大学体验英语第三版课后翻译答案

1 1. 你愿意把你的经验和组里的其他人分享吗？(share sth with sb) Answer: Would you like to share your experience with the rest of the group? 2.

你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。(be proud of) Answer: If your

father were still alive, he would be very proud of you. 3. 她开车转弯上

了自家的车道 (driveway)，不料发现路已被堵塞 (block)。(only to) Answer:

She turned up the driveway, only to fi nd her way blocked. 4. 他没有告

诉任何人就走了，因为他不想卷入那件事。(get involved in) Answer: He went away without telling anyone, because he di dn’t want to get involved in

that matter. 5. 最终，产品的成功还是取决于高明的销售手段 (marketing)。(ultimately) Answer: Ultimately, the success of the product depends on good marketing.

1我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。(find... doing) Answer: I found myself having great interest in spoken English. 2. 驱车行驶在高速公路

上，我意识到近几年来，中国的公路系统发生了巨大的变化。(realize; enormous) Answer: Driving on the expressway, I realized that enormous changes had taken place in China's highway system in recent years. 3. 我简直不

敢相信他这么快就学会了操作计算机。(can hardly believe; work) Answer: I

can hardly believe that he has learned how to work a computer so quickly

/ in such a short time. 4. 三年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了：不到两

周我就要回国了。 (in less than) Answer: Three years have passed by and

the fi nal moment has come. / After three years, the time has come. In

less than two weeks, I will return home / go back to my country. 5. 许

多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要出国，而我却宁愿和家人一起呆在国内。

(can't wait) Answer: I know a lot of people who can't wait to

go abroad, but I prefer to stay with my family in my own country. 1.

我们急匆匆地赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚开走。(only to) Answer: We

hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. 2.

你和你哥哥都不是细心的人，你们两个都不能做这件需要细心和技巧的工作。(no more than) Answer: You are no more careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that nee ds care and skill. 3. 多一个人参会对会议安

排不会有什么影响。(make a difference) Answer: One more person wouldn’t make any difference to the meeting arrangements. 4. 他一直工作到昨天深

夜，或者更确切地说，是到今天凌晨。(rather) Answer: He worked till late

last night, or rather, early in the mornin g. 5. “还有其他一两本书也值得

一提，”教授给我们列了一个长长的参考书目后补充说。(worthy of)

Answer:“A couple of other books are also worthy of mention,” added the

2 professor after giving us a long list of reference books. 1. 并不

是我不喜欢那个工作

，而是我没有时间去做。(not that … but that) Answer: Not that I dislike that job, but that I have no time to do it. 2. 成功不是没有惧怕，而逆境也不是没有希望。(not ... without) Answer: Success is not without fear, and adversity is not without hope. 3. 如果你就想要一份工作，我可以给你提供。(if ... what) Answer: I could get you a job here

if that’s what you want. 4. 他们的钱花完了，不得不放弃这个项目。(run out) Answer: They ran out of money and had to abandon the project. 5.

直到1972年这个建设项目才最终结束。(It is not until ... that) Answer:

It was not until 1972 that the construction project finally came to an end. 1. 这钢琴有些不对劲，但是我无法说清楚。 (put one's finger on) Answer: Something is wrong with the piano, but I can't put my finger on what it is. 2.这条裤子不但太大，而且也与我的夹克不相配。(apart from) Answer: Apart from being too large, the trousers don't match my jacket, either. 3. 不论理由是什么，反正我喜欢流行音乐。 (whatever) Answer: I love pop music, for whatever reasons. 4. 他对外国文化怀有浓厚的兴趣，经常博览群书以寻找有用的信息。 (browse through) Answer: He has great interest in foreign cultures, often browsing through piles of books to look for any useful information. 5. 在是否要创办一个新社团的问题上，我们意见很不一致。(vary) Answer: Opinions on whether we should open up a new society vary a great deal. 1. 要去那座岛，除了搭船以外，别无他法。 (other than) Answer: You can't get to the island other than by boat. 2. 有些学生疯狂地迷恋流行音乐，而另外一些人则更喜欢经典音乐(classical)。 (while) Answer: Some students are crazy about pop music while others prefer classical music. 3. 传媒 (media) 在引领时尚方面正起着越来越重要的作用。 (play a ... role) Answer: The media are playing an increasingly important role in leading fashions and trends. 4. 我千方百计想弄到一张他新发行(issue)的唱片(album)，却未能如愿。(try every means) Answer: I tried every means to get a copy of his newly issued album, but failed. 5. 要是没有朋友的鼓励和帮助，我可能已经辍学了。 (If ... not / Without) Answer: Without the encouragement and help of my friends, I would have quit school. 1. 我已经把我的简历和附函传真给了那家公司，但

尚未收到回复。(résumé; cover letter; fax) Answer: I have faxed my

résumé and a cover letter to that company, but I haven’t received a reply yet. 2. 当别人遇到困难时，约翰会毫不犹豫地提供帮助。(not hesitate for a second) Answer: John will not hesitate for a second to offer help

when others are in trouble. 3. 我得承认我很想到国外工作和学习一段时间，

但我知道要拿到签证并不容易。(admit; abroad; visa) Answer: I have t

o admit that I desire very much to work or study abroad for some time but I know it is not easy to get a visa. 4. 他到伦

敦2年后才在一家国际银行找到一份工作。(It was not until ... that ...) Answer: It was not until 2 years after he arrived in London that he

found / took a job in an international bank. 5. 汤姆完成他的教学工作后，

在中国周游了2个月才回到美国的家。(travel throughout; before) Answer: After finishing his teaching, Tom traveled throughout China for 2 months before returning home in America. 1. 这是大学一年级新生第一次听美国教

授的讲座，他们在头20分钟里听不太懂他在说什么。(have trouble doing sth.) Answer: It was the first time for the freshmen to attend an American professor's lecture, and they had trouble understanding what he was talking about for the first twenty minutes. 2. 还剩10分钟，既然你已经

做完考题，也可以现在交卷。(now that) Answer: There are still ten

minutes left. Now that you have finished your test you may hand it in now. 3. 为了不伤害任何人的感情，他们花了近3个月的时间才作出最后决定。

(it took ... before) Answer: It took them nearly three months before they made their final decisions without hurting anybody's feelings. 4. 要赶上世界先进科学技术，中国大学生在毕业前至少应学好一门外语。(it is appropriate, keep up with) Answer: It is appropriate for Chinese

college students to learn at least one foreign language before they graduate so that they can keep up with the world advanced science and technology. 5. 史密斯先生是一个勤奋的电影导演，同时也是一个有责任心的父亲。(at the same time) Answer: Mr. Smith was a hard-working movie

director and at the same time he was a responsible father. 1. 这些观众

一定是错过了看他们的音乐演出，否则他们会给予高度评价的。(must have done, speak highly of) Answer: The audience must have missed their musical performance, or they would have spoken highly of it. 2. 尽管她远在他

乡，不知怎么她总能感觉到母亲的深切关怀。(somehow, sense) Answer: Somehow she could sense her mother’s deep concern though she was far away from home. 3. 这位接线员每天从家里到工作地点路上要花两个小时左右。(spend, or so) Answer: The operator had to spend two hours or so on her way from

her home to the workplace every day. 4. 他感激她的同情和理解，因为在当

时对他来说这意味着许多。(appreciate) Answer: He appreciated her

sympathy and understanding, which meant a lot to him during that time. 5. 她终于来到电话亭，投入硬币后便开始往巴黎拨打电话。(finally, dial) Answer: She finally arrived at a telephone booth and put in the coins

before dialing Paris. 1. 你电脑用得越熟练，你找到担任秘书工作的可能性就越大。(the more ... the more ...) Answer: The better yo

u can use a computer, the more likely you are to

find a job as a secretary. 2. 他喜欢通过电子邮件而不是通过电话和同事分

享信息。(share ... with; rather than) Answer: He likes to share information with his colleagues by email rather than by telephone. 3.

对美国人来说，生活在一个没有汽车的地方是不可思议的。(imagine doing) Answer: For Americans, it’s hard to imagine living in a place where there are no cars. 4. 一项调查显示，三成大学毕业生在毕业五年内买房靠父母。(depend on) Answer: A survey shows that thirty percent university graduates depend on their parents to buy an apartment within five years after graduation. 5. 这些日子他一直在忙于寻找有效的网址。(be involved in; seek out) Answer: These days he has been involved in seeking out effective websites. 1. 这些天老下雨，看起来就像春天似的。(look like) Answer: It looks like spring, because it keeps raining theses days. 2.

他们答应课后马上打扫教室卫生。(promise to do) Answer: They promised to do classroom cleaning as soon as the class was over. 3. 所有学生都被他献身教育事业的精神深深打动。(devotion to) Answer: All the students are deeply moved by his devotion to the cause of education. 4.人人都应当努

力工作，这一信念深深植根于我们的文化之中。(be ingrained in) Answer: The belief that everyone should work hard is ingrained in our culture. 5.警

察设法帮助这个小男孩联系上了他的父母。(get connected with) Answer: The police managed to help the little boy get connected with his parents. 1. 只有努力学习你才有可能大学毕业后谋取到一份理想的工作。(land) Answer: Only by studying diligently can you expect to land an ideal job after graduation from college. 2. 根据最近的一项调查，很少有年轻人愿意给家人

写信。(according to) Answer: According to a recent survey, few young people would like to write

5 letters to their family members. 3. 我们不应该经常想自己为别人做了什么，而应当记得别人为我们做了什么。(but instead, keep in mind) Answer: We shouldn’t often think what we have done for others, but instead we should keep in mind what the others have done for us. 4. 他急匆匆地要去机场，我还没来得及把那本英汉词典给他。(such ... that) Answer: He was in such a hurry to go to the airport that I did not have time to give him the English- Chinese dictionary. 5. 最重要的是她必须把自己的想法转化为

行动。(translate) Answer: The most important is that she should

translate her ideas into actions. 1. 这次贸易谈判非常成功，这对双方都有着特别大的好处。(be beneficial to) Answer: The trade negotiation is a

big success, which can be uniquely benefi cial to both parties. 2. 我们班的同学都以某种方式参加过学生会组织的活动。(involve, one way or a

nother) Answer: Our classmates have been involved, one way or another, in the activities organized by the Student Union. 3. 对一个没有受过高等教育的人来说，这是他能得到的最理想的工作之一。(available) Answer: It’s one of the most desirable jobs available to a man without higher education. 4. 从事科研工作能激发大学生的独立思考和有效学习的能力。(spur) Answer: Doing research can spur undergraduate students’ independent thinking and effective learning. 5. 学费每年都在上涨，这已成为贫困家庭学生很重的负担。(constitute, poverty-stricken) Answer: The cost of tuition continues to climb each year, which has constituted a heavy burden upon students from poverty-stricken areas. 1. 新时代要求劳动者要有创造性，而不是一味忠诚于雇主。(rather than) Answer: The new era calls for creativity among the work force, rather than just loyalty to the employer. 2. 这家海运公司于1952年白手起家，经过蓬勃发展，已经成了船运业的重点企业。(bloom ... into) Answer: The shipping company, starting with nothing in 1952, has bloomed into a leading enterprise in the shipping industry. 3. 海尔成功的关键之一在于 (lie in) 它有一套为全球所羡慕和仿效的管理体系。(emulate) Answer: Haier’s success lies in its management system that has been envied and emulated worldwide. 4. 这家合资企业制定了今年的目标，要将销售额提高50%。(establish) Answer: The joint venture has set a goal of increasing this year’s total sales by 50%. 5. 我曾多次尝试戒烟，但要彻底戒掉却很难。(for good) Answer: I’ve tried to stop smoking several times, but it’s really diffi cult for me to quit smoking for good.

学术英语 课文翻译

U8 A 1 在过去的30年里，作为一个专业的大提琴演奏家，我花了相当于整整20年时间在路上执行和学习音乐传统和文化。我的旅行使我相信在我们的全球化的世界中，文化传统来自于一个身份、社会稳定和富有同情心的互动的基本框架。 2 世界在快速改变，正如我们一定会创造不稳定的文化，让人质疑他们的地方。全球化使我们服从于别人的规则，这往往会威胁到个人的身份。这自然使我们紧张，因为这些规则要求我们改变传统习惯。所以如今全球领导者的关键问题是：如何使习惯和文化发展到融入更大的行星，同时不必牺牲鲜明特色和个人的骄傲？ 3 我的音乐旅程提醒了我，全球化带来的相互作用不只是摧毁文化；他们能够创造新的文化，生机，传播存在已久的传统。这不像生态“边缘效应”，它是用来描述两个不同的生态系统相遇发生了什么，例如，森林和草原。在这个接口，那里是最小密度和生命形式的最大的多样性，每种生物都可以从这两个生态系统的核心作画。有时最有趣的事情发生在边缘。在交叉口可以显示意想不到的连接。 4 文化是一个由世界每个角落的礼物组成的织物。发现世界的一种方式是例如通过深入挖掘其传统。例如音乐方面，在任何的大提琴演奏家的曲目的核心是由巴赫大提琴组曲。每个组件的核心是一个称为萨拉班德舞曲的舞蹈动作。这种舞蹈起源于北非的柏柏尔人的音乐，它是一个缓慢的、性感的舞蹈。它后来出现在西班牙，在那里被禁止，因为它被认为是下流的。西班牙人把它带到了美洲，也去了法国，在那里成为一个优雅的舞蹈。在1720年，巴赫公司的萨拉班德在他的大提琴组曲运动。今天，我扮演巴赫，一个巴黎裔美国人的中国血统的音乐家。所以谁真正拥有的萨拉班德？每一种文化都采用了音乐，使其具有特定的内涵，但每一种文化都必须共享所有权：它属于我们所有人。 5 1998年，我从丝绸之路发现在数千年来从地中海和太平洋许多文化间观念的流动。当丝绸之路合奏团执行，我们试图把世界上大部分集中在一个阶段。它的成员是一个名家的同等团体，大师的生活传统是欧洲、阿拉伯、阿塞拜疆、亚美尼亚、波斯、俄罗斯、中亚、印度、蒙古、中国、韩国或日本。他们都慷慨地分享他们的知识，并好奇和渴望学习其他形式的表达。 6 在过去的几年里，我们发现每一个传统都是成功的发明的结果。确保传统的生存的一个最好的方法是由有机进化，目前利用我们所有可用的工具。通过录音和电影；通过驻在博物馆、大学、设计学校和城市；通过表演从教室到体育场，合奏的音乐家，包括我自己，学习有用的技能。回到家中，我们和其他人分享这些技能，确保我们的传统在文化桌上有一席之地。 7 我们发现，在本国执行传统出口的是国外激励从业者。最重要的是，我们对彼此的音乐发展出了激情，并建立了相互尊重、友谊和信任的纽带，每一次我们都在舞台上这都是可触及的。这种欢乐的互动是为了一个理想的共同的更大的目标：我们始终能够通过友好的对话解决任何分歧。我们相互开放，我们形成一个桥进入陌生的传统，驱逐往往伴随着变化和错位的恐惧。换句话说，当我们扩大我们看世界的镜头的时候，我们更好地了解自己，自己的生活和文化。我们与我们的小星球的遥远的行星有更多的共同分享，而不是我们意识到的。 8 发现这些共同的文化是很重要的，但不只是为了艺术的缘故。所以我们的许多城市，不仅是伦敦，纽约，东京，现在即使甚至是中小城市正在经历着移民潮。我们将如何吸取同化有自己独特的习惯的人群？移民不可避免地会导致抵抗和冲突，就像过去一样？有什么关于德国的土耳其人口的阿尔巴尼亚人在意大利，北非人在西班牙和法国？文化繁荣的引擎可以帮助我们找出如何集合可以和平融合，同时不牺牲个性身份。这不是政治正确性。它是关于对人而言什么是珍贵的承认，和每一个文化已经给予我们世界的礼物。

英语课后翻译答案新

U n i t1 1. 任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 2. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester. 3. 遵照医生的建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking. 4. 公园位于县城的正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town. 5. 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 1. 他们花了多年的时间寻找内心的平静，但是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success. 2. 这种新药的成功研制已经使许多疾病的治疗发生了根本性的变革。

大学体验英语 第三版 课后翻译答案

1 1. 你愿意把你的经验和组里的其他人分享吗？(share sth with sb) Answer: Would you like to share your experience with the rest of the group? 2. 你父亲如果还健在的话，他会为你骄傲的。(be proud of) Answer: If your father were still alive, he would be very proud of you. 3. 她开车转弯上 了自家的车道 (driveway)，不料发现路已被堵塞 (block)。(only to) Answer: She turned up the driveway, only to fi nd her way blocked. 4. 他没有告 诉任何人就走了，因为他不想卷入那件事。(get involved in) Answer: He went away without telling anyone, because he di dn’t want to get involved in that matter. 5. 最终，产品的成功还是取决于高明的销售手段 (marketing)。(ultimately) Answer: Ultimately, the success of the product depends on good marketing. 1我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。(find... doing) Answer: I found myself having great interest in spoken English. 2. 驱车行驶在高速公路 上，我意识到近几年来，中国的公路系统发生了巨大的变化。(realize; enormous) Answer: Driving on the expressway, I realized that enormous changes had taken place in China's highway system in recent years. 3. 我简直不 敢相信他这么快就学会了操作计算机。(can hardly believe; work) Answer: I can hardly believe that he has learned how to work a computer so quickly / in such a short time. 4. 三年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了：不到两 周我就要回国了。 (in less than) Answer: Three years have passed by and the fi nal moment has come. / After three years, the time has come. In less than two weeks, I will return home / go back to my country. 5. 许 多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要出国，而我却宁愿和家人一起呆在国内。 (can't wait) Answer: I know a lot of people who can't wait to go abroad, but I prefer to stay with my family in my own country. 1. 我们急匆匆地赶到火车站，结果发现火车刚刚开走。(only to) Answer: We hurried to the railway station, only to find the train had just left. 2. 你和你哥哥都不是细心的人，你们两个都不能做这件需要细心和技巧的工作。(no more than) Answer: You are no more careful than your brother. You two can’t do the work that nee ds care and skill. 3. 多一个人参会对会议安 排不会有什么影响。(make a difference) Answer: One more person wouldn’t make any difference to the meeting arrangements. 4. 他一直工作到昨天深 夜，或者更确切地说，是到今天凌晨。(rather) Answer: He worked till late last night, or rather, early in the mornin g. 5. “还有其他一两本书也值得 一提，”教授给我们列了一个长长的参考书目后补充说。(worthy of) Answer:“A couple of other books are also worthy of mention,” added the

大学体验英语3 答案(第三版)

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Unit1 1、任何年满18岁得人都有资格投票。(be eligible to, vote) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote、 2、每学期开学前，这些奖学金得申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for, scholarship) A form to apply for these scholarships is sent by the university to every student before the start of every semester、 3、遵照医生得建议，我决定戒烟。(on the advice of) On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking、 4、公园位于县城得正中央。(be located in) The park is located right in the center of town、 5、这所大学提供了我们所需得所有材料与设备。(facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire、 1、她们花了多年得时间寻找内心得平静，但就是收效甚微。(search for) They spent many years searching for peace of mind, but with little success、 2、这种新药得成功研制已经使许多疾病得治疗发生了根本性得变革。(revolutionize) The successful development of the new drug has revolutionized the treatment of many diseases、 3、由于这个国家得经济不景气，这家公司濒于破产。(on the edge of) The company is on the edge of bankruptcy due to the economic depression in the country、 4、大学毕业后她成为了一名护士。她认为护士这一职业可能很有发展前途。(rewarding) He became a nurse after college、He thought nursing could be a very rewarding career、 5、她像往常一样在文件上签了名。(just as) He signed his name on the paper just as he has always done it、 Unit2

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Unit 1 1. 随着职务的提升，他担负的责任也更大了。(take on) With his promotion, he has taken on greater responsibilities. 2.他感到没有必要再一次对约翰承担这样的责任了。(make a commitment) He felt he did not have to make such a commitment to John any more. 3.闲暇时玛丽喜欢外出购物，与她相反，露茜却喜欢待在家里看书。(as opposed to) Mary likes to go shopping in her spare time, as opposed to Lucy, who prefers to stay at home reading 4.说得好听一些，可以说他有抱负，用最糟糕的话来说，他是一个没有良心(conscience) 且没有资格的权力追求者。(at best, at worst) At best he 's ambitious, and at worst a power-seeker without conscience or qualifications. 5.我们已尽全力想说服他，但是却毫无进展。(strive, make no headway) We have striven to the full to convince him, but we have made no headway. 1.他似乎只有在打保龄球的时候才感觉到舒服。 It seems that the only time he felt good about himself was when he was bowling. 2.饭店员工是不收小费原则的唯一例外。 One exception to the “no-tipping rule” is the hotel staff. 3.很多年轻人在理论上知道怎么干，但当付诸实践时，就茫然无措了。 Many of these youngsters know the job in theory but they’re still wet behind the ears when it comes to putting it into practice. 4.今天，在顶级公关运营商中间存在着一种广泛的共识，认为法庭和媒体的对峙不能再继续下去。Today, there is widespread agreement among top PR operators that the stand-off between courts and the media can not continue. 5.对于每个人来说，有一点是确信的，睡眠不仅是必需的，而且睡眠有助于我们身心健康。 As for everyone, one thing is certain, not only do we have to sleep, but it is good for your mind and body as well. 倍数的翻译(Multiples) 常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少。 倍数的增加 1 n times +名词或+ that of ..., n times as ... as ... 或v + n times等可译成“是...的n倍”或“比...增加n–1倍”。 e.g. The output of cars this year is about three times as great as that of last year. 今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。(或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。) 2 n times +“增加”意义的比较级+ than ...可译成“净增加...或...倍”。 e.g. The irrigated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998. 这个辖区的灌溉面积是1998年的4倍。 3 “增加”意义的动词+ by ...可译成“增加了……”；“增加”意义的动词+ by a factor of ...可译成“增加了n–1倍”； 增加意义的动词+ to ... 可译成“增加到……或……倍”或“增加了n–1倍”。

大学体验英语综合3课后答案

大学体验英语综合3课后答案

大学体验英语-综合教程3 Unit1 Passage A Care for Our Mother Earth Read and think 3 1~5 BBCAD Read and complete 6 1.strategies 2.specific 3.consumers 4.released 5.trapped 6.consequence 7.was isolated 8.priority 9.convenience 10.elements Read and complete 7 1.transform 2.all the way 3.sit back 4.resulting from 5.share…with Read and translate 8

1.How did the war, which brought terrible disasters to mankind, impact on such a poet? 2.Mothers are sometimes blind to the faults of their beloved children, which will cause the children to make the same mistakes again. 3.As a new immigrant in this completely strange country, she always felt isolated. 4.Acting before thinking often results in failure, so we should think before we leap. 5.The time for talking has passed, we must take a positive action to protect our environment. Passage B Frog Story Read and think 12 1~5 DACAB Read and complete 13 1.subtle 2.were overtaken 3.species 4.decades 5.boundaries 6.audio

研究生学术英语课后习题答案

Unit 1英译汉：15 Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline. 发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。 In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline sho uld consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain ke y words or phrases to bolster your memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline a s brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible 在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。 汉译英： 当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。 Before you deliver an academic speech, firstly you should get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.