LIFTING THE CORPORATE VEIL 英文论文 揭开公司面纱

LIFTING THE CORPORATE VEIL

Bibliography:

Books and Journals:

John Dewey, The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality, 35 Yale L.J.655 passim (1926)

William O. Douglas & Carrol M. Shanks, Insulation from Liability through Subsidiary Corporations, 39 Yale L.J. 193 passim (1929);

Warner Fuller, The Incorporated Individual: A Study of the One-Man Company, 51 Harv. L. Rev. 1373 passim (1938);

Elvin R. Latty, The Corporate Entity as a Solvent of Legal Problems, 34 Mich. L. Rev. 597 passim (1936).

AW Machen, "Corporate Personality" (1910) 24 Harvard Law Review 253.

C Alting, "Piercing the corporate veil in German and American law - Liability of individuals and entities: a comparative view" (1994–1995) 2 Tulsa Journal Comparative & International Law 187.

Anna Farat & Denis Michoň,‖Lifting the Corporate Veil: Limited Liability of the Company.

Dine Janet, Company Law, 5th ed, (2005) Palgrave Macmillan

DHN Food Distributors Ltd. v. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) 1 WLR 852.

Cases:

Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. [1897] A.C. 22.

DHN Food Distributors Ltd. v. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) 1 WLR 852.

Introduction:

The corporate veil doctrine—and the related rules of separate corporate personality and limited liability—has been a much-studied subject in corporation law

since the early part of the twentieth century.1The corporate veil in the United Kingdom is a metaphorical reference used in UK company law for the concept that the rights and duties of a corporation are, as a general principle, the responsibility of that company alone. This concept has traditionally been likened to a "veil" of separation between the legal entity of a corporation and the real people who invest their money and labor into a company's operations.

Corporate veil lifting depicts a lawful judgment or right to treatment as a right or liability of its share-holders or the Board of Directors. We can say that a separate legal entity depicts a corporation possessing a liability to own its debts and at the same time, corporation is a sole beneficiary of owed credit. Countries having common law generally support the rule of separate personality, but countries may lift the corporate veil depending upon the situation.2

Limited liability and separate personality:

Without incorporating a company, limited liability is not available. The idea of limited liability is that when a company is liquidated, its members (or shareholders) are not required to contribute, but they must pay their shares in the company's entire assets. In other words, the liability of members is limited. The capital can be mobilized more effectively through limited liability. Limited liability is also an effective means of raising funds for the company. With limited liability, companies have a choice of either loans or limited liability capital market development is also facilitated by limited liability. 3

Separate personality is another concept. It is observed that limited liability and separate personality are different concepts. Considering the case of unlimited

1See, e.g., John Dewey, The Historic Background of Corporate Legal Personality, 35 Yale L.J.655 passim (1926); William O. Douglas & Carrol M. Shanks, Insulation from Liability through Subsidiary Corporations, 39 Yale L.J. 193 passim (1929); Warner Fuller, The Incorporated Individual: A Study of the One-Man Company, 51 Harv. L. Rev. 1373 passim (1938); Elvin R. Latty, The Corporate Entity as a Solvent of Legal Problems, 34 Mich. L. Rev. 597 passim (1936).

2AW Machen, "Corporate Personality" (1910) 24 Harvard Law Review 253.

3C Alting, "Piercing the corporate veil in German and American law - Liability of individuals and entities: a comparative view" (1994–1995) 2 Tulsa Journal Comparative & International Law 187.

company, separate personality can be present but without limited liability. It’s in the constitution that law can lay down limited liability without separate personality. But this is possible only in limited partnership. Generally it has been observed that operation of limited liability can be made very smooth by the use of separate personality.

Separate personality can be defined as a business setting in which assets and liabilities of the company does not belong to its members but to the company itself. Courts have the right of lifting the corporate veil which will result in member being liable. Limited liability is only applicable when a company in the process of wrapping-up. If an unlimited company is declared bankrupt members are to share the funds to pay company’s debt. But this does not mean that the creditor can directly sue the members. However, if the company is a limited liability company, members of the holders of fully paid shares are in no way liable to contribute to the company debts.

The corporate veil principle:

Ever since 100 years ago, the famous case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd1, one might say a case that is not entirely welcomed by all, it has been a settled principle of English Law that the veil of incorporation can, and often does, give the members of a company limited liability, protected by that which constitutes the ―separate personality ―of the company.

On appeal, the House of Lords held that Salomon case was not a sham that the debts of the corporation were not the debts of Mr. Salomon because they were two separate legal entities; and that once the artificial person has been created, "it must be treated like any other independent person with its rights and liabilities appropriate to itself."As Lord Macnaghten observed2:“The company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers to the memorandum, and, though it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them.‖

1Salomon v. Salomon & Co. Ltd. [1897] A.C. 22.

2Ibid. at p. 51.

Thereby, it determined the direction of modern company law and the nature of private limited companies. Similar doctrines are incorporated in the statutory provisions of Continental countries. A separate legal personality and limited liability has aimed to induce investment, encourage trade and to be an incentive for entrepreneurs to start up new business even if it might involve commercial risk.1

ways to lift the corporate veil:

If a company goes insolvent, there are certain situations where the courts lift the veil of incorporation on a limited company, and make shareholders or directors contribute to paying off outstanding debts to creditors. However, t he Court does not always apply the principles established in Salomon v. Salomon & in many cases, the court will or will ignore the piercing of corporate veil, to reveal the real person or the form and characteristics of the company. The reason behind this may be that the law will not allow the abuse of corporate form or for the purpose of the statute is set.

1. Agency

In Solomon v. Solomon case, justice Vaughan Williams said the company is only an agent of Solomon. "This business is Mr. Solomon's business and no one else, that he chose to employ as an agent limited liability company, which he bound to compensate the agency, and this agency, the company has a lien on the assets ... ... ... "However, in the appeal to the court ruled that companies do not automatically become the agent of the shareholders, even if it is the House of Lords one man company and other shareholders, they were dummies.2

Have the ability to act as agent of a company can do all of its parent company or any agency or individual members, so if it or they are authorized to do so. If this is the parent company or members will abide by his agent, so long as these actions in the actual or apparent scope of authority. But no relationship between the parties expressly agrees that the case will be difficult to establish a presumption. Try to do in

1A nna Farat & Denis Michoň,‖Lifting the Corporate Veil: Limited Liability of the Company

Decision-Makers Undermined? Analysis of English,U.S., German, Czech and Polish Approach‖.

2Dine Janet, Company Law, 5th ed, (2005) Palgrave Macmillan

Cape Town failed. Incases validity of the agency agreement and the parties have expressly agreed to such an agreement, they will be the corporate veil is lifted; the agent should be one of the main acts.

2. Parent - Subsidiaries Companies

Sometimes there might be a situation where the Solomon principle won’t comply when there is group of enterprises; the court may lift the veil to see the financial reality of these groups. In DHN food Products Ltd v. Tower Hamlets1case, it has been said that the court can ignore the case of Solomon, as long as it is just and equitable to do so. In these cases, the Court held that under the present circumstances it is a suitable piercing the corporate veil. Here, three subsidiaries are considered to be the same part of the economic entity or group, and the right to receive compensation.

Lord Denning once said, 'We know that in many aspects of the treatment of a group of companies for the purpose of the account, balance sheet and profit and loss accounts together. Gore said in his book: "There is a general tendency to ignore the evidence, independent legal team", but the court will pierce the corporate veil on the facts of the case may be. The nature and control of joint-stock index will be whether the court will pierce the corporate veil.2Held in the Wolfson case, there are "not consonant with the principles of the House of Lords on the basis of which the facts of this case, the corporate veil can be pierced, to the effect that Campbell Wolfson held business or true masters of the assets of solfred "a total of two subsidiary companies and business interference claims on the value of the land compensation. In these circumstances the House of Lords said that "the correct principle adopted is appropriate to pierce the corporate veil only in exceptional circumstances exist, that it is a mere cover up the fact that the appearance of truth" in a figurative sense, refers to the appearance of the skin especially false or deceptive and covert camouflage imports. Corporator has full control of the company is not enough; just a facade constitutes the company, and this word shown in the context of identity and corporator

1DHN Food Distributors Ltd. v. Tower Hamlets London Borough Council (1976) 1 WLR 852.

2Smith & Keenan’s Company Law For Students, Keenan & Bisacre, FT Pitman Publishing Company Law Fundamental Principles, Stephen Griffin, Longman

activities, deliberate concealment.

In some cases, companies have not been unveiled Adams census is the best example of industry. This is a case involving judgments of foreign companies. In this case, the court held that the companies within the Group are an independent entity. But a local court is particularly reluctant to admit the concept of group entities and the relationship between corporate debts. Although this is not possible in the absence of trust held by a group of institutions or other equity theory in the United States liable for the use of debt and New Zealand and Ireland have the statutory provisions of the asset pool.

3. fraud

Disrespecting the Salomon’s principle, the courts have almost been prepared to pierce the corporate veil, rather than allowing the fraud to exist. As to the Gilford Motor Company v. Horne1, The Court of Appeal was of the view that ―the company was formed as a device, a stratagem, in order to mask the effective carrying on of business of Mr. Horne‖. In this case it was clear that the main purpose of incorporating the new company was to perpetrate fraud. Thus the court of appeal regarded it as mere sham to cloak his wrong doings.

In the case of Hilton v. Plustile Ltd.2, the plaintiff and the defendant agreed to use a medium of a company in a tenancy arrangement in order to evade the application of the rent act, 1977. The court of Appeal held that the plaintiff was not entitled to lift the veil since he had full knowledge of the matter at all times. In the case of Adams v. Cape, the court laid down a test in order to find out motive of the perpetrator. The test was ―whether the company had been used as a mere fa?ade concealing the true facts‖. For the fraud exception to e xist there must be a denial of some preexisting rights by the defendant to the plaintiff

Conclusion:

1Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935.

2Hilton v Plustile [1988] 3 All ER 1051.

In conclusion, we can say that lifting of corporate veils by UK courts should be limited to the cases in which there is some existence of concealing the identity of the owner or proprietor for the reason of avoiding some legal obligations. In fact, the essence of corporate personality is open. The Court can penetrate the veil, they need to prove its protective layer. Court will examine the situation to determine whether it is wise to lift veil of reality, and held to take into account in the real world actions of the company.

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A Absolutely integrable 绝对可积Absolutely integrable impulse response 绝对可积冲激响应Absolutely summable 绝对可和Absolutely summable impulse response 绝对可和冲激响应Accumulator 累加器 Acoustic 声学 Adder 加法器 Additivity property 可加性 Aliasing 混叠现象 All-pass systems 全通系统 AM (Amplitude modulation ) 幅度调制 Amplifier 放大器 Amplitude modulation (AM) 幅度调制Amplitude-scaling factor 幅度放大因子Analog-to-digital (A-to-D) converter 模数转换器Analysis equation 分析公式（方程）Angel (phase) of complex number 复数的角度（相位）Angle criterion 角判据 Angle modulation 角度调制Anticausality 反因果

Aperiodic 非周期 Aperiodic convolution 非周期卷积Aperiodic signal 非周期信号Asynchronous 异步的 Audio systems 音频（声音）系统Autocorrelation functions 自相关函数Automobile suspension system 汽车减震系统Averaging system 平滑系统 B Band-limited 带（宽）限的 Band-limited input signals 带限输入信号 Band-limited interpolation 带限内插 Bandpass filters 带通滤波器Bandpass signal 带通信号 Bandpass-sampling techniques 带通采样技术Bandwidth 带宽 Bartlett (triangular) window 巴特利特（三角形）窗Bilateral Laplace transform 双边拉普拉斯变换Bilinear 双线性的 Bilinear transformation 双线性变换 Bit （二进制）位，比特

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