this standard is twice the diametral pitch.

齿根径节(Ps):齿根径节是一个数,它用于表示节圆与外花键的大圆或内花键的小圆之间的半径差。在本标准中,花键的齿根径节是径节的2倍。

Total Index Variation is the greatest difference in any two teeth (adjacent or otherwise) between the actual and the perfect spacing of the tooth profiles.

齿距累计偏差:任意两个齿(相邻齿或其他情况)的实际齿廓与理论值之差的最大值。

Total Tolerance (m + λ) is the machining tolerance plus the variation allowance.

总公差(m +λ):总公差是加工公差与综合公差之和。

译注B16:在《GB 3478.1》将总公差定义为:T+λ。

Variation Allowance (λ) is the permissible effective variation.

综合公差(λ):作用偏差(effective variation)的公差值允许范围。

Tooth Proportions.—There are 17 pitches: 2.5/5, 3/6, 4/8,5/10, 6/12, 8/16, 10/20,12/24, 16/32, 20/40, 24/48, 32/64, 40/80, 48/96, 64/128, 80/160, and 128/256. The numerator in this fractional designation is known as the diametral pitch and controls the pitch diameter; the denominator, which is always double the numerator, is known as the stub pitch and controls the tooth depth. For convenience in calculation, only the numerator is used in the formulas given

and is designated as P. Diametral pitch, as in gears, means the number of teeth per inch of pitch diameter.

齿比—共有17种齿比:2.5/5,3/6,4/8,5/10,6/12,8/16,10/20,12/24,16/32,20/40,24/48,32/64,40/80,48/96,64/128,80/160和128/256。在这一系列的分数中的分子是(节圆)径节,径节决定了节圆的直径;分数中的分母通常是分子的两倍,分母是齿根径节,齿根径节决定了齿高。为了方便计算,在公式中都使用分子作为计算参数,指定节圆直径,并且与齿轮的表示方式一样定义为径节P尺寸,也就是在节圆上,每英寸长度上的齿数。

译注B17:设计了这17中之外的齿比,本人认为是不合理的。

Table 1 shows the symbols and Table 2 the formulas for basic tooth dimensions of involute spline teeth of various pitches. Basic dimensions are given in Table 3.

表1列出了符号意思,表2列出了各种不同径节的花键公式。表3列出了基本值。

Table 1. American National Standard Involute Spline Symbols

译注B18:PSI这里为应力单位,Pound-Per-Square Inch 磅每平方英寸。

Machinery's Handbook 28th Edition

INVOLUTE SPLINES Page 10 of 38

Note: All spline specification table dimensions in the standard are derived from these basic formulas by application of tolerances. 注:按本表规定的基本公式,应用不同的公差等级,可得到所有其他表中的尺寸。

Copyright 2008, Industrial Press Inc., New York, NY - https://www.sodocs.net/doc/b1798787.html,

Table 3. Basic Dimensions for Involute Splines ANSI B92.1-1970, R1993

Tooth Numbers.—The American National Standard covers involute splines having tooth numbers ranging from 6 to 60 with a 30- or 37.5-degree pressure angle and from 6 to 100 with a 45-degree pressure angle. In selecting the number of teeth for a given spline application, it is well to keep in mind that there are no advantages to be gained by using odd numbers of teeth and that the diameters of splines with odd tooth numbers, particularly internal splines, are troublesome to measure with pins since no two tooth spaces are diametrically opposite each other.

美国国家表准规定的渐开线花键压力角30度或37.5度的齿数范围是6到60齿,压力角45度的齿数范围是6到100齿。在选择花键齿数应用上,必须牢记的是:由于奇数齿两测量针规的中心连线距离不是(通过渐开线圆心的)直径值,所以选择奇数齿比选择偶数齿更为不利,特别是内花键。

译注C1:偶数齿的形状是对称的,一边的齿中心和相对的另一边齿中心的连线,通过渐开线花键的圆心(节圆的圆心)。而奇数齿是不通过圆心的,所以奇数齿的测量难度更高。

Types and Classes of Involute Spline Fits.— Two types of fits are covered by the American National Standard for involute splines, the side fit, and the major diameter fit. Dimensional data for flat root side fit, flat root major diameter fit, and fillet root side fit splines are tabulated in this standard for 30-degree pressure angle splines; but for only the fillet root side fit for 37.5- and 45-degree pressure angle splines.

渐开线花键的配合类型和公差等级—本标准规定两种配合类型:齿侧配合和外径配合。30度压力角时,有平齿根齿侧配合、平齿根外径配合、圆齿根齿侧配合;37.5和45度压力角只有圆齿根齿侧配合。(见表2)

Side Fit: In the side fit, the mating members contact only on the sides of the teeth; major and minor diameters are clearance dimensions. The tooth sides act as drivers and centralize the mating splines.

齿侧配合:配合的零件只通过齿的侧面配合,大小径之间存在间隙。齿侧配合同时具有驱动和自定心功能。

Major Diameter Fit: Mating parts for this fit contact at the major diameter for centralizing. The sides of the teeth act as drivers. The minor diameters are clearance dimensions.

外径配合:用大径来定心,用侧面来驱动。小径具有间隙。

The major diameter fit provides a minimum effective clearance that will allow for contact and location at the major diameter with a minimum amount of location or centralizing effect by the sides of the teeth. The major diameter fit has only one space width and tooth thickness tolerance which is the same as side fit Class 5.

外径配合规定了一个最小作用侧隙,以用来连接或定位大径。跟齿侧一起,能得到一个小间隙和同心的效果。外径配合只有一个弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚公差,等同于齿侧配合中公差等级为5的公差值。

A fillet root may be specified for an external spline, even though it is otherwise designed to the flat root side fit or major diameter fit standard. An internal spline with a fillet root can be used only for the side fit.

外花键一般用圆齿根,也有其它情况采用平齿根的齿侧配合或外径配合。内花键圆齿根只适用于齿侧配合。

Classes of Tolerances.— This standard includes four classes of tolerances on space width and tooth thickness. This has been done to provide a range of tolerances for selection to suit a design need. The classes are variations of the former single tolerance which is now Class5 and are based on the formulas shown in the footnote of Table 4. All tolerance classes have the same minimum effective space width and maximum effective tooth thickness limits so that a mix of classes between mating parts is possible.

公差等级—弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚规定了四种公差等级。这样就满足了设计是选择不同公差等级的需要。旧版中只有一种等级的公差,在本标准中规定为等级5,作为基本等级,见表4。各公差等级的最小作用弧齿宽和最大作用弧齿厚的值是相等的,这样允许不同公差等级的花键互配。

Table 4. Maximum Tolerances for Space Width and Tooth Thickness of Tolerance

Class 5 Splines ANSI B92.1-1970, R1993

(Values shown in ten thousandths; 20 = 0.0020 表中20=0.0020英寸)

For other tolerance classes:

Class 4 = 0.71 × Tabulated value 等级4=0.71×基本值

Class 5 = As tabulated in table 等级5=定义为基本值

Class 6 = 1.40 × Tabulated value 等级6=1.40×基本值

Class 7 = 2.00 × Tabulated value 等级7=2.00×基本值

Fillets and Chamfers.— Spline teeth may have either a flat root or a rounded fillet root.

圆角和倒角—花键齿可以采用圆齿根或平齿根。

Flat Root Splines: are suitable for most applications. The fillet that joins the sides to the bottom of the tooth space, if generated, has a varying radius of curvature. Specification of this fillet is usually not required. It is controlled by the form diameter, which is the diameter at the deepest point of the desired true involute form (sometimes designated as TIF).

平齿根花键:能够应用在大多数场合。在花键同一齿槽上,两侧渐开线齿形各由一段过渡曲线与齿根(直径圆)相连接的花键。若用滚齿加工(展成法),这个圆弧的曲率是变化的。没必要指定这个圆弧的大小,它的范围通常用“构成圆”来决定,“构成圆”在渐开线配合范围的极限处。(有是候设计简称TIF)

When flat root splines are used for heavily loaded couplings that are not suitable for fillet root spline application, it may be desirable to minimize the stress concentration in the flat root type by specifying an approximate radius for the fillet.

若某种重载的场合不适用圆齿根,而采用平齿根时,应在平齿根的拐角处设计一个近似的圆弧,以减少接触应力。

Because internal splines are stronger than external splines due to their broad bases and high pressure angles at the major diameter, broaches for flat root internal splines are normally made with the involute profile extending to the major diameter.

由于内花键在齿根处的材料基体更多、压力角更大,所以内花键强度要大于外花键,在拉削加工(内花键)时,渐开线花键的齿形一般延伸到大径处。

Fillet Root Splines: are recommended for heavy loads because the larger fillets provided reduce the stress concentrations. The curvature along any generated fillet varies and can not be specified by a radius of any given value.

圆齿根花键:推荐在重载荷情况下使用。它的圆角(比平齿根)更大,能有效减少应力集中。若用滚齿加工(展成法),这个圆弧的曲率是变化的,不能指定某一固定值。External splines may be produced by generating with a pinion-type shaper cutter or with a hob, or by cutting with no generating motion using a tool formed to the contour of a tooth space. External splines are also made by cold forming and are usually of the fillet root design. Internal splines are usually produced by broaching, by form cutting, or by generating with a shaper cutter. Even when full-tip radius tools are used, each of these cutting methods produces a fillet contour with individual characteristics. Generated spline fillets are curves related to the prolate epicycloid for external splines and the prolate hypocycloid for internal splines. These fillets have a minimum radius of curvature at the point where the fillet is tangent to the external spline minor diameter circle or the internal spline major diameter circle and a rapidly increasing radius of curvature up to the point where the fillet comes tangent to the involute profile.

外花键可以用“插齿成型刀”加工,或者用滚铣刀,或者非滚齿的、与外花键齿形一致的内花键工具。圆齿根的外花键也可以采用冷作成型的方式加工。内花键通常用拉削、成型切削、插齿刀成型等来加工。即使使用的这些“圆角全一致的工具”,加工出来的单个齿形仍然是不同的。用展成法加工的倒圆角,关系到外花键的外摆线和内花键的内摆线。这些圆弧曲率半径是变化的,在圆弧与外花键小圆(或内花键大圆)相切点为最小,沿圆弧逐渐增加,至外花键渐开线起点(或内花键渐开线终点)附近为最大。

译注C2:冷作成型指的是不去除材料的方式,比如搓齿机成型。

译注C3:曲率变化见《3478.1-2008中》5 基本齿廓5.5注

Chamfers and Corner Clearance: In major diameter fits, it is always necessary to provide corner clearance at the major diameter of the spline coupling. This clearance is usually effected

by providing a chamfer on the top corners of the external member. This method may not be possible or feasible because of the following:

在外径配合情况下,在(内花键)大径处总是有必要指定一个“拐角裕度”。这种形式也通常用“在(外花键)齿顶处作一个倒角”来代替。然而,代替的这种情况,若有以下几个方面就不适合了:

a) If the external member is roll formed by plastic deformation, a chamfer cannot be pro- vided by the process.

外花键如果滚动成型、是塑性变形的,倒角就无法加工 b) A semitopping cutter may not be available. 半圆形刀具也无法加工倒角

c) When cutting external splines with small numbers of teeth, a semitopping cutter may reduce the width of the top land to a prohibitive point.

当分半切削小齿数的外花键时,半圆形刀具的加工容易使齿顶平面产生过切现象。

In such conditions, the corner clearance can be provided on the internal spline, as shown in Fig. 2.

若有以上情况,可用图2中的方法。

When this option is used, the form diameter may fall in the protuberance area. 如采用这个方法,“构成圆”的直径线,会被这个“corner ‖“掩盖”掉。

译注C4:图中的“Form Circle ”为译者增加。

Fig. 2. Internal corner clearance

Spline Variations.— The maximum allowable variations for involute splines are listed in Table 4.

花键偏差—花键最大综合偏差值见表4。

Profile Variation: The reference profile, from which variations occur, passes through the point used to determine the actual space width or tooth thickness. This is either the pitch point or the contact point of the standard measuring pins.

齿形偏差:用齿廓上发生偏差的一个点,来定义实际弧齿槽宽或实际弧齿厚。这个点可以是节圆(和齿廓)的交点,也可以是测量针规(和齿廓)的交点。

译注C5:在《ISO 4156-1》中,有图形说明,请参照图形理解。另在《3478.1-2008》表1中有定义。

Profile variation is positive in the direction of the space and negative in the direction of the tooth. Profile variations may occur at any point on the profile for establishing effective fits and are shown in Table 4.

齿形偏差是弧齿槽宽的正方向或者是弧齿厚的反方向。实际装配的时候,齿廓的任何点上都有可能发生偏差。

Lead Variations: The lead tolerance for the total spline length applies also to any portion thereof unless otherwise specified.

齿向偏差:指的是花键全齿长上或者指定长度方向上的偏差。

Out of Roundness: This condition may appear merely as a result of index and profile variations given in Table 4 and requires no further allowance. However, heat treatment and deflection of thin sections may cause out of roundness, which increases index and profile variations. Tolerances for such conditions depend on many variables and are therefore not tabulated. Additional tooth and/or space width tolerance must allow for such conditions.

圆度(偏差):(理论上)仅仅由于表4中规定的齿距偏差和齿形偏差引起。但是,热处理和薄壁零也会产生圆度(偏差),从而增大齿距偏差和齿形偏差。这种公差大小涉及到多种因素,无法一一指明。弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚必须允许这种变化量。

译注D1:工艺编制时,应着重考虑热处理对弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚的影响。

Eccentricity: Eccentricity of major and minor diameters in relation to the effective diameter of side fit splines should not cause contact beyond the form diameters of the mating splines, even under conditions of maximum effective clearance. This standard does not establish specific tolerances.

偏心距:齿侧配合时,大径和小径配合引起的偏心距离,不得超过构成圆直径范围,特别是在最大作用侧隙时。本标准没有规定(偏心距)的公差值。

Eccentricity of major diameters in relation to the effective diameters of major diameter fit splines should be absorbed within the maximum material limits established by the tolerances on major diameter and effective space width or effective tooth thickness.

大径配合时引起的偏心距,应该在“大径本身和作用弧齿槽宽或弧齿厚”形成的“最大实体状态”范围内。

译注D2:最大实体含义请查阅相关的形状和位置公差书籍。本段的含义理解为:若偏心距过大,超过了最大实体范围,可能就无法装配。

If the alignment of mating splines is affected by eccentricity of locating surfaces relative to each other and/or the splines, it may be necessary to decrease the effective and actual tooth thickness of the external splines in order to maintain the desired fit condition. This standard does not include allowances for eccentric location.

如果配合花键的同心度,由于受到“相对应的配合表面产生的偏心距”的影响,就有必要减少外花键作用和实际弧齿厚,以保持原有的配合状态。本标准没有规定(偏心距)位置度公差值。

Effect of Spline Variations.— Spline variations can be classified as index variations, profile variations, or lead variations.

花键的作用偏差—可分为:齿距偏差、齿形偏差和齿向偏差。

Index Variations: These variations cause the clearance to vary from one set of mating tooth sides to another. Because the fit depends on the areas with minimum clearance, index variations reduce the effective clearance.

齿距偏差:导致每个齿与齿的配合的间隙都是不同的。最小间隙决定了配合状况,齿距偏差减少了作用侧隙的范围。

译注D3:“Index Variations”在《ISO 4156》中也称为“Pitch Deviation‖。

Profile Variations: Positive profile variations affect the fit by reducing effective clearance. Negative profile variations do not affect the fit but reduce the contact area.

齿形偏差:正向的齿形偏差减少了作用侧隙,反向的齿形偏差只减少接触面积不影响装配。

Lead Variations: These variations will cause clearance variations and therefore reduce the effective clearance.

齿向偏差:齿向偏差导致侧隙偏差的改变,从而减少作用侧隙。

Variation Allowance: The effect of individual spline variations on the fit (effective variation) is less than their total, because areas of more than minimum clearance can be altered without changing the fit. The variation allowance is 60 percent of the sum of twice the positive profile variation, the total index variation and the lead variation for the length of engagement. The variation allowances in Table 4 are based on a lead variation for an assumed length of engagement equal to one-half the pitch diameter. Adjustment may be required for a greater length of engagement.

综合公差(允许值):单个花键对配合的影响(作用偏差)小于它们的总和。在不改变配合的情况下,(由于总和的影响)这些大于最小间隙的接触区域也会发生改变。在配合长度上,综合公差等于“齿形偏差、总齿距偏差和齿向偏差之和”两倍的60%。表4中的值,是按花键配合长度为其节圆直径一半的齿向公差来计算的。若长度不同,必要时可调整λ。

译注D4:关于“Variation Allowance”,在《ISO 4156》中,9.2更为合理和容易理解。本标准中定义的公式与美国米制公式《B92.2M》不同。Effective and Actual Dimensions.— Although each space of an internal spline may have the same width as each tooth of a perfect mating external spline, the two may not fit because of variations of index and profile in the internal spline. To allow the perfect external spline to fit in any position, all spaces of the internal spline must then be widened by the amount of interference. The resulting width of these tooth spaces is the actual space width of the internal spline. The effective space width is the tooth thickness of the perfect mating external spline. The same reasoning applied to an external spline that has variations of index and profile when mated with a perfect internal spline leads to the concept of effective tooth thickness, which exceeds the actual tooth thickness by the amount of the effective variation.

由于内花键有误差,所以该外花键即使每个弧齿厚与内花键每个弧齿槽宽想的,也不能装入内花键。若要使理想的外花键在任意位置上都可以装入内花键,且作用侧隙为零,则该内花键所有弧齿槽宽均需按最大干涉量加宽。这些加宽后的弧齿槽宽即是内花键的各实际弧齿槽宽。与之相配的理想外花键的弧齿厚即是内花键的作用弧齿槽宽。反之也应用在外花键上。有齿距误差和齿形误差的外花键,与理想的内花键的弧齿槽宽相配和的弧齿厚,即是作用弧齿厚,作用弧齿厚是由实际弧齿厚按照作用偏差往外扩大得到的。

译注E1:对于内花键,实际弧齿槽宽大于作用弧齿槽宽;对于外花键,作用弧齿厚大于实际弧齿厚。

The effective space width of the internal spline minus the effective tooth thickness of the external spline is the effective clearance and defines the fit of the mating parts. (This statement is strictly true only if high points of mating parts come into contact.) Positive effective clearance represents looseness or backlash. Negative effective clearance represents tightness or interference.

内花键的作用弧齿槽宽减去外花键的作用弧齿厚即为作用侧隙,它决定了配合形式(这一定义只有在配合的极限点是接触的状态下才严格成立)。(相减后)正值的作用侧隙形成松配或间隙配合;负值的作用侧隙形成紧配或过盈配合。

Space Width and Tooth Thickness Limits.— The variation of actual space width and actual tooth thickness within the machining tolerance causes corresponding variations of effective dimensions, so that there are four limit dimensions for each component part.

These variations are shown diagrammatically in Table 5.

弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚的极限—由制造时产生的实际弧齿槽宽和实际弧齿厚,由于各种偏差就产生了作用偏差尺寸。所以对每个配合零件,共有四种极限尺寸。

各种偏差见表5。

Table 5. Specification Guide for Space Width and Tooth Thickness

ANSI B92.1-1970, R1993

译注E2:综合公差和制造公差的值,在后面的计算举例中,是采用查表的方法。在B92.1-1996版本中,可以采用以下公式计算:

The minimum effective space width is always basic. The maximum effective tooth thickness is the same as the minimum effective space width except for the major diameter fit. The major diameter fit maximum effective tooth thickness is less than the minimum effective space width by an amount that allows for eccentricity between the effective spline and the major diameter. The permissible variation of the effective clearance is divided between the internal and external splines to arrive at the maximum effective space width and the minimum effective tooth thickness. Limits for the actual space width and actual tooth thickness are constructed from suitable variation allowances.

最小作用弧齿槽宽总是为基本值。除了外径配合形式外,“最大作用弧齿厚”和“最小作用弧齿槽宽”的值相等。外径配合情况,由于齿侧和大径(与各自相配的零件)相配合后存在偏心,这时要求“最大作用弧齿厚”要小于“最小作用弧齿槽宽”。(实际弧齿厚)去掉“作用侧隙”的影响,在内花键上得到“最大作用弧齿槽宽”,在外花键上得到“最小作用弧齿厚”。“实际弧齿槽宽”和“实际弧齿厚”的极限值来源于“综合公差”。Use of Effective and Actual Dimensions.— Each of the four dimensions for space width and tooth thickness shown in Table 5 has a definite function.

作用和实际尺寸的使用—表5中显示的四个齿槽宽和齿厚,每一个尺寸都特定的作用。Minimum Effective Space Width and Maximum Effective Tooth Thickness: These dimensions control the minimum effective clearance, and must always be specified.

最小作用弧齿槽宽和最大作用弧齿厚:这些尺寸控制最小作用侧隙,必须指定。

Minimum Actual Space Width and Maximum Actual Tooth Thickness: These dimensions cannot be used for acceptance or rejection of parts. If the actual space width is less than the minimum without causing the effective space width to be undersized, or if the actual tooth thickness is more than the maximum without causing the effective tooth thickness to be oversized, the effective variation is less than anticipated; such parts are desirable and not defective. The specification of these dimensions as processing reference dimensions is optional. They are also used to analyze undersize effective space width or oversize effective tooth thickness conditions to determine whether or not these conditions are caused by excessive effective variation.

最小实际弧齿槽宽和最大实际弧齿厚:这些尺寸不能用于作为接收或拒收零件的标准。如果实际弧齿槽宽小于最小值,但没有影响最小作用弧齿槽宽,或者如果实际弧齿厚大于最大值,但没有影响到最大作用弧齿厚,这种偏差小于期望值的零件是可用的,不应判定为不合格品。这些尺寸在工艺中仅作为非强制性的参考尺寸。它们也可以用于分析过小作用弧齿槽宽或过大作用弧齿厚的情况,以判定这些情况是否由于超差的作用误差造成的。

Maximum Actual Space Width and Minimum Actual Tooth Thickness: These dimensions control machining tolerance and limit the effective variation. The spread between these dimensions, reduced by the effective variation of the internal and external spline, is the maximum effective clearance. Where the effective variation obtained in machining is appreciably less than the variation allowance, these dimensions must be adjusted in order to maintain the desired fit.

最大实际弧齿槽宽和最小实际弧齿厚:这些尺寸控制加工误差和作用误差的极限。这些尺寸范围,由于内花键和外花键的作用偏差而减少,得到最大的作用侧隙。加工中的作用偏差(值)略小于综合公差时,这些尺寸必须经过适当调整以保证预期的配合。

Maximum Effective Space Width and Minimum Effective Tooth Thickness: These dimensions define the maximum effective clearance but they do not limit the effective variation. They may be used, in addition to the maximum actual space width and minimum actual tooth thickness, to prevent the increase of maximum effective clearance due to reduction of effective variations. The notation ―inspection optional‖ may be added where maximum effective clearance is an assembly requirement, but does not need absolute control. It will indicate, without necessarily adding inspection time and equipment, that the actual space width of the internal spline must be held below the maximum, or the actual tooth thickness of the external spline above the minimum, if machining methods result in less than the allowable variations. Where effective variation needs no control or is controlled by laboratory inspection, these limits may be substituted for maximum actual space width and minimum actual tooth thickness.

最大作用弧齿槽宽和最小作用弧齿厚:这些尺寸定义了最大的作用侧隙,但它们不能限定作用偏差。它们可用作为“最大实际弧齿槽宽”和“最小实际弧齿厚”的附加(检验或控制方式),以防止由于减少作用偏差而引起的“最大作用侧隙”变大(超过最大值)。“非强制的检测”一词可以作为装配要求附加在那些“最大作用侧隙”上,但不要求完全控制的情况。它的意思是:如果加工方法(产生的偏差)小于综合公差,不增加这些“非强制的检验”,那么“内花键实际弧齿槽宽”必须控制在最大以内,或者“外花键实际弧齿厚”必须控制在最小值以上。如果不要求控制作用偏差或者这个靠实验室检测控制,那么这些限制可以代替“最大实际弧齿槽宽”和“最小作用弧齿厚”。

译注E3:此项检验方法,请参照《GB3478.1-2008》中图6的检验图解。意思是:内花键,用止规检验“最大实际弧齿宽”,能止住,就表示“最大作用弧齿槽宽”是公差范围内的;外花键,用止规检验最小实际弧齿槽宽,能止住,就表示“最小作用弧齿宽”是公差范围内的。这个前提是加工公差要很小。这个代替检验的原因是实际的弧齿槽宽和弧齿厚难以检验。

Combinations of Involute Spline Types.—Flat root side fit internal splines may be used with fillet root external splines where the larger radius is desired on the external spline for

control of stress concentrations. This combination of fits may also be permitted as a design option by specifying for the minimum root diameter of the external, the value of the minimum root diameter of the fillet root external spline and noting this as ―optional root.‖

渐开线花键种类的混合使用—当外花键需要控制应力集中,而采用大的圆角半径时,平齿根齿侧配合的内花键和圆齿根外花键可以混合使用。这种配合也可指定在外花键的最小齿根圆直径,这个值标明是一个“可选值”。

A design option may also be permitted to provide either flat root internal or fillet root internal by specifying for the maximum major diameter, the value of the maximum major diameter of the fillet root internal spline and noting this as ―optional root.‖

还有一种允许的设计选择是,指定内花键平齿根或者是内花键圆齿根的最大值,也是“可选值”。

Interchangeability.—Splines made to this standard may interchange with splines made to older standards. Exceptions are listed below.

互换性。-按本标准制造的花键与按旧标准制造的花键具有互换性。例外情况如下。External Splines: These external splines will mate with older internal splines as follows:

外花键:这些外花键与老旧标准内花键相配情况如下:

a For exceptions A, B, C, see the paragraph on Exceptions that follows.对于ABC例外情况见后面解释。

b Full dedendum. 全齿根

c Short dedendum. 短齿根

Internal Splines: These will mate with older external splines as follows:

内花键:这些花键按如下情况与旧标准外花键相配情况如下:

a For exceptions C, D, E, F, G, see the paragraph on Exceptions that follows.

对于C、D、E、F、G,见下后面解释。

渐开线花键计算公式

渐开线花键: 键齿在圆柱(或圆锥)面上且齿形为渐开线的花键称为渐开线花键。渐开线花键连接采用齿形定心,渐开线花键是花键的一种,而传递转矩的部件一般通过键和花键联接。普遍采用的是矩形花键和渐开线花键。渐开线花键应用日趋广泛。这是由于渐开线花键较矩形花键有许多优点,如齿数多、齿端,齿根部厚,承载能力强,易自动定心,安装精度高。相同外形尺寸下花键小径大,有利于增加轴的刚度。渐开线花键便于采用冷搓、冷打、冷挤等无切屑加工工艺方法,生产效率高,精度高,并且节约材料。 渐开线花键计算公式: 对于铣切花键工序,由于与其配合的主动齿轮靠大径过盈配合,过盈量0.006~0.013mm,小径有间隙,所以可采用通用三面刃铣刀或片铣刀对小径进行加工至近似圆弧。 加工过程按工步叙述如下: 1)零件装夹在卧铣分度头上,用半顶尖顶紧。 2)调整顶尖位置,外圆高度差≤0.01mm。 3)用百分表测定外圆跳动(≤0.05mm)。 4)按分度头的中心高度划出键宽中心线,转180°验证中心线(误差基本不变)。 5)留出磨花键键宽余量0.4mm,分别划出键宽为6.4mm的六等分键宽线。 6)将键宽中心线转过90°至最高点。

7)按键宽线用厚6mm的三面刃铣刀铣6个键宽一侧,工作台移动“键宽+刀宽”距离,铣另一侧。 8)转动分度头,对键槽进行逼近圆弧加工。 下文对加工结果作一分析和讨论: 1)侧面铣切时选用的通用三面刃铣刀要根据花键的具体参数及三面刃铣刀的规格来决定。设三面刃铣刀的宽度为B,应满足:B<2hcos(180°/N)(1) 式中:h——每个键槽上小径的宽度; N——花键的键数。 铣刀宽度B的值不能过大,以免铣切键槽的另一侧。其中h值可用下式计算: h≈(πd-NL)/N(2) 式中:d——花键小径; L——留有磨削花键键侧余量的花键键宽。 将(2)式代入(1)式,即有 B<((πd-NL)/(N/2))*cos(180°/N)(3) 2)修正小径应根据h选定三面刃铣刀或片铣刀,加工成近似圆弧。 3)若以小径定心,则需留出直径磨量0.2~0.3mm。 4)用三面刃铣刀及片铣刀加工花键,能满足设计要求,降低制造成本,提高中、小批量生产的效率。

渐开线花键计算公式

30°平齿根花键计算书第1页 模数 m = 3 齿数 z = 15 标准压力角αD = 30° 配合代号:H7/h7 分度圆直径 D = m×z = 45 基圆直径 Db = m×z×cos(αD) = 38.9711 周节 p = π×m = 9.42477796076937 内花键大径 Dei = m×(z+1.5) = 49.5 外花键作用齿厚上偏差 esv = 0 (根据<<机械传动设计手册>>1463页表9-1-49或由公差代号计算) 外花键渐开线起始圆直径最大值: DFemax = 2×((0.5Db)^2+(0.5Dsin(αD)-(hs-0.5esv/tan(αD))/sin(αD))^2)^0.5 = 41.8669 (其中hs = 0.6m = 1.8) 内花键小径 Dii = DFemax+2CF) = 42.47 (其中CF = 0.1m = .3) 内花键基本齿槽宽 E = 0.5πm = 4.71238898 外花键基本齿厚 S = 0.5πm = 4.71238898 内花键: 内花键总公差 T+λ = 40i*+160i** = 179 其中i* = 0.45(D)^(1/3) + 0.001D (D = (30×50)^0.5 = 38.7298334620742) i** = 0.45(E)^(1/3) + 0.001E (E = (3×6)^0.5 = 4.24264068711928) 周节累积公差 Fp = 7.1(L)^0.5 + 18 = .078 其中分度圆周长之半 L = πmz/2 = 70.6858347057703 齿形公差 ff = 6.3ψf + 40 = .062 其中公差因数ψf = m + 0.0125D = 3.48412291827593 齿向公差 Fβ = 2.0×(g)^0.5 + 10 = .023 其中花键长度 g = 40 综合公差λ= 0.6((Fp)^2 + (ff)^2 + (Fβ)^2)^0.5 = .061 作用齿槽宽最小值 Evmin = 0.5πm = 4.712 实际齿槽宽最大值 Emax = Evmin + (T+λ) = 4.891 实际齿槽宽最小值 Emin = Evmin + λ =4.773 作用齿槽宽最大值 Evmax = Emax - λ = 4.83 外花键: 外花键大径 Dee = m×(z + 1) = 48 外花键小径 Die = m×(z - 1.5) = 40.5 外花键总公差 T+λ = 40i*+160i** = 179 其中i* = 0.45(D)^(1/3) + 0.001D (D = (30×50)^0.5 = 38.7298334620742) i** = 0.45(E)^(1/3) + 0.001E (E = (3×6)^0.5 = 4.24264068711928) 周节累积公差 Fp = 7.1(L)^0.5 + 18 = .078

30度渐开线外花键尺寸计算

30°渐开线花键的设计计算已知: m=1.25 Z=24 αD=30° 计算: 1、分度圆直径D:D=mZ=1.25*24=30 2、基圆直径Db:Db=mZCOSαD=1.25*24*cos30=25.98 3、齿距p:p=πm=1.25π=3.927 4、内花键大径基本尺寸Dei:Dei=m(Z+1.5)=1.25*(24+1.5)=31.875 5、内花键大径下偏差:0 6、内花键大径公差:IT12-14,取IT12,公差值0.25 7、内花键渐开线终止圆直径最小值DFimin: DFimin=m(Z+1)+2CF=1.25*(24+1)+2*0.125=31.5 8、内花键小径基本尺寸Dii: Dii=DFemax+2CF=28.62+2*0.125=28.87 9、内花键小径极限偏差:查机械设计手册,为 10、基本齿槽宽E:E=0.5πm=0.5*π*1.25=1.963 11、作用齿槽宽EV:EV=0.5πm=1.963 12、作用齿槽宽最小值EVmin:EVmin=0.5πm=1.963 13、实际齿槽宽最大值Emax: Emax=EVmin+(Τ+λ)=1.963+0.137=2.100, 其中Τ+λ查机械设计手册,为0.137 14、实际齿槽宽最小值Emin:Emin=EVmin+λ=1.963+0.048=2.011 其中λ值查机械设计手册,为0.048 15、作用齿槽宽最大值EVmax:EVmax=Emax-λ=2.100-0.048=2.052 16、外花键作用齿厚上偏差esV:查机械设计手册,为0 17、外花键大径基本尺寸Dee:Dee=m(Z+1)=1.25*(24+1)=31.25 18、外花键大径上偏差esV/tanαD:0 19、外花键大径公差:查机械设计手册,为0.16 20、外花键渐开线起始圆直径最大值DFemax: DFemax=2 =28.62 其中:Db=25.98 D=30 αD=30° hs=0.6m=0.6*1.25=0.75 esV/tanαD=0 21、外花键小径基本尺寸Die:Die=m(Z-1.5)=28.125 22、外花键小径上偏差esV/tanαD:0 23、外花键小径公差:IT12-14。选IT12,公差值0.21 24、基本齿厚S:S=0.5πm=0.5π*1.25=1.963 25、作用齿厚最大值SVmax: SVmax=S+esV=1.963+0=1.963 26、实际齿厚最小值Smin: Smin=SVmax-(Τ+λ)=1.963-0.137=1.826 27、实际齿厚最大值Smax:Smax=SVmax-λ=1.963-0.048=1.915 28、作用齿厚最小值SVmin:SVmin=Smin+λ=1.826+0.048=1.874 29、齿形裕度CF:CF=0.1m=0.1*1.25=0.125 30、渐开线花键齿根圆弧最小曲率半径Rimin、Remin:

花键标准

花键和轮齿 花键轴是一种具有一系列与轴成一体的平行键并和相应的切在轮毂或装配件上的键槽相配合的轴;这种分布与一根轴上装有一系列键槽或楔形键槽与开有很多槽的轴相配合的情形形成对比。后一种结构会在相当程度上减弱轴的强度,因为在轴上开很多槽会降低其传递扭矩的能力。 花键轴最常用的三种场合:1)用于无滑移地传递相对比较重的负荷的联轴器轴;2)用于传递动力的齿轮、滑轮和其它旋转设备,安装方式可以为滑移安装或固定式安装;3)对于要求在角度位置上要求有位移以计数或改变的附件。 具有直齿的花键应用于很多场合(见SAE装置中软拉削的平行花键);不过,渐开线花键的使用正得到稳步的推广,原因有:1)渐开线花键比其它花键具有更大的传递扭矩的能力,2)它们可以用生产齿轮的相同技术和设备加工,3)尽管啮合件之间存在间隙,它们在负载状态下可以自动对中。 渐开线花键 美国国家标准渐开线花键*_这些花键或多键与渐开线内齿或外齿在成形方法上很相似。通常方法是通过滚削、轧制或成形加工方法来加工外花键,用拉削或成形方法来加工内花键。内花键作为基准尺寸,外花键根据配合的需要而采取不同的公差。基本渐开线花键具有最大的强度,可以被准确地分开和自定心,这样可以高速轴承和应力,并且它们可以被准确测量和装配。 在美国国家标准ANSI B92.1-1970 (R1993),保留了许多1960版标准中的特征,加上增加的三个精度等级,总计有4个精度等级。“渐开线轮齿”这一术语,以前应用于45度压力角,已被删除,本标准现在共有30度、37.5度、45度压力角的渐开线花键。这些渐开线花键的有关表格已作相应的排列。“轮齿”这一术语不再应用本标准覆盖的花键中。 对于所有齿侧配合形式,本标准只有一种配合等级,就是以前的等级2。等级1配合由于不常使用已被删除。平齿根齿侧配合花键的大径已修改,并应用了一种覆盖了1950年和1960年版标准的公差。以往标准中制定的互换性公差在后面“互换性“一节中给出。 对于大径配合一节,没有公差或本配合的修改。 本标准承认了相配合花键的正确装配是仅仅依赖于花键从齿顶到渐开线基园的所有尺寸都在有效规范内。因此,对于齿侧配合花键,现在内花键的大径作为最大极限尺寸,外花键的小径丙在作为最小极限尺寸,最小内花键大径和最大外花键小径必须明确指定的基园直径,这样就不需要附加的控制了。 现有的花键规范表包括了更多的公差等级的选择。这些公差分级为适应最终产品需要而增加了更多的选择。这些选择仅仅在齿厚和齿侧间隙上有区别。 使用于ASA B5.15-1960的公差等级作为基础,现在被指定为等级5。新公差等级以下列公式为基础: 等级4=等级5*0.71 等级6=等级5*1.40 等级7=等级5*2.00 本标准上所有列出的尺寸都是用于完工零件。在选择制造精度时,必须考虑热处理等工序的补偿量。 本标准对于所有公差等级,内花键的最小作用齿槽厚和外花键的最大作用齿厚相同。本标准有两种配合形式。对于齿侧配合,最小作用齿槽尺寸和最大作用齿厚值相同。使得花键在装配时具有互换性的根本原因是它们在制造时不考虑单个花键的公差等级。这样,就允许将不同公差等级的内外花键相配合,这样的优点在于一个配合件的制造难度将明显地小于另一个相配件,两件的平均公差就是设计需要的公差。例如,一个配合件的公差为5级而其相配件

渐开线花键完整计算

渐开线花键完整计算 渐开线齿轮具有传动的准确性与平稳性,渐开线花键具有自动定心好与传动扭矩大等优点,因此被广泛应用在机械传动、连接零件及其成形加工刀具的设计与制造。渐开线花键拉刀结构见图1,其每一部分的结构参数计算都需要进行复杂的刀具设计以及相关标准和工艺知识库查询、结构参数计算以及手工绘制AutoCAD图纸等工作。传统的手工渐开线花键拉刀设计过程繁琐,需查找大量数据,一项渐开线花键拉刀的设计工作至少需要4-5个工作日,设计效率低且容易出错。因此,需要使用新的设计方法来提升设计效率。 1 软件设计 (1)设计方案 采用相应设计软件,设计人员只需通过计算机界面,从键盘输入渐开线花键拉刀设计的初始条件及技术要求,计算机将自动完成渐开线花键拉刀结构设计及其结构参数计算、渐开线齿形坐标计算,并应用VB 程序驱动AutoCAD自动绘制出完整的渐开线花键拉刀图纸。拉刀设计流程见图2。 采用软件设计的步骤如下:①渐开线花键拉刀设计开始;②输入渐开线花键拉刀设计要求及数据;③渐开线花键拉刀结构设计;④渐开线花键拉刀参数计算;⑤渐开线花键拉刀齿形坐标计算;⑥渐开线花键拉刀图纸设计;⑦AutoCAD格式渐开线花键拉刀图纸生成;⑧渐开线

花键拉刀图纸存储或打印;⑨渐开线花键拉刀设计结束。 (2) 渐开线花键拉刀结构参数计算与设计 ①输入渐开线花键拉刀设计初始条件 渐开线花键拉刀设计的初始条件包括:拉刀模数、花键的齿数、分度圆压力角、花键的内径、花键的外径、分度圆弧齿厚(或理论根圆弧齿厚)、槽底圆弧半径、拉削前孔径、拉削长度、零件材料、零件材料的硬度、拉床型号。 ②渐开线花键拉刀结构设计

渐开线花键的计算

日产汽车类渐开线花键的计算 1985年以来我港从日本引进了多种类型的高效流动机械,在进口机械的维修和配件制造工作中,经常遇到渐开线花键的测绘工作。由于缺乏这方面的技术标准和资料,给测绘工作造成很大困难。为了解决这一难题,下面扼要介绍JISD2001日本汽车工业用渐开线标准的内容,供从事这一领域工作的技术人员参考。 一、基本参数和计算方法 1.基本参数(1)模数m:采用以下三个系列共15种模数(单位:毫米) (2)齿数Z:从6到40个(3)位移量x和压力角α:位移量X一般为0.8m,极少采用0.6m,0.633m,0.9m,0.967m。分度圆上的压力角α通常为20°。(4)基本齿形: 图1所示为花键轴的基本齿形 2.基本计算公式(1)公称直径:当x=0.8时,d=(Z+2)m当x≠0.8时,d=(Z +2x+0.4)m(2)孔的外径:①齿形定心和插孔时,D1=d+0.3m②齿形定心拉孔和外径定心时D2=d(3)轴的外径:①齿形定心时,d1=d-0.2m②外径定心时,d2=d(4)孔的内径:Dk=d-2m,(5)轴的内径:dr=d-2.4m,(6)分度圆直径: do=zm,(7)分度圆上的压力角:αo=20°(8)基圆直径:dj=docosα。(9)周节:to=πm.(10)基节:tj=tocosα。式中:α′1——轴用量棒中心压力角。U——测轴跨棒距用量棒直径。见图2②孔的跨棒距尺寸a1——孔用量棒中心压力角。式中:V——测孔跨棒距用量棒直径,见图2,u和V数值从表1可查得。图2中:V1——量棒削去后的尺寸,V1可从表1中查出。当m=1时的跨棒距可从表1中直接查得,将该数值乘以模数即是量值的公称尺寸。 (16)当x≠0.8时的跨棒距及有关数值从表2中查得。表2代号M′2,M′1,dP2,dV2和dP1见图3 注:带*者量棒直径用1.8667mm。n,K1与K2与模数无关。 3.定心方式、公差与配合(1)定心方式有齿形定心和外径定心两种。(2)配合种类分以下四种配合 ①自由配合,即有间隙配合。②滑动配合,一般为有较小间隙配合,也可能有较小过盈出现。③固定配合,一般有较小过盈,也可能有较小间隙。④压入配合:必有过盈,但外径定心不采用此种配合。以上四种配合是通过改变花键轴的尺寸实现的。配合级别根据定心方式和配合种类可从表3中查得。 (3)公差公差是借用日本圆柱齿轮公差标准(JISBO401)的符号及数值,直径公差见表4

渐开线花键的参数标注

渐开线花键的参数标注 (1)在零件图样上,应给出制造花键时所需的全部尺寸、公差和参数,列出参数表,表中应给出齿数、模数、压力角、公差等级和配合类别、渐开线终止圆直径最小值或渐开线起始圆直径最大值、齿根圆弧最小径及其偏差、M值和W值等项目。必要时画出齿形放大图。(2)花键的检验方法见GB/。其中对花键的齿槽宽和齿厚规定了三种综合检验法和一种单项检验法(详见GB/),花键的参数标注于采取检验方法有关。 (3)在有关图样和技术文件中,需要标记时,应符合如下规定: 内花键:INT 外花键:EXT 花键副:INT/EXT 齿数:z(前面加齿数值) 模数:m(前面加模数值) 30°平齿根:30P 30°圆齿根:30R °圆齿根: 45°圆齿根:45 45°直线齿形圆齿根:45ST 公差等级:4、5、6或7 配合类别:H(内花键);k、js、h、f、e或d(外花键) 标准号:GB/—1995 标记示例: ①花键副,齿数24,模数,30°圆齿根,公差等级为5级,配合类别为H/h,标记为: 花键副:INT/EXT 24z××30R×5H/5h GB/T —1995 内花键:INT 24z××30R×5H GB/T —1995 外花键:EXT 24z××30R×5h GB/T —1995 ②花键副,齿数24,模数,内花键为30°平齿根,公差等级为6级,外花键为30°圆齿根,公差等级为5级,配合类别为H/h,标记为: 花键副:INT/EXT 24z××30P/R×6H/5h GB/T —1995 内花键:INT 24z××30P×6H GB/T —1995 外花键:EXT 24z××30R×5h GB/T —1995 ③花键副,齿数24,模数,°圆齿根,公差等级为6级,配合类别为H/h,标记为: 花键副:INT/EXT 24z×××6H/6h GB/T —1995 内花键:INT 24z×××6H GB/T —1995 外花键:EXT 24z×××6h GB/T —1995 ④花键副,齿数24,模数,45°圆齿根,内花键公差等级为6级,外花键公差等级为7级,配合类别为H/h,标记为: 花键副:INT/EXT 24z××45×6H/7h GB/T —1995 内花键:INT 24z××45×6H GB/T —1995 外花键:EXT 24z××45×7h GB/T —1995 ⑤花键副,齿数24,模数,内花键为45°直线齿形圆齿根,公差等级为6级,外花键为45°渐开线齿形圆齿根,公差等级为7级,配合类别为H/h,标记为: 花键副:INT/EXT 24z××45ST×6H/7h GB/T —1995 内花键:INT 24z××45ST×6H GB/T —1995 外花键:EXT 24z××45ST×7h GB/T —1995

30°渐开线花键的设计计算(实例计算)

30°渐开线花键的设计计算 机械产品设计2010-10-27 12:50:56 阅读20 评论0 字号:大中小订阅 30°渐开线花键的设 30°渐开线花键的设计计算 2010-07-22 16:29 已知: m=1.25 Z=24 αD=30° 1、分度圆直径D: D=mZ=1.25*24=30 2、基圆直径Db: Db=mZCOSαD=1.25*24*cos30=25.98 3、齿距p: p=πm=1.25π=3.927 4、内花键大径基本尺寸Dei: Dei=m(Z+1.5)=1.25*(24+1.5)=31.875 5、内花键大径下偏差: 0 6、内花键大径公差:IT12-14,取IT12,公差值0.25 7、内花键渐开线终止圆直径最小值DFimin: DFimin=m(Z+1)+2CF=1.25*(24+1)+2*0.125=31.5 8、内花键小径基本尺寸Dii: Dii=DFemax+2CF=28.62+2*0.125=28.87 9、内花键小径极限偏差:查机械设计手册,为 10、基本齿槽宽E: E=0.5πm=0.5*π*1.25=1.963 11、作用齿槽宽EV: EV=0.5πm=1.963 12、作用齿槽宽最小值EVmin: EVmin=0.5πm=1.963 13、实际齿槽宽最大值Emax: Emax=EVmin+(Τ+λ)=1.963+0.137=2.100, 其中Τ+λ查机械设计手册,为0.137 14、实际齿槽宽最小值Emin: Emin=EVmin+λ=1.963+0.048=2.011 其中λ值查机械设计手册,为0.048 15、作用齿槽宽最大值EVmax: EVmax=Emax-λ=2.100-0.048=2.052 16、外花键作用齿厚上偏差esV:查机械设计手册,为0 17、外花键大径基本尺寸Dee:Dee=m(Z+1)=1.25*(24+1)=31.25 18、外花键大径上偏差esV/tanαD: 0 19、外花键大径公差:查机械设计手册,为0.16 20、外花键渐开线起始圆直径最大值DFemax= mz/2*√3+(1-4.8/z)*(1-4.8/z) DFemax=2 =28.62 其中:Db=25.98 D=30αD=30° hs=0.6m=0.6*1.25=0.75 esV/tanαD=0 21、外花键小径基本尺寸Die: Die=m(Z-1.5)=28.125 22、外花键小径上偏差esV/tanαD:0 23、外花键小径公差:IT12-14。选IT12,公差值0.21 24、基本齿厚S:S=0.5πm=0.5π*1.25=1.963 25、作用齿厚最大值SVmax: SVmax=S+esV=1.963+0=1.963

渐开线花键完整计算

渐开线花键完整计算 1、模数是径节制的Dp24,换算公式是25.4÷24≈1.0583。 2、棒间距是用量棒直径和分度圆齿槽宽根据公式算出来的。计算公式可参考国标。棒间距的计算公式是由几何学决定的,美标德标都一样。在量棒直径的选择上各个标准可能会有差异。 3、标准齿形定义为在分度圆上齿厚和齿槽宽相等,而分度圆直径定义为模数×齿数。分度圆周长=mzπ=2zE,所以E=mπ÷2=1.0583×π÷2≈1.6624,而图里面的齿槽宽比标准的大不少,所以图里的花键不是标准的齿形,也就是说是带变位系数的,也就是说实际上分度圆不是等分齿距的,内花键的齿槽宽是大于内花键的齿厚的。所以图里真实的齿槽宽需要根据棒间距和量棒直径逆推算。 4、实际齿槽宽就是根据棒间距的实际测量值逆推算出来的,最大最小实际齿槽宽分别对应着棒间距的最大最小值。作用齿槽宽是考虑到花键的几何公差后的最大实体边界对应的齿槽宽。花键加工过程中,齿距会有误差,24个齿就对应有24个齿距,都可能会有误差;齿形会有误差,齿形也叫齿廓就是那条渐开线,几何上是一条平滑的曲线,但现实中是锯齿状凹凸不平的;齿向会有误差,齿向误差也叫螺旋线误差,就是看齿宽两侧渐开线对应的点在齿面上画过去的线是平的还是鼓的,还是左歪还是右歪。以上3种误差的存在,会造成内花键的实体边界不在几何学上的位置上。内外花键配合实际上是广义的轴孔配合,公差原则也是存在的,基本上等于采用包容原则。 5、大小径在几何上的约束没那么多。大径不超出齿廓两侧渐开线的交点,小径不小于基圆,然后配对的内外花键大小径之

间互相留点间隙,在几何上就不会有什么干涉。但在受力上,小径要根据外花键的齿根强度取舍。一般只要不根切问题都不大。如果需要标准背书,大小径也可以按照标准给的比例系数确定。6、题主的图挺像我一客户的风格,都是参数栏放图纸左下角,参数栏也不给齿形齿向齿累公差,令人无法直观判断精度等级以及参数之间是否会有矛盾。如果再遇上热处理变形量随机,生产厂家那就要焦头烂额了。

渐开线花键计算说明

基于GB/T17855-1999 方法的端面花键齿承载能力计算1. 术语、代号及说明

2. 计算(渐开线花键) 2.1 名义切向力Ft Ft=2000 × T/D 本例:Ft=2000×T÷19.098=104.72T N 2.2 单位载荷W W=Ft/z ×l ×cos αD 本例:W=104.72T/24×25×cos34 °=0.2105T N/mm 2.3 系数 (1)使用系数K1 (2)齿侧间隙系数K2 当花键副的受力状态如图 1 所示时,渐开线花键或矩形花键的各键齿上所受的载荷大小,除取决于键齿弹性变形大小外,还取决于花键副的侧隙大小。在压轴力的作用下,随着侧隙的变化(一半圆周间隙增大,另一半圆周间隙减小),内花键与外花键的两轴线将出现一个相对位移量e0。其位移量e0 的大小与花键的作用侧隙(间隙)大小和制造精度高低等因素有关。产生位移后,使载荷分布在较少的键齿上(对渐开线花键失去了自动定心的作用),因而影响花键的承载能力。此影响用齿 侧间隙系数K2 予以考虑. 通常K2 =1.1 ~3.0 。 当压轴力较小、花键副的精度较高时,可取K2=1.1 ~1.5; 当压轴力较大、花键副的精度较低时,可取K2=2.0~3.0; 当压轴力为零、只承受转矩时,K2=1.0 。

图 1 只承受压轴力F、无转矩T,内外花键的位置 (3)分配系数K3 花键副的内花键和外花键的两轴线在同轴状态下,由于其齿距累积误差(分 度误差)的影响,使花键副的理论侧隙(单齿侧隙)不同,各键齿所受载荷也不同。 这种影响用分配系数K3 予以考虑。对于磨合前的花键副,当精度较高时(按GB/T 1144 标准为精密级的矩形花键或精度等级按GB/T3478.1 标准为5 级或高于5级时),K3=1.1 ~1.2; 当精度较低时(按GB/Tll44 标准为一般用的矩形花键或精度等级按GB/T3478.1 标准低于 5 级时),K3= 1.3 ~1.6 。对于磨合后的花键副,各键齿均参与工作,且受载荷基本相同时,取K3=1.0 。 (4)轴向偏载系数K4 由于花键副在制造时产生的齿向误差和安装后的同轴度误差,以及受载后的扭转变形,使各键齿沿轴向所受载荷不均匀。用轴向偏载系数K4 予以考虑。其值可从表3 中选取。 对于磨合后的花键副,各键齿沿轴向载荷分布基本相同时,可取K4=1.0 。当花键的精度较高和分度圆直径D或平均圆直径dm 较小时,表 3 中的轴向偏载系数K4 取较小值,反之取较大值。 本例:假设K1=1.25 、K2=1.2 、K3=1.3 、K4=1.2 2.4 承载能力计算 (1)齿面接触强度计算

JIS D2001-1959 汽车用渐开线花键(中文版)

w w w . b z f x w .c o m 日产汽车类渐开线花键的计算 1985年以来我港从日本引进了多种类型的高效流动机械,在进口机械的维修和配件制造工作中,经常遇到渐开线花键的测绘工作。由于缺乏这方面的技术标准和资料,给测绘工作造成很大困难。为了解决这一难题,下面扼要介绍JISD2001日本汽车工业用渐开线标准的内容,供从事这一领域工作的技术人员参考。 一、基本参数和计算方法 1.基本参数 (1)模数m:采用以下三个系列共15种模数(单位:毫米) (2)齿数Z:从6到40个 (3)位移量x 和压力角α:位移量X 一般为0.8m ,极少采用0.6m ,0.633m ,0.9m ,0.967m 。分度圆上的压力角α通常为20°。 (4)基本齿形:图1所示为花键轴的基本齿形

w w w . b z f x w .c o m 2.基本计算公式 (1)公称直径:当x=0.8时, d=(Z+2)m 当x ≠0.8时,d=(Z+2x+0.4)m (2)孔的外径:①齿形定心和插孔时, D 1=d+0.3m ②齿形定心拉孔和外径定心时D 2=d (3)轴的外径:①齿形定心时,d 1=d-0.2m ②外径定心时,d 2=d (4)孔的内径:D k =d-2m , (5)轴的内径:dr=d-2.4m , (6)分度圆直径:d o =zm , (7)分度圆上的压力角:αo =20° (8)基圆直径:d j =d o cos α。 (9)周节:t o =πm. (10)基节:t j =t o cos α。

w w w . b z f x w .c o m 式中:α′1——轴用量棒中心压力角。 U——测轴跨棒距用量棒直径。 见图2 ②孔的跨棒距尺寸 a 1——孔用量棒中心压力角。 式中:V——测孔跨棒距用量棒直径,见图2,u 和V 数值从表1可查得。

渐开线花键参数标注

渐开线内(外)花键参数标注参考资料 在审查产品设计图纸的过程中,发现每位设计师对渐开线花键参数和检验方法的理解不同,在产品设计中采用的标注方法也有所不同,而且有一些不正确的地方。为此,在现行的渐开线花键参数表的基础上,参考了渐开线花键标准应用手册,编写了《渐开线内(外)花键参数在产品图中标注参考资料》。既能为设计师们在标注渐开线花键参数时提供方便,又能使在产品图纸中对渐开线花键参数的标注方法取得一致。不过,“下马伊始”就乱讲,难免错误和不当,请提宝贵意见。 在产品图纸中标注渐开线花键参数的建议: 1.由于渐开线内花键和外花键的有些参数在标注内容上有较大的区别,故建议在标 注内花键或外花键时使用两种不同的表格。 2.渐开线内(外)花键参数表的边框也采用细实线,与尺寸界限和尺寸线使用相同的线型。 3.对于内花键: 小径Dii的尺寸及其偏差标注在图形上; 大径Dei(当大径定心时除外)、分度圆直径D和齿根圆弧最小曲率半径Rimin等的尺寸标注在内花键参数表中,其偏差不必标注,由工艺保证。 4.内花键小径Dii的极限偏差(非定心直径时) 摘自GB/T 3478.1—1995 内花键小径Dii的偏差单位:μm 模数 m 0.25~0.75 1.00~1.75 2.00~10.00 直径Dii mm H10 H11 H12 >6~10 +58 +90 >10~18 +70 +110 +180 >18~30 +84 +130 +210 >30~50 +100 +160 +250 >50~80 +120 +190 +300 >80~120 +220 +350 >120~180 +250 +400

渐开线花键计算说明书

基于GB/T17855-1999方法的端面花键齿承载能力计算1.术语、代号及说明

2.计算(渐开线花键) 2.1名义切向力 本例: N 2.2单位载荷 本例:=0.2105T N/mm 2.3系数 (1)使用系数

(2)齿侧间隙系数 当花键副的受力状态如图1所示时,渐开线花键或矩形花键的各键齿上所受的载荷大小,除取决于键齿弹性变形大小外,还取决于花键副的侧隙大小。在压轴力的作用下,随着侧隙的变化(一半圆周间隙增大,另一半圆周间隙减小),花 键与外花键的两轴线将出现一个相对位移量。其位移量的大小与花键的作用侧隙(间隙)大小和制造精度高低等因素有关。产生位移后,使载荷分布在较少的键齿上(对渐开线花键失去了自动定心的作用),因而影响花键的承载能力。此影响用齿侧间隙系数予以考虑.通常=1.1~3.0。 当压轴力较小、花键副的精度较高时,可取=1.1~1.5;当压轴力较大、 花键副的精度较低时,可取=2.0~3.0;当压轴力为零、只承受转矩时,=1.0。 图1 只承受压轴力F、无转矩T,外花键的位置(3)分配系数

花键副的花键和外花键的两轴线在同轴状态下,由于其齿距累积误差(分度误差)的影响,使花键副的理论侧隙(单齿侧隙)不同,各键齿所受载荷也不同。 这种影响用分配系数予以考虑。对于磨合前的花键副,当精度较高时(按GB/T 1144标准为精密级的矩形花键或精度等级按GB/T3478.1标准为5级或高于5级时),=1.1~1.2;当精度较低时(按GB/Tll44标准为一般用的矩形花键或精度等级按GB/T3478.1标准低于5级时), 1.3~1.6。对于磨合后的花键副,各键齿均参与工作,且受载荷基本相同时,取=1.0。 (4)轴向偏载系数 由于花键副在制造时产生的齿向误差和安装后的同轴度误差,以及受载后的扭转变形,使各键齿沿轴向所受载荷不均匀。用轴向偏载系数予以考虑。其值可从表3中选取。 对于磨合后的花键副,各键齿沿轴向载荷分布基本相同时,可取=1.0。 当花键的精度较高和分度圆直径D或平均圆直径较小时,表3中的轴向偏载系数取较小值,反之取较大值。

渐开线花键完整计算

齿数Z / 44模数M / 2压力角ao30花键组合长度lmm32外花键外径deemm90外花键短径模具mm84.4内花键短径diimm86根圆角半径ρmm0.8渐开线起始圆直径dfemm85.7工作齿高度h wmm2全齿高度hmm2.8弦齿厚度sfnmm4.297319输入扭矩tn.m11458.8材料抗拉强度σbmpa980材料屈服强度σsma835安全系数SH / 1.25齿根弯曲强度安全系数SF / 1服务系数K1 / 1.25齿隙系数K2 / 1.1分配系数K3 / 1.1轴向偏心载荷系数K4 / 1.5应力转换系数K / 0.15齿磨损允许的压应力σh1mpa10齿磨损允许的压应力σh2mpa9.4弯矩mbn.m0作用直径dhmm85 .18773应力集中系数αTN / 2.238703公称切向力ftn260427.3单位载荷wn / mm213.5764剪应力τ渐开线花键如下:tnmpa94.401321,齿面的允许接触强度[σH] mpa294.4353σhmpa106.78822,齿根的允许弯曲强度[σF] mpa431.9559计算渐开线花键的承载力1.花键对的基本参数,齿表面压应力(计算值),2。工作条件参数3,检查结果σfmpa168.26663,齿根的容许剪切强度[τF] mpa215.978,τfmaxmpa211.33654外部花键的抗扭强度(允许值)[σv] mpa368.0441σvmpa163.5079齿表面摩擦的允许压应力[σH1] mpa110σhmpa106.7882齿表面摩擦的允

许压应力[σH2] mpa9 .4σhmpa106.7882b,花键对的耐磨性很长,并且齿表面的压应力(计算值)不符合要求。5当花键对工作108个周期时,齿面的压应力(计算值)满足要求。齿根的最大剪切应力(计算值)满足要求。等效应力(计算值)满足要求。弯曲应力(计算值)满足淬火和回火淬火淬火95110135170185185205碳钢化碳碳化碳化碳化碳化碳化碳钢化碳镍铁合金的三重淬火0.36363636364≤1.0> 1.0-1.5> 1.5-2.2.1.1-1.31.2-1.1.3-1.1.2-1.1.2-1.1.2 -1.1.2-1.3-1.71.6-2.41.7-2.91.4-2.91.8-2.81.9-3.51.5-2.12.0-3-3.22.1-4.11.11.2-1.61.3-2.11 .1 1.4.4.4- 2.11.4-2.4-2.1.2-1.1.1.1.1.1.- 2.41.3-1.81.5-2.51.6- 3.01.4-2.01.7-2.91.8-3.61.5- 2.21.9- 3.32.0- 4.21.6-2.42.1-3.62.2-4.81.3-2.01.4-2.81.5-3.41.4-2.21.6-3.21.7-屈服强度[σS] 83578535545抗拉强度[σb] 1080980600,材料的机械性能等级机械性能等级20ccrmnti40cr> 30-50> 50-80> 80-120> 120机械性能等级20ccrmnti40cr> 30-50> 50-80> 80-120> 120系列或模数/ mm平均圆直径DM灯系列或m≤2≤30> 30> 30> 50> 50> 50> 50> 50-120> 120> 120或模量/ mm平均圆直径DM灯系列或m ≤2≤30> 30> 30> 50> 50> 50>

渐开线花键的设计计算

30°渐开线花键的设计计算 已知: m=1.25 Z=24 αD=30° 1、分度圆直径D: D=mZ=1.25*24=30 2、基圆直径D b: D b=mZCOSαD=1.25*24*cos30=25.98 3、齿距p: p=πm=1.25π=3.927 4、内花键大径基本尺寸D ei: D ei=m(Z+1.5)=1.25*(24+1.5)=31.875 5、内花键大径下偏差: 0 6、内花键大径公差:IT12-14,取IT12,公差值0.25 7、内花键渐开线终止圆直径最小值D Fimin: D Fimin=m(Z+1)+2C F=1.25*(24+1)+2*0.125=31.5 8、内花键小径基本尺寸D ii: Dii=D Femax+2CF=28.62+2*0.125=28.87 9、内花键小径极限偏差:查机械设计手册,为 10、基本齿槽宽E: E=0.5πm=0.5*π*1.25=1.963 11、作用齿槽宽E V: E V=0.5πm=1.963 12、作用齿槽宽最小值E Vmin: E Vmin=0.5πm=1.963 13、实际齿槽宽最大值E max: E max=E Vmin+(Τ+λ)=1.963+0.137=2.100, 其中Τ+λ查机械设计手册,为0.137 14、实际齿槽宽最小值E min: E min=E Vmin+λ=1.963+0.048=2.011 其中λ值查机械设计手册,为0.048 15、作用齿槽宽最大值E Vmax: E Vmax=E max-λ=2.100-0.048=2.052 16、外花键作用齿厚上偏差es V:查机械设计手册,为0 17、外花键大径基本尺寸D ee:D ee=m(Z+1)=1.25*(24+1)=31.25 18、外花键大径上偏差es V/tanαD: 0 19、外花键大径公差:查机械设计手册,为0.16 20、外花键渐开线起始圆直径最大值D Femax:

渐开线花键计算公式

渐开线花键计算公式 30°平齿根花键计算书第1页 模数m = 3 齿数z = 15 标准压力角αD = 30° 配合代号:H7/h7 分度圆直径D = m×z = 45 基圆直径Db = m×z×cos(αD) = 38.9711 周节p = π×m = 9.42477796076937 内花键大径Dei = m×(z+1.5) = 49.5 外花键作用齿厚上偏差esv = 0 (根据<<机械传动设计手册>>1463页表9-1-49或由公差代号计算) 外花键渐开线起始圆直径最大值: DFemax = 2×((0.5Db)^2+(0.5Dsin(αD)-(hs-0.5esv/tan(αD))/sin(αD))^2)^0.5 = 41.8669 (其中hs = 0.6m = 1.8) 内花键小径Dii = DFemax+2CF) = 42.47 (其中CF = 0.1m = .3) 内花键基本齿槽宽E = 0.5πm = 4.71238898 外花键基本齿厚S = 0.5πm = 4.71238898 内花键: 内花键总公差T+λ= 40i*+160i** = 179 其中i* = 0.45(D)^(1/3) + 0.001D (D = (30×50)^0.5 = 38.7298334620742) i** = 0.45(E)^(1/3) + 0.001E (E = (3×6)^0.5 = 4.24264068711928) 周节累积公差Fp = 7.1(L)^0.5 + 18 = .078 其中分度圆周长之半L = πmz/2 = 70.6858347057703 齿形公差ff = 6.3ψf + 40 = .062 其中公差因数ψf = m + 0.0125D = 3.48412291827593 齿向公差Fβ= 2.0×(g)^0.5 + 10 = .023 其中花键长度g = 40 综合公差λ= 0.6((Fp)^2 + (ff)^2 + (Fβ)^2)^0.5 = .061 作用齿槽宽最小值Evmin = 0.5πm = 4.712 实际齿槽宽最大值Emax = Evmin + (T+λ) = 4.891 实际齿槽宽最小值Emin = Evmin + λ=4.773 作用齿槽宽最大值Evmax = Emax - λ= 4.83 外花键: 外花键大径Dee = m×(z + 1) = 48 外花键小径Die = m×(z - 1.5) = 40.5 外花键总公差T+λ= 40i*+160i** = 179 其中i* = 0.45(D)^(1/3) + 0.001D (D = (30×50)^0.5 = 38.7298334620742)

JIS D 2001-1959 汽车用渐开线花键(中文版)

日产汽车类渐开线花键的计算 1985年以来我港从日本引进了多种类型的高效流动机械,在进口机械的维修和配件制造工作中,经常遇到渐开线花键的测绘工作。由于缺乏这方面的技术标准和资料,给测绘工作造 成很大困难。为了解决这一难题,下面扼要介绍JISD2001日本汽车工业用渐开线标准的内容,供从事这一领域工作的技术人员参考。 一、基本参数和计算方法 1.基本参数 (1)模数m:采用以下三个系列共15种模数(单位:毫米) (2)齿数Z:从6到40个 (3)位移量x 和压力角α:位移量X 一般为0.8m ,极少采用0.6m ,0.633m ,0.9m ,0.967m 。分度圆上的压力角α通常为20°。 (4)基本齿形:图1所示为花键轴的基本齿形 w w w . b a b a k e .n e t

2.基本计算公式 (1)公称直径:当x=0.8时, d=(Z+2)m 当x ≠0.8时,d=(Z+2x+0.4)m (2)孔的外径:①齿形定心和插孔时, D 1=d+0.3m ②齿形定心拉孔和外径定心时D 2=d (3)轴的外径:①齿形定心时,d 1=d-0.2m ②外径定心时,d 2=d (4)孔的内径:D k =d-2m , (5)轴的内径:dr=d-2.4m , (6)分度圆直径:d o =zm , (7)分度圆上的压力角:αo =20° (8)基圆直径:d j =d o cos α。 (9)周节:t o =πm. (10)基节:t j =t o cos α。 w w w . b a b a k e .n e t

式中:α′1——轴用量棒中心压力角。 U——测轴跨棒距用量棒直径。 见图2 ②孔的跨棒距尺寸 a 1——孔用量棒中心压力角。 式中:V——测孔跨棒距用量棒直径,见图2,u 和V 数值从表 1可查得。 w w w . b a b a k e . n e t

渐开线花键完整计算

齿数Z/44模数M/2压力角ao30花键组合长度lmm32外花键外径deemm90外花键短直径模具mm84.4内花键短直径diimm86齿根圆角半径ρmm0.8渐开线起始圆直径dfemm85.7工作齿高h wmm2全齿高hmm2.8弦齿厚度sfnmm4.297319输入扭矩tn.m11458.8材料抗拉强度σbmpa980材料屈服强度σsma835安全系数SH/1.25齿根弯曲强度安全系数SF/1使用系数K1/1.25齿隙系数K2/1.1分布系数K3/1.1轴向偏心载荷系数K4/1.5应力转换系数K/0.15齿面磨损许用压应力σh1mpa10轮齿磨耗许用压应力σh2mpa9.4弯矩mbn.m0作用直径dhmm85.18773应力集中系数αTN/2.238703名义切向力ftn260427.3单位载荷wn/mm213.5764剪应力τ渐开线花键为:tnmpa94.401321,齿面许用接触强度[σH]mpa294.4353σhmpa106.78822,齿根许用抗弯强度[σF]mpa431.9559计算渐开线花键1的承载能力。花键副的基本参数,齿面压应力(计算值),2。工况参数3,检验结果σfmpa168.26663,齿根许用抗剪强度[τF]mpa215.978,τfmaxmpa211.33654外花键抗扭强度(许用值)[σv]mpa368.0441σvmpa163.5079齿面摩擦许用压应力[σH1]mpa110σhmpa106.7882齿面摩擦许用压应力[σH2]mpa9.4σhmpa106.7882b,花键副

的耐磨性很长,齿面压应力(计算值)不符合要求。5花键副工作108周时,齿面压应力(计算值)符合要求。齿根最大剪应力(计算值)符合要求。等效应力(计算值)符合要求。碳合金渗碳和渗碳的计算值应满足渗碳温度为1851.1.361.361.361.1碳化温度大于1851.1.361.1碳化温度的要求。1.1.1.2-1.1.1.2-1.1.2-1.1.2-1.1.2-1.1.2-1.3-1.71.6.6-2.41 41.7.7-2.91.4-2.91.8-2.81.9-2.51.5-2.12.12.0-3-3.22.1.1-4.11.11.11.11.2.2-1.61.3-2.11.11.3-2. 11 11.4.4.4-2.11.11.4.4.4-2.4.4.4-2.4.4.4-2.2.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1 6-3.01.4-2.01.7-2.91.8-3.61.5-2.21.9-3.32.0-4.21.6-2.42.1-3.62.2-4.81.3-2.01.4-2.81.5-3.41.4-2.21.6-3.21.7-屈服强度[σS]83578535545抗拉强度[σb]1080980600,材料机械性能等级20ccrmnti40cr>30-50>50-80>80-120>120机械性能等级20ccrmnti40cr>30-50>50-80>80-120>120系列或模块/mm平均圆直径DM灯系列或m≤2≤30>30>50>50>50>50>50-120>120>120或模数/mm平均圆直径DM灯系列或m≤2≤30>30>30>50>50>50>50>80>80>120>120>120>120>K4系列或2

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