中南大学研究生第二版(下)英语课后翻译
The prose of learning an art can be divided conveniently into two parts:one,the mastery of theory;the other,the mastery of the practice.If I want to learn the art of medicine,I must first know the facts about the human body,about various diseases.when I have all this theoretical knowledge,I am by no means competent in the art of medicine.I shall become a master in this art only after a great deal of practice,until eventually the results of my theoretical knowledge and results of my practice are blended into one—my intuition,the essence of the mastery of any art.But aside from learning the theory and practice,there is a third factor necessary to becoming a mater in any art—the mastery of the art must be a matter of ultimate concern;there must be nothing else more important than the art.This holds ture for music,for medicine,for carpentry—and for love.And ,maybe,here lies the answer to the question of why people try so rarely to learn this art,in spite of their obvious failures,in spite of the deeper-seated craving for love,almost everything eles is more important than love:success,prestige,money,power—almost all our energy is used for the learning of how to achieve these aims,almost none to learn the art of loving.
学习艺术的过程可以非常容易地分成两部分：一、掌握理论；二、精于实践。如果我需要学习医学，我必须首先了解人体和各种疾病。但即使我掌握所有这些理论知识，也绝不表明我就能熟练操作了。只有当经过大量实践，直到最后我的理论知识和实践结果融合在一起，形成直觉了，我才能称得上这门艺术的专家。直觉是艺术掌握的精华所在。但是除了学习理论知识和进行实践外，掌握艺术还必须有第三种因素，即对这门艺术的痴迷；世上再无比这门艺术更重要的事。音乐、医药、木工手艺是这样，爱情也是如此。我们这个社会中的人们，尽管显然已经失败却仍然很少去学习爱的艺术，起原因也许就在于此虽然内心深处都渴望爱，却认为其他任何事都比爱重要，如成功、名望、财富、权力：我们几乎把所有的精力都消耗在对这些目标的追逐上，而几乎不花费任何精力来学习这种爱的艺术。
在婚姻中我们最想得到的额是什么？爱与被爱，幸福与安全，成长与发现。爱的关系是一个花园，我们在其中种植，培育和收获最珍贵的作物，我们自己，我们的配偶在这个花园里得到同样肥沃的土壤可以蓬勃发展。
只有当我们的配偶也心愿得尝时，我们才能心愿得尝。例如，一位妇女可能想去听交响乐而她的丈夫则痛恨交响乐。但是花几个小时听他不喜欢的音乐，他可以给自己的伴侣带来快乐。为得到这份快乐所付出的代价并不高，对吧？
What is it we want most from a marriage?To love and be loved.To be happy and secure.To grow,to discover.A love relationship is a garden in which we plant,altivate and harvest the most precious of crops,our own self,and in which our spouse is provided the same rich soil in which to bloom. We can not obtain what we want unless our partner also gets what he or she wants.A woman may,for instance,want to go to the symphony.Her husband may hate symphonies.But by spending a few hours listening the music he doesn’t care for,he can bring joy to his partner.That is a pretty cheap price to pay for joy ,isn’t it?
The speed of communication is bound to have an effect on composers—styles are now known and imitated so quickly that“crossover”may be the buzzword for music in the new century.people can download anything in their home,and you know tomorrow what someone else in the other side of the world did yesterday.barriers between classical music ,jazz and other forms will continue to break down and audiences will derive equal pleasure from lots of different styles.I forsee a greater plurality of taste.
The great unknown is the effect new technology is going to have on the soundworld of music,as opposed to its forms and structures.In this century we’ve seen the potential of percussion in orchestral work develop out of all recognition,and have become accustomed to electronic music.So I anticipate developments around the corner that will produce huge changes in what we listen to.
高速通讯肯定会对作曲者产生影响。如今各种风格如此快速的为人所了解和模仿，“风格跨越”可能成为新世纪音乐界的时髦词。人们可以在家里下载任何作品。昨天地球另一边的人做了什么，明天你就可以知道。古典音乐，爵士乐和其他音乐形式之间的屏障将会继续崩溃，听众将从许多不同风格的作品中获得同样的快感。可以预见，人们的欣赏口味将会更加多样化。
一个很大的未知数是，新技术对音乐的音效效果和不是其他形式和结构会产生影响。本世纪我们已经看到打击乐在管弦乐作品中的潜力发挥到了令人无法辨认的程度，而我们也习惯了电子音乐。因此可以预见，未来的发展不久就会给我们听到的音乐带来巨大变化。
当前，经济全球化深入发展，国与国相互依存日益紧密，求和平，谋发展，促合作已经成为不可阻挡的时代潮流，世界面临难得的发展机遇，同时，近来世界经济增长中的不确定不稳地因素增多，金融市场持续动荡，能源资源价格上涨，粮食安全问题突出，全球通胀压力增大。建设持久和平，共同繁荣的和谐世界，仍面临不少严峻挑战。
At present,with the futher progress of economic globalization,countries are increasingly interdependent,and pursuit of peace ,development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times,presenting the world with rare opportunities for development.At the same time,uncertainties and destabilizing factors in world economic growth have inceased recently,as evidenced by continued turbulence in the financial market,rising price for energy and resources,acute problem of food security,and growing pressure of global inflaction.these remain numerous grim challenges in the effort to built a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.
While china is home to 22% of the world’s population,it has only 7% of the culitivated land.Still,Chinese agriculture has made remarkable progress over the past five years.In 1994,China was a global leader in production of major products such as grain,cotton and meat.The grain harvest in 1995 hit 460 million tons,setting a new domestic record.
In addition,China is developing strategies to ensure and adequate domestic food supply for year to come.One key has been a variety of market reforms.Unlike the past,individual farms and agricultural cooperative now operate as profit—making enterprises.That means taking risks.But the benefits are obvious.Farm families have seen their annual income rise considerably, while consumers find more food available than ever before.
中国是占世界人口22%的国家，却只占世界耕地的7%。但是在过去的5年里，中国农业仍取得了显著进步。1994年，中国主要农产品如谷物，棉花和肉类都居世界领先地位。1995年的粮食丰收达到4.6亿多吨，创造了新的国家纪录。
另外，中国正在实施今后几年内保障粮食足以自给的发展策略。一个关键是实施多种形式的市场改革。与过去不同的是，现在个体农场和合作农场都是盈利企业，尽管有风险，但其好处是显而易见的，农民家庭每年收入有相当大的增长，而消费者较之前也可以买到更多食品
我们中国是世界上最大的国家之一，它的领土与整个欧洲的面积差不多相等。在这个广大的领土之上，有广大的肥田沃地。给我们以衣食之源；有纵横全国的大小山脉，给我们生长了广大的森林，贮藏了丰富的矿产；有很多的江河湖泽，给我们以舟楫和灌溉之利；有很长的海岸线，给我们以交通海外各族的方便。
——《毛泽东选集》节选China is one of the largest country in the world,her territory being about the size of the whole Europe.In the vast country of ours there are large areas of fertile land which provide us with food and clothing; mountain ranges across its length and breadth with extensive forest and rich mineral deposits;many rivers and lakes which provide us with water transport and imigation,and a long coastline which facilitates communication with nations beyond the seas.
(Excerpt from The Selected Words of Mao Zedong)
First, the teacher’s personality should be pleasantly live and attractive. This does not rule out people who are physically plain, or even ugly, because many such have great personal charm. But it does rule out such types as the over-excitable, melancholy, frigid, sarcastic, frustrated, and overbearing. I would say too, that it excludes all of dull or purely negative personality. Secondly, it is not merely desirable but essential for a teacher to have a genuine capacity for sympathy-in the literal meaning of that word-a capacity to tune in to the minds and feelings of other people. Closely related with this is the capacity to be tolerant-not, indeed, of what is wrong, but of the frailty and immaturity of human nature which induce people, and again especially children, to make mistakes.
首先，教师应该精力充沛，有个性魅力，令人愉快。这并不意味着应当排除相貌平平的人，或者甚至是相貌难看的人，因为许多这类老师具有很大的个人魅力。然而这的确意味着应当排除那种过于激动、忧郁、冷漠、爱冷嘲热讽、爱挑剔挖苦、沮丧以及盛气凌人的人。我还要说应当排除所有那些生性呆板或对一切都采取绝对消极态度的人。
第二，教师要有真诚的同情心，教师的这种品质不就是可取的而且是必不可少的。同情，顾名思义就是一种能对他人内心和感受表示深切理解的能力。与此紧密相连的是宽容——不是宽容错误而是宽容人性中的脆弱与不成熟，这种脆弱与不成熟容易使人，尤其是孩子，犯错误。
科学的成功与其说是取决于某种特定方法，比如说与科学家们所共有的一种态度更为有关。从根本上来说，这种态度是一种探究、实验、尊重事实的态度。真正的科学家不屈服权威，但如果他们发现有足够证据证明他们的想法有矛盾，他们乐意修正，甚至放弃那些观点。科学家们确确实实置诚实至上。
科学家必须接受事实，即使在他们希望事实不同时也必须如此。他们必须竭尽全力把他们看到的同他们希望看到的区分开来——因为人类具有极大的自欺能力。人们一贯倾向于未经彻底询问其是否正确，便采纳一般的规则、信仰、信念、理论和观点，而且在它们被证明是毫无意义的、错误的或者至少是可疑的之后，能长久地抱住它们不放。流传最广的假定是最少收到怀疑的。
The success of science has less to do with a particular method than with an essential attitude of the scientist. This attitude is essentially one of inquiry, experimentation and humility before the facts. Therefore, a good scientist is an honest one. True scientists do not bow to any authority but they ever ready to modify or even abandon their ideas if adequate evidence is found contradicting them. Scientists, they do place a high value on honesty.
Scientists must accept facts even when they would like them to be different. They must strive to distinguish between what they see and what they wish to see- for humanity’s capacity for self-deception is vast. People have traditionally tended to adopt general rules, beliefs, creeds, theories, and ideas without thoroughly questioning their validity and to retain them long after they have been shown to be meaningless, false, or at least questionable. The most widespread assumptions are the least questioned.
(Most often, when an idea is adopted, particular attention is given to cases that seem to support it, while cases that seem to refute it are distorted, belittled, or ignored. We feel deeply that it is a sign of weakness to “change our mind”. Competent scientists, however, must be expert at changing their minds.)
Does the rise of a contingent work force mean that traditional jobs,in which workers can expect a long term relationship with their employer,will soon be obsolete?Probably not,although there are likely to be much fewer traditional jobs than in the past.Rather,the trend toward a flexible work force is leading to a redefinition of the job.Jobs are increasingly seen as arrangements in which people sell their services to employers in a variety of ways,often starting as contingency workers and being promoted into full-time positions later on.
The evolution of the job requires a corresponding evolution in employees’ approach to work.Just as employers are transforming themselves to get closer to their market and their customers,employees must get closer to the reality of the labor market.Employees should think of themselves as entrepreneurs who own a bundle of skills and competencies,which they can market to their“client”.Thus workers need to continuously update their skill bundles to remain attractive to employers.
这种非固定型劳动队伍的出现意味着传统工作——员工和雇员之间有着长期雇佣关系的工作——将很快过时了吗？或许不会！尽管传统型工作同过去相比可能会减少许多。然而，这种向灵活多变发展的趋势正在引导我们去重新界定“工作”一词。人们越来越强烈的认识到：工作时一种商约，人们以各种不同方式将自己的劳务卖给雇主。这种商约常常以临时员工身份开始，到后来才被晋升到全日制的职位。
工作的演变过程需要一个相应地雇工对待工作的过程。正如雇主正在努力改变知我以求更加接近他们的市场和顾客，雇工必须更加接近劳工市场的现实。雇工应当把自己看做企业家：他们拥有一套技术和技能，他们完全可以向他们的“顾客”推销自己的技术和技能。这样，雇工需要不断地更新自己的技术，使自己对雇主一直有吸引力。
受人尊敬与受人欢迎归结起来其实是敬业和个人化之间的矛盾。我们都想把工作做好，同时我们也想和所有的人成为朋友。而实情是如果你想把工作做好的话，你就必然不讨人喜爱。想成为好好先生的一厢情愿往往会成为你的弱点。
尽职工作并不能是你成为大家都喜欢的人物，可这样做的报酬却相当可观，他能让你得到更深层次的喜爱和仰慕。尊敬就如同银行里的钱一样：在提款之前你必须往里面存款！不用担心自己的人气指数，要激发别人的尊敬，从长远来说，这能助你迈向成功之路。
Respect versus popularity—it is the old conflict between being professional and being personal. We want to do a good job, but we want to be friends with everyone ,too .The truth is you can’t always be liked if you do your job properly. And the desire to keep everyone happy can become a weekness.
If you do your job properly, you will seldom be everyone’s favourite person. But the payoff comes in the form of a deeper liking and admiration. Respect is like money in the bank:You have to put it in before you can draw it out.Don’t worry about popularity, Work on respect .That will take you a lot further in the long run.