北大出版社曼昆宏观经济学第六版全英题库有答案23章

Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation's Income

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Macroeconomists study

a. the decisions of individual households and firms.

b. the interaction between households and firms.

c. economy-wide phenomena.

d. regulations imposed on firms and unions.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Definitional

2. Which of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what microeconomists study

than to what macroeconomists study?

a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent.

b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter.

c. Retail sales at stores show large gains.

d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Interpretive

3. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroe-

conomist?

a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others?

b. Why do wages differ across industries?

c. Why do national production and income increase in some periods and not in others?

d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing?

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Interpretive

4. Which of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist than by a

microeconomist?

a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, and the profitability of

automobile-manufacturing firms

b. the price of beef, and wage differences between genders

c. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets for agricultural

products

d. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in average income from

country to country

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Interpretive

5. We would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularly interested in

a. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods.

b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and market power.

c. devising policies to promote low inflation.

d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitiv

e.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Interpretive

6. Which of the following is not a question that macroeconomists address?

a. Why is average income high in some countries while it is low in others?

b. Why does the price of oil rise when war erupts in the Middle East?

c. Why do production and employment expand in some years and contract in others?

d. Why do prices rise rapidly in some periods of time while they are more stable in other periods? ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics

MSC: Interpretive

7. The basic tools of supply and demand are

a. useful only in the analysis of economic behavior in individual markets.

b. useful in analyzing the overall economy, but not in analyzing individual markets.

c. central to microeconomic analysis, but seldom used in macroeconomic analysis.

d. central to macroeconomic analysis as well as to microeconomic analysis.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Supply and demand

MSC: Definitional

8. Which of the following statistics is usually regarded as the best single measure of a society’s ec o-

nomic well-being?

a. the unemployment rate

b. the inflation rate

c. gross domestic product

d. the trade deficit

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Definitional

9. GDP

a. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is not the single best measure of a

society’s economic well-being.

b. is used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is the single best measure of a

society’s economic well-being.

c. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy but is the single best measure of a

soci ety’s economic well-being.

d. is not used to monitor the performance of the overall economy and is not the single best measure

of a society’s economic well-being.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Definitional

THE ECONOMY'S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE

1. Gross domestic product measures

a. income and expenditures.

b. income but not expenditures.

c. expenditures but not income.

d. neither income nor expenditures.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

2. Expenditures on a nation’s domestic production

a. are less than its domestic production.

b. are equal to its domestic production.

c. are greater than its domestic production.

d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Definitional

3. Income generated by a nation’s domestic production

a. is less than its domestic production.

b. is equal to its domestic production.

c. is greater than its domestic production.

d. could be less than, equal to, or greater than its domestic production.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Definitional

4. For an economy as a whole,

a. wages must equal profit.

b. consumption must equal saving.

c. income must equal expenditure.

d. the number of buyers must equal the number of sellers.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

5. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?

a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the

total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services.

b. Money continuously flows from households to firms and then back to households, and

GDP measures this flow of money.

c. GDP is generally regarded as the best single measure of a society’s economic

well-being.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

6. Because every transaction has a buyer and a seller,

a. GDP is more closely associated with an economy’s income than it is with an economy’s

expenditure.

b. every transaction contributes equally to an economy’s income and to its expenditure.

c. the number of firms must be equal to the number of households in a simple

circular-flow diagram.

d. firms’ profits are necessarily zero in a simple circular-flow diagram.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

7. For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because

a. the number of firms is equal to the number of households in an economy.

b. individuals can only spend what they earn each period.

c. every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.

d. every dollar of saving by some consumer is a dollar of spending by some other

consumer.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

8. If an economy’s GDP falls, then it must be the case that the economy’s

a. income falls and saving rises.

b. income and saving both fall.

c. income falls and expenditure rises.

d. income and expenditure both fall.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

9. If an economy’s GDP rises, then it must be the case that the economy’s

a. income rises and saving falls.

b. income and saving both rise.

c. income rises and expenditure falls.

d. income and expenditure both ris

e.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

10. Which of the following statements about GDP is correct?

a. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the

unemployment rate of the economy’s labor force.

b. Money continuously flows from households to government and then back to

households, and GDP measures this flow of money.

c. GDP is to a nation’s economy as household income is to a househol

d.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

11. In a simple circular-flow diagram, total income and total expenditure are

a. never equal because total income always exceeds total expenditure.

b. seldom equal because of the ongoing changes in an economy’s unemployment rate.

c. equal only when the government purchases no goods or services.

d. always equal because every transaction has a buyer and a seller.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

12. In a simple circular-flow diagram,

a. households spend all of their income.

b. all goods and services are bought by households.

c. expenditures flow through the markets for goods and services, while income flows

through the markets for the factors of production.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

13. In a simple circular-flow diagram, firms use the money they get from a sale to

a. pay wages to workers.

b. pay rent to landlords.

c. pay profit to the firms’ owners.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Definitional

14. In a simple circular-flow diagram, households buy goods and services with the income they

get from

a. wages.

b. rents.

c. profits.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Definitional

15. In the actual economy, households

a. spend all of their income.

b. divide their income among spending, taxes, and saving.

c. buy all goods and services produced in the economy.

d. Both (a) and (c) are correct.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

16. Total income from the domestic production of final goods and services equals

a. only household expenditures for these goods.

b. only household and business expenditures for these goods.

c. only household and government expenditures for these goods.

d. the expenditures for these goods whoever buys them.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Definitional

17. In the actual economy, goods and services are purchased by

a. households, but not firms or the government.

b. households and firms, but not the government.

c. households and the government, but not firms.

d. households, firms, and the government.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Understanding and applying economic models TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Interpretive

18. According to the circular-flow diagram GDP

a. can be computed as the total income paid by firms or as expenditures on final goods and

services.

b. can be computed as the total income paid by firms, but not as expenditures on final

goods and services.

c. can be computed as expenditures on final goods and services, but not as the total income

paid by firms.

d. cannot be computed as either total income paid by firms or expenditures on final goods

and services.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Definitional

19. According to the circular-flow diagram GDP

a. can be computed as either the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods and

services or the payments they make to factors of production.

b. can be computed as the revenue firms receive from the sales of goods and services but

not as the payments they make to factors of production.

c. can be computed as payments firms make to factors of production but not as revenues

they receive from the sales of goods and services.

d. cannot be computed as either the revenue firms receive or the payments they make to

factors of production.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Circular flow

MSC: Definitional

THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

1. GDP is defined as the

a. value of all goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.

b. value of all goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardless of

where they are living, in a given period of time.

c. value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of

time.

d. value of all final goods and services produced by the citizens of a country, regardless of

where they are living, in a given period of time.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Definitional

2. Which of the following is a way to compute GDP?

a. add up the wages paid to all workers

b. add up the quantities of all final goods and services

c. add up the market values of all final goods and services

d. add up the difference between the market values of all final goods and services and then

subtract the costs of producing those goods and services

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Interpretive

3. In order to include many different goods and services in an aggregate measure, GDP is

computed using, primarily,

a. values of goods and services based on surveys of consumers.

b. market prices.

c. quantities purchased by a typical urban househol

d.

d. profits from producing goods and services.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Interpretive

4. Gross domestic product adds together many different kinds of goods and services into a sin-

gle measure of the value of economic activity. To do this, GDP makes use of

a. market prices.

b. statistical estimates of the value of goods and services to consumers.

c. prices based on the assumption that producers make no profits.

d. the maximum amount consumers would be willing to pay.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Interpretive

5. In computing GDP, market prices are used to value final goods and services because

a. market prices do not change much over time, so it is easy to make comparisons between

years.

b. market prices reflect the values of goods and services.

c. market prices reflect the quantity sol

d.

d. None of the above is correct; market prices are not used in computing GDP.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Interpretive

6. If the price of a Blu-Ray Disc player is three times the price of an MP3 player, then a

Blue-Ray Disc player contributes

a. more than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.

b. less than three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.

c. exactly three times as much to GDP as does a MP3 player.

d. None of the above is necessarily correct.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Applicative

7. Suppose that an economy produces 40,000 units of good A which sells at $4 a unit and

20,000 units of good B which sells at $5 per unit. Production of good A contributes

a. 2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

b. 8/5 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

c. 5/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

d. 4/5 times as much to GDP as production of good B.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value MSC: Applicative

8. Suppose that an economy produces 30,000 units of good A which sells at $3 a unit and

60,000 units of good B which sells at $2 per unit. Production of good A contributes

a. 1/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

b. 3/2 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

c. 3/4 times as much to GDP as the production of good B.

d. 4/3 times as much to GDP as production of good B.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Market value

MSC: Applicative

9. Which of the following is included in GDP?

a. the market value of rental housing services, but not the market value of owner-occupied

housing services.

b. the market value of owner-occupied housing services, but not the market value of rental

housing services

c. both the market value of rental housing services and the market value of

owner-occupied housing services

d. neither the market value of owner-occupied housing services nor the market value of

rental housing services.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional

10. The value of the housing services provided by the economy's owner-occupied houses is

a. included in GDP, and the estimated rental values of the houses are used to place a value

on these housing services.

b. included in GDP, and the actual mortgage payments made on the houses are used to

estimate the value of these rental services.

c. excluded from GDP since these services are not sold in any market.

d. excluded from GDP since the value of these housing services cannot be estimated with

any degree of precision.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Definitional

11. Suppose an apartment complex converts to a condominium, so that the former renters are

now owners of their housing units. Suppose further that a current estimate of the value of the condominium owners' housing services is the same as the rent they previously paid.

What happens to GDP as a result of this conversion?

a. GDP necessarily increases.

b. GDP necessarily decreases.

c. GDP is unaffected because neither the rent nor the estimate of the value owner-occupied

housing services is included in GDP.

d. GDP is unaffected because previously the rent payments were included in GDP and now

the rent payments are replaced in GDP by the estimate of the value of owner occupied

housing services.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative

12. James owns two houses. He rents one house to the Johnson family for $10,000 per year.

He lives in the other house. If he were to rent the house in which he lives, he could earn $12,000 per year in rent. How much do the housing services provided by the two houses contribute to GDP?

a. $0

b. $10,000

c. $12,000

d. $22,000

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative

13. Ryan lives in an apartment where he pays $7,000 a year in rent. Alexis lives in a house

that could be rented for $14,000 a year. How much do these housing services contribute to GDP?

a. $21,000

b. $14,000

c. $7,000

d. $0

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Housing services MSC: Applicative

14. Most goods and services produced at home

a. and most goods and services produced illegally are included in GDP.

b. are included in GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are excluded

from GDP.

c. are excluded from GDP while most goods and services produced illegally are included

in GDP

d. and most goods and services produced illegally are excluded from GDP.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Household chores | Illegal goodsMSC: Definitional

15. GDP excludes most items that are produced and sold illegally and most items that are pro-

duced and consumed at home because

a. the quality of these items is not high enough to contribute value to GDP.

b. measuring them is so difficult.

c. the government wants to discourage the production and consumption of these items.

d. these items are not reported on income tax forms.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods

MSC: Interpretive

16. Estimates of the values of which of the following non-market goods or services are included

in GDP?

a. the value of unpaid housework

b. the value of services provided by major household appliances purchased in a previous

period

c. the estimated rental value of owner-occupied homes

d. All of the above are included in GDP.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Housing services | Household chores MSC: Applicative

17. Over the last few decades, Americans have chosen to cook less at home and eat more at res-

taurants. This change in behavior, by itself, has

a. reduced measured GDP.

b. not affected measured GDP.

c. increased measured GDP by the value of the restaurant meals.

d. increased measured GDP by the value added by the restaurant’s preparation and serving

of the meals.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative

18. Over time, people have come to rely more on market-produced goods and services and less

on goods and services they produce for themselves. For example, busy people with high incomes, rather than cleaning their own houses, hire people to clean their houses. By itself, this change has

a. caused measured GDP to fall.

b. not caused any change in measured GDP.

c. caused measured GDP to rise.

d. probably changed measured GDP, but in an uncertain direction; the direction of the

change depends on the difference in the quality of the cleaning that has resulted. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative

19. Ralph pays someone to mow his lawn, while Mike mows his own lawn. Regarding these

two practices, which of the following statements is correct?

a. Only Ralph’s payments are included in GDP.

b. Ralph’s payments as well as the estimated value of Mike’s mowing services are

included in GDP.

c. Neither Ralph’s payments nor the estimated value of Mike's mowing services is

included in GDP.

d. Ralph’s payments are included in GDP, while the estimated value of Mike’s mowing

services is included in GDP only if Mike voluntarily provides his estimate of that value to the government.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Interpretive

20. Susan switches from going to Speedy Lube for an oil change to changing the oil in her car

herself. Which of the following is correct? The value of changing the oil is

a. included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it or changes it herself.

b. included in GDP if Susan pays Speedy Lube to change it but not if she changes it

herself.

c. included in GDP if Susan changes it herself, but not if she pays Speedy Lube to change

it.

d. not included in GDP whether Susan pays Speedy lube to change it or she changes it

herself.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative

21. Rachel babysits for her sister for no pay. When she babysits for someone else she charges

$8 an hour. When is Rachel’s babysitting included in GDP?

a. When she babysits for her sister and when she babysits for someone else.

b. When she babysits for her sister, but not when she babysits for someone else.

c. When she babysits for someone else, but not when she babysits for her sister.

d. Neither when she babysits for her sister nor for someone els

e.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: GDP

MSC: Interpretive

22. Which of the following is not included in GDP?

a. carrots grown in your garden and eaten by your family

b. carrots purchased at a farmer’s market and eaten by your family

c. carrots purchased at a grocery store and eaten by your family

d. None of the above are included in GDP.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Household chores MSC: Applicative

23. A professional gambler moves from a state where gambling is illegal to a state where gam-

bling is legal. Most of his income was, and continues to be, from gambling. His move

a. raises GDP.

b. decreases GDP.

c. doesn't change GDP because gambling is never included in GDP.

d. doesn't change GDP because in either case his income is included.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods

MSC: Applicative

24. If a state made a previously-illegal activity, such as gambling or prostitution, legal, then,

other things equal, GDP

a. decreases.

b. increases.

c. doesn't change because both legal and illegal production are included in GDP.

d. doesn't change because these activities are never included in GDP.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods

MSC: Applicative

25. Which of the following is included in GDP?

a. medical marijuana purchased from a government-run pharmacy by a glaucoma patient

b. recreational marijuana purchased from a drug dealer by a college student

c. recreational marijuana produced and consumed by a man in his attic

d. All of the above are included in GDP.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods

MSC: Applicative

26. Darin grows and sells marijuana to Jennifer. Thomas is an organic farmer who sells broc-

coli to Jennifer. Marijuana is an illegal good and broccoli is a legal good. Assume that if Jennifer marries either, they give her what they use to sell her. Which of the following statements is consistent with the way GDP is computed?

a. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries either Darin or Thomas..

b. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Darin but not if she marries Thomas.

c. GDP will fall if Jennifer marries Thomas but not if she marries Darin.

d. GDP remains the same whether Jennifer marries Darin or Thomas.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Illegal goods

MSC: Applicative

27. Spots, Inc. produces ink and sells it to Write on Target, which makes pens. The ink pro-

duced by Spots, Inc. is called

a. an inventory good.

b. a transitory good.

c. a final goo

d.

d. an intermediate good.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Definitional

28. The purchase of rice produced this period is included in GDP if the rice is

a. used in a meal a restaurant sells during the same period they buy the rice.

b. purchased by a family who uses it to make tuna casserole for its supper.

c. purchased by a frozen food company to increase its inventory.

d. B and C are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Interpretive

29. A farmer sells $50,000 of apples to individuals who take them home to eat and $75,000 of

apples to a company that uses them all to produce cider. How much of the farmer’s sales will be included as apples in GDP?

a. $0

b. $50,000

c. $75,000

d. $125,000

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative

30. Sam, an American citizen, prepares meals for his family at home. Ellen, a Canadian citi-

zen, commutes to the U.S. to help prepare meals at a restaurant in Idaho. Whose value of services preparing meals is included in U.S. GDP?

a. Sam’s and Ellen’s.

b. Sam’s but not Ellen’s.

c. Ellen’s but not Sam’s.

d. Nether Sam’s nor Ellen’s.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Domestic production | Household chores MSC: Interpretive

31. Grapes are considered intermediate goods

a. whether the purchaser uses them to make wine to sell or eats them.

b. if the purchaser uses them to make wine to sell others but not if the purchaser eats them.

c. if the purchaser eats them, but not if the purchaser uses to them to make wine to sell.

d. None of the above is correct.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Interpretive

32. Gasoline is considered a final good if it is sold by a

a. gasoline station to a bus company that operates a bus route between San Francisco and

Los Angeles.

b. pipeline operator to a gasoline station in San Francisco.

c. gasoline station to a motorist in Los Angeles.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Interpretive

33. A steel company sells some steel to a bicycle company for $150. The bicycle company

uses the steel to produce a bicycle, which it sells for $250. Taken together, these two

transactions contribute

a. $150 to GDP.

b. $250 to GDP.

c. between $250 and $400 to GDP, depending on the profit earned by the bicycle company

when it sold the bicycle.

d. $400 to GDP.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative

34. Al’s Aluminum Company sells $1 million worth of aluminum to Shiny Foil Company,

which uses the aluminum to make aluminum foil. Shiny Foil Company sells $4 million worth of aluminum foil to households. The transactions just described contribute how

much to GDP?

a. $1 million

b. $3 million

c. $4 million

d. $5 million

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative

35. One bag of flour is sold for $1.00 to a bakery, which uses the flour to bake bread that is sold

for $3.00 to consumers. A second bag of flour is sold for $1 to a grocery store who sells it to a consumer for $2.00. Taking these four transactions into account, what is the effect on GDP?

a. GDP increases by $3.00.

b. GDP increases by $5.00.

c. GDP increases by $6.00.

d. GDP increases by $7.00.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

36. One bag of oranges is sold for $6.00 to a company that turns them into juice which is sold to

consumers for $12.00. Another bag of oranges is purchased by a grocery store for $6.00 who then sells it to a consumer for $7. Taking these four transactions into account, how much is added to GDP?

a. $31

b. $25

c. $19

d. None of the above is correct.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

37. A painter pays $500 for paint he uses to repaint a house. He then presents a bill for $1200

that covers his time and expenses to the homeowner. How much do these transactions add to GDP?

a. $500

b. $700

c. $1200

d. $1700

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative

38. Bountiful Harvest Bakery buys $4.00 of flour from Grinkers’ Mill and uses the flour to

make bread sold to the public for $12.00. Taking these two transactions into account, what is the effect on GDP?

a. GDP increases by $4.00

b. GDP increases by $8.00

c. GDP increases by $12.00

d. GDP increases by $16.00

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

39. Janet bought flour and used it to bake bread she ate. ABC Bakery bought flour which it

used to bake bread that customers purchased. In which case will the flour be counted as a final good?

a. Janet’s purchase and ABC Bakery’s purchase.

b. ABC Bakery’s purchase but not Janet’s purchase.

c. Janet’s purchase but not ABC Bakery’s purchase.（自己做面包吃时面粉不是中间产

物？

d. Neither Janet’s purchase nor ABC Bakery’s purchas

e.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Interpretive

40. Tim mows the yard for his neighbors. He spends $1 on gas and charges them $20 for each

lawn he mows. What’s the total contribution to GDP each time Tim mows a yard?

a. $1

b. $19

c. $20（交通费也是中间产物

d. $21

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Applicative

41. Suppose there are only two firms in an economy: Cowhide, Inc. produces leather and sells it

to Couches, Inc., which produces and sells leather furniture. With each $1,000 of leather that it buys from Cowhide, Inc., Couches, Inc. produces a couch and sells it for $3,000.

Neither firm had any inventory at the beginning of 2009. During that year, Cowhide pro-duced enough leather for 20 couches. Couches, Inc. bought 80% of that leather for

$16,000 and promised to buy the remaining 20% for $4,000 in 2010. Couches, Inc. pro-

duced 16 couches during 2009 and sold each one during that year for $3,000. What was the economy's GDP for 2009?

a. $48,000

b. $52,000（关键不是承诺买不买，而是生产这么多卖不出去算投资

c. $64,000

d. $68,000

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

42. Suppose there are only two firms in an economy: Rolling Rawhide produces rawhide and

sells it to Chewy Chomp, Inc., which uses the rawhide to produce and sell dog chews.

With each $2 of rawhide that it buys from Rolling Rawhide, Chewy Chomp, Inc. produces a dog chew and sells it for $5. Neither firm had any inventory at the beginning of 2008.

During that year, Rolling Rawhide produced enough rawhide for 1000 dog chews. Chewy Chomp, Inc. bought 75% of that rawhide for $1500 and promised to buy the remaining 25% for $500 in 2009. Chewy Chomp, Inc. produced 750 dog chews during 2008 and sold each one during that year for $5. What was the economy's GDP for 2008?

a. $3750

b. $4250(500+750*5)

c. $5250

d. $5750

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

43. In 2009, Corny Company grows and sells $2 million worth of corn to Tasty Cereal Compa-

ny, which makes corn flakes. Tasty Cereal Company produces $6 million worth of corn flakes in 2009, with sales to households during the year of $4.5 million. The unsold $1.5 million worth of corn flakes remains in Tasty Cereal Company’s inventory at the end of

2009. The transactions just described contribute how much to GDP for 2009?

a. $4.5 million

b. $6 million(卖不出去的算投资

c. $6.5 million

d. $8 million

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

44. Whip-It manufactures blenders. In 2009 it had $50,000 of blenders in inventory. In 2010

it sold $300,000 of blenders to consumers and had $40,000 of blenders in inventory.

How much did blenders produced by Whip-it add to GDP in 2010?

a. $340,000

b. $310,000

c. $300,000

d. $290,000(30,0000-50,000+40,000

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Intermediate goods MSC: Analytical

45. A newspaper article informs you that most businesses reduced production in the last quarter

but also sold from their inventories during the last quarter. Based on this information GDP likely

a. increased.

b. decreased.

c. stayed the same.

d. may have increased, decreased, or stayed the sam

e.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Inventory

MSC: Analytical

46. Which of the following domestically produced items is not included in GDP?

a. a bottle of shampoo

b. a hairdryer

c. a haircut

d. All of the above are included in GDP.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services MSC: Interpretive

47. Which of the following is not included in GDP?

a. a can of bug spray

b. the services of an exterminator

c. the honey produced and sold by a beekeeper

d. All of the above are included in GDP.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services MSC: Interpretive

48. Gross domestic product includes all

a. legal and illegal final goods, but it excludes all legal and illegal final services.

b. legal and illegal final goods and all legal and illegal final services.

c. legal final goods and services, but it excludes illegal final goods and services.

d. legal and illegal final goods and legal final services, but it excludes illegal final services. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Goods and services MSC: Interpretive

49. Transactions involving items produced in the past, such as the sale of a 5-year-old automo-

bile by a used car dealership or the purchase of an antique rocking chair by a person at a

yard sale, are

a. included in current GDP because GDP measures the value of all goods and services sold

in the current year.

b. included in current GDP but valued at their original prices.

c. not included in current GDP because it is difficult to determine their value.

d. not included in current GDP because GDP only measures the value of goods and

services produced in the current year.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative

50. Which of the following transactions would be included in GDP for 2010?

a. In February 2010, Amanda sells a 1996 Honda Accord to Isabella.

b. In February 2010, Amanda buys a ticket to visit a zoo in Florida. She visits the zoo in

April 2011.

c. In December 2010, Isabella eats onions that she harvested from her backyard garden in

October 2010.

d. All of the above are correct.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative

51. George lived in a home that was newly constructed in 2005 for which he paid $200,000.

In 2008 he sold the house for $225,000. Which of the following statements is correct re-garding the sale of the house?

a. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $225,000 and had no effect on 2005 GDP.

b. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $25,000 and had no effect on 2005 GDP.

c. The 2008 sale increased 2008 GDP by $225,000; furthermore, the 2008 sale caused

2005 GDP to be revised upward by $25,000.

d. The 2008 sale affected neither 2008 GDP nor 2005 GDP.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative

52. The Patersons bought a home that was newly constructed in 2007 for $275,000. They

sold the home in 2009 for $205,000. Which of the following statements is correct regard-ing the sale of the house?

a. The 2009 sale increased 2009 GDP by $205,000 and had no effect on 2007 GDP.

b. The 2009 sale reduced 2009 GDP by $70,000 and had no effect on 2007 GDP.

c. The 2009 sale increased 2009 GDP by $205,000; and caused 2007 GDP to be revised

downward by $70,000.

d. The 2009 sale affected neither 2007 GDP nor 2009 GDP.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Current production MSC: Applicative

53. In early2010 Molly paid $200,000 for a house built in 2000. She spent $30,000 on new

materials to remodel the house. Although Molly lived in the house after she remodeled it, its rental value rose. Which of the following contributed to real GDP in 2010?

a. the price of the house, the cost of remodeling materials, the increase in rental value

b. the price of the house and the cost of remodeling materials, but not the increase in rental

value

c. the costs of the remodeling materials and the increase in rent, but not the price of the

house

d. None of the above are correct.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Household chores MSC: Analytical

54. Tom and Lilly rented a house for $12,000 last year. At the start of the year they bought the

house they had been renting directly from the owner for $250,000. They believe they

could rent it for $12,000 this year, but stay in the house. How much does Tom and Lilly’s decision to buy the house change GDP?

a. it reduces GDP by $12,000

b. it does not change GDP

c. it raises GDP by $238,000

d. it raises GDP by $250,000

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Housing services MSC: Applicative

55. Sally purchases a classic 1964 car she saw for sale on someone’s lawn. She then purchases

some new parts and spends 120 hours refurbishing the car which she keeps. Which of the following is included in GDP?

a. the amount she paid to buy the car

b. the amount she paid to buy new parts

c. the value of her time repairing the car

d. All of the above are included.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Household chores MSC: Interpretive

56. Tyler and Camille both live in Oklahoma. A new-car dealer in Oklahoma bought a new

car from the manufacturer for $18,000 and sold it to Tyler for $22,000. Later that year, Tyler sold the car to Camille for $17,000. By how much did these transactions contribute to U.S. GDP for the year?

a. $18,000

b. $22,000（经销商的价格只是中间价格，卖给顾客的价格才是最终价值）

c. $39,000

d. $57,000

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical

57. Consider two cars manufactured by Chevrolet in 2009. During 2009, Chevrolet sells one

of the two cars to Sean for $24,000. Later in the same year, Sean sells the car to Kati for $19,000. The second automobile, with a market value of $30,000, is unsold at the end of 2010 and it remains in Chevrolet’s inventory. The transactions just described contribute how much to GDP for 2009?

a. $24,000

b. $43,000

c. $54,000

d. $73,000

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical

58. JR sells RV’s. In 2010 she added $400,000 to her inventory. $100,000 of this addition was

from used RV’s she purchased while the remaining $300,000 was from her purchases of newly manufactured RV’s. How much of JR’s inventory is included in 2010 GDP?

a. $0

b. $100,000

c. $300,000

d. $400,000

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics

TOP: Current production | Inventory MSC: Analytical

59. Which of the following is included in U.S. GDP?

a. the value of production by a Singaporean working in the U.S.

b. the value of production by an American working in Singapore

c. Both (a) and (b) are correct.

d. Neither (a) nor (b) is correct.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative

60. Sheri, a U.S. citizen, works only in Germany. The value she adds to production in Ger-

many is included

a. in both German GDP and U.S. GDP.

b. in German GDP, but is not included in U.S. GDP.

c. in U.S. GDP, but is not included in German GDP.

d. in neither German GDP nor U.S. GDP.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative

61. Martin, a U.S. citizen, travels to Mexico and buys a newly manufactured motorcycle made

there. His purchase is included in

a. both Mexican GDP and U.S. GDP.

b. Mexican GDP, but it is not included in U.S. GDP.

c. U.S. GDP, but it is not included in Mexican GDP.

d. neither Mexican GDP nor U.S. GDP.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-2 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Domestic production MSC: Applicative

曼昆宏观经济学-课后答案-中文版

第一章宏观经济学的课后答案 复习题 1、由于整个经济的事件产生于许多家庭与许多企业的相互作用，所以微观经济学和宏观经济学必然是相互关联的。当我们研究整个经济时，我们必须考虑个别经济行为者的决策。由于总量只是描述许多个别决策的变量的总和，所以宏观经济理论必然依靠微观经济基础。 2、经济学家是用模型来解释世界，但一个经济学家的模型往往是由符号和方程式构成。经济学家建立模型有助于解释GDP、通货膨胀和失业这类经济变量。这些模型之所以有用是因为它们有助于我们略去无关的细节而更加明确地集中于重要的联系上。模型有两种变量：内生变量和外生变量，一个模型的目的是说明外生变量如何影响内生变量。 3、经济学家通常假设，一种物品或劳务的价格迅速变动使得供给量与需求量平衡，即市场走向供求均衡。这种假设称为市场出清。在回答大多数问题时，经济学家用市场出清模型。 持续市场出清的假设并不完全现实。市场要持续出清，价格就必须对供求变动作出迅速调整。但是，实际上许多工资和价格调整缓慢。虽然市场出清模型假设所有工资和价格都是有伸缩性的，但在现实世界中一些工资和价格是粘性的。明显的价格粘性并不一定使市场出清模型无用。首先偷格并不总是呆滞的，最终价格要根据供求的变动而调整。市场出清模型并不能描述每一种情况下的经济，但描述了经济缓慢地趋近了均衡。价格的伸缩性对研究我们在几十年中所观察到的实际GDP增长这类长期问题是一个好的假设。 第二章宏观经济学数据 复习题 1、GDP既衡量经济中所有人的收入，又衡量对经济物品与劳务的总支出。 GDP能同时衡量这两件事，是因为这两个量实际上是相同的：对整个经济来说，收入必定等于支出。这个事实又来自于一个更有基本的事实：由于每一次交易都有一个买者和一个卖者，所以，一个买者支出的每一美元必然成为一个卖者的一美元收入。 2、CPI衡量经济中物价总水平。它表示相对于某个基年一篮子物品与劳务价格的同样一篮子物品与劳务的现期价格。 3、劳工统计局把经济中每个人分为三种类型：就业、失业以及不属于劳动力。一 失业率是失业者在劳动力中所占的百分比，其中劳动力为就业者和失业者之和。一 -I、奥肯定理是指失业与实际GDP之间的这种负相关关系。就业工人有助于生产物品与劳务，而失业工人并非如此。失业率提高必定与实际GDP的减少相关。舆肯定理可以概括为等式：实际GDP变动百分比-3%-2×失业率的变动，印如果失业率保持不变，实际GDP增长3% 左右。这种正常的增长率是由于人口增长、资本积累和技术进步引起的。失业率每上升一个百分比，实际GDP一般减少2个百分比。一 问题和应用一 1、大量经济统计数字定期公布，包括GDP、失业率、公司收益、消费者物价指数及贸易结余。GDP是一年内所有最终产品与劳务的市场价值。失业率是要工作的人中没有工作的人的比例。公司利润是所有制造企业税后会计利润，它暗示公司一般的财务健康情况。消费者物价指数是衡量消费者购买的物品的平均价格，它是通货膨胀的衡量指标。贸易结余是出口物品与进口物品之间的价差。一 2、每个人的增值是生产的物品的价值减去生产该物品所需的原材料的价值。因此，农夫增值是1美元，面粉厂的增值是2美元，面包店的增值是3美元。GDP就是总的增值，即为6 美元，它正好等于最终物品的价值。一 3、妇女与她的男管家结婚，GDP减少量等于男管家的工资。这是由于GDP是衡量经济中所有人

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第32章--开放经济的宏观经济理论)

曼昆《经济学原理（宏观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第32章开放经济的宏观经济理论 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．贸易政策（trade policy） 答：贸易政策指直接影响一国进口或出口物品与劳务量的政府政策。一国的对外贸易政策，是一国政府为实现一定的政策目标在一定时期内对本国进出口贸易所实行的政策，它是为国家最高利益服务的，是统治阶级意志的集中反映。它包括：对外贸易总政策、国别对外贸易政策、进出口商品政策。一个国家的对外贸易政策是这个国家的经济政策和对外政策的重要组成部分，它随着世界政治、经济形势的变化，国际政治、经济关系的发展而改变，同时它也反映各国经济发展的不同水平，反映各国在世界市场上的力量和地位，另外它还受到一国内部不同利益集团的影响。一国的对外贸易政策有两种基本类型：自由贸易政策和保护贸易政策。 2．资本外逃（capital flight） 答：资本外逃指出于安全或保值方面的考虑，短期资本持有者迅速将其从一国转移到另一国的行为或过程。引起资本外逃的具体原因有三种：①一国政局动荡不稳，资本外逃以求安全。②一国国内经济情况日益恶化，国际收支持续逆差，其货币可能发生贬值，资本逃至币值稳定的国家以期保值。③一国加强外汇管制或颁布新法，使资本使用受到限制或资本收益减少，资本外逃以免遭受损失。在本世纪发生的两次世界大战和20世纪30年代经济大萧条时期，欧美等国家曾出现过大规模的资本外逃现象。近年来，发生大量资本外逃的主要是发展中国家，主要是因为这些国家的国内经济形势严峻，债务负担沉重，国际收支状况不断恶化以及国内政局动荡。资本外逃对于一国的经济发展和国际收支稳定有着十分不利的影响。它将降低该国的国内储蓄水平，从而造成投资下降和生产萎缩；它将加剧国际收支逆差，从而引起外汇储备的减少和国际清偿能力的恶化；大量资本外逃时，如果一国试图维持一定的生产和消费水平，势必引起外债负担的迅速积累。因此，防止资本外逃是一国宏观经济政策的一项重要任务。 二、复习题 1．说明可贷资金市场与外汇市场的供给与需求。这两个市场如何联系？ 答：可贷资金的供给来源于国民储蓄；可贷资金的需求来源于国内投资和资本净流出。外汇市场上的供给来源于资本净流出，外汇市场上的需求来源于净出口。连接这两个市场的是资本净流出。 2．为什么预算赤字和贸易赤字有时被称为孪生赤字？

曼昆版经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)第七版课后题与答案

二十三章 1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分(如果有影响的话)?并解释之。 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。 答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP 中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支 出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。 答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP 中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人 居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在 投资中。 C.福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。 答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP 中的投资，因为销 售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的GDP。 C．你买了一个比萨饼。 答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP 中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消 费的非耐用品类中。 D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路。 答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101 号高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高 速公路是政府的行为。 E．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。 答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食 品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。 F．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。 答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX 增加 2．GDP组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内? 答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP 是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把 转移支付包括在政府购买内。 6．考虑以下美国GDP的数据： A．1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期百 分比的变动。 答：1996 年到1997 年间名义收入增长率是5．86%。 B．1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是多少? 答：1996 年到1997 年间，GDP平减指数的增长率是1．8%。 C．按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1996 年的实际收入是69654．5 亿元。 D．按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际GDP是多少? 答：按1992 年的价格衡量，1997 年的实际收入是72419．7 亿元。

曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第1章 宏观经济学科学)

曼昆《宏观经济学》（第6、7版） 第1篇导言 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．宏观经济学（macroeconomics） 答：宏观经济学与微观经济学相对，是一种现代的经济分析方法。它以国民经济总体作为考察对象，研究经济生活中有关总量的决定与变动，解释失业、通货膨胀、经济增长与波动、国际收支及汇率的决定与变动等经济中的宏观整体问题，所以又称之为总量经济学。宏观经济学的中心和基础是总需求—总供给模型。具体来说，宏观经济学主要包括总需求理论、总供给理论、失业与通货膨胀理论、经济增长与经济周期理论、开放经济理论、宏观经济政策等内容。 对宏观经济问题进行分析与研究的历史十分悠久，但现代意义上的宏观经济学直到20世纪30年代才得以形成和发展起来。现代宏观经济学诞生的标志是凯恩斯于1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》。宏观经济学在20世纪30年代奠定基础，二战后逐步走向成熟并得到广泛应用，20世纪60年代后的“滞胀”问题使凯恩斯主义的统治地位受到严重挑战并形成了货币主义、供给学派、理性预期等学派对立争论的局面，20世纪90年代新凯恩斯主义的形成又使国家干预思想占据主流。宏观经济学是当代发展最为迅猛，应用最为广泛，因而也是最为重要的经济学学科。 2．实际GDP（real GDP） 答：实际GDP指用以前某一年的价格作为基期的价格计算出来的当年全部最终产品的市场价值。它衡量在两个不同时期经济中的产品产量变化，以相同的价格或不变金额来计算两个时期所生产的所有产品的价值。在国民收入账户中，以2010年的价格作为基期来计算实际GDP，意味着在计算实际GDP时，用现期的产品产量乘以2010年的价格，便可得到以2010年价格出售的现期产出的价值。 3．通货膨胀与通货紧缩（inflation and deflation） 答：（1）通货膨胀是指在一段时期内，一个经济中大多数商品和劳务的价格水平持续显著地上涨。它包含三层含义：①通货膨胀是经济中一般价格水平的上涨，而不是个别商品或劳务的价格上涨；②通货膨胀是价格的持续上涨，而非一次性上涨；③通货膨胀是价格的显著上涨，而非某些微小的上升，例如每年上升0.5%，不能视为通货膨胀。 通货膨胀的严重程度一般用通货膨胀率来衡量。根据不同标准，可以把通货膨胀划分为不同类型。根据通货膨胀的表现形式，可分为公开型通货膨胀和隐蔽型通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀的严重程度，可分为爬行式通货膨胀、奔跑式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀；根据通货膨胀

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第35章 通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍)

第35章通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、菲利普斯曲线 1．菲利普斯曲线的由来 菲利普斯曲线（Phillips curve）是指一条表示通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍关系的曲线。 菲利普斯根据英国1861～1957年的数据得出了失业率与通货膨胀率之间存在负相关关系的结论。菲利普斯考察通货膨胀是根据名义工资而不是物价，但其实这两种通货膨胀的衡量指标通常是同时变动的。之后萨缪尔森（Paul Samuelson）和罗伯特·索洛（Robert Solow）用美国的数据表明了通货膨胀和失业之间类似的负相关关系。他们的推理是，这种相关性的产生是因为低失业与高总需求相关，而很高的总需求会给整个经济带来工资与物价上升的压力。 图35-1 菲利普斯曲线 菲利普斯曲线给决策者提供了一个有各种可能的经济结果的菜单。通过改变货币政策与财政政策来影响总需求，决策者可以选择这条曲线上的任意一点。如图35-1所示，A点提供了高失业和低通货膨胀，B点提供了低失业和高通货膨胀。决策者可能会偏好低通货膨胀和低失业，这种组合是不可能的。决策者面临着通货膨胀和失业之间的权衡取舍，并且菲利普斯曲线说明了这种权衡取舍。 2．总需求、总供给和菲利普斯曲线 （1）菲利普斯曲线与总需求、总供给的关系 菲利普斯曲线说明了，短期中出现的通货膨胀与失业的组合是由于总需求曲线的移动使经济沿着短期总供给曲线变动。在短期中物品与劳务总需求的增加引起产量增加、物价总水平上升。产量越多，意味着就业越多，从而失业率越低。此外，高物价水平转变为高通货膨胀率。因此，总需求变动在短期中使通货膨胀和失业反方向变动，这正是菲利普斯曲线所说

曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)核心讲义(第36章 宏观经济政策的六个争论问题)

第13篇最后的思考 第36章宏观经济政策的六个争论问题 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、货币政策与财政政策决策者是否应该试图稳定经济 第一个争论问题涉及货币政策与财政政策决策者是否应该用他们所控制的工具来试图平缓经济周期的上升与下降 1．赞成：决策者应该试图稳定经济 经济本质上是不稳定的，并相信政府可以管理总需求，以便抵消内在的不稳定性。 通过“逆经济变动的风向行事”，货币政策与财政政策可以稳定总需求，从而稳定生产和就业。当总需求不足以确保充分就业时，决策者应该刺激政府支出、减税并扩大货币供给。当总需求过大，有引起更高通货膨胀的危险时，决策者应该削减政府支出、增税并减少货币供给。这些政策行为通过引起一个更稳定的经济，并有利于每一个人而使宏观经济理论得到最好的运用。 2．反对：决策者不应该试图稳定经济 决策者运用货币政策和财政政策并不能立即影响经济，其作用要有一个相当长的时滞。由于预期是困难的，而且，很多冲击是不可预期的，稳定政策应该根据未来经济状况有根据地推测，错误预期会使经济政策引起不稳定。政策的第一个规则应该是“不伤害”，因此，决策者应该抑制对经济的日常性干预。 二、政府反衰退应该增加支出还是减税 1．赞成：政府应该增加支出来反衰退 在衰退期间，社会基本问题是总需求不足。终结衰退的关键在于把总需求恢复到与经济中劳动力充分就业一致的水平，对此可实施相应的财政政策和货币政策，通过增加支出来反衰退。 2．反方：政府应该减税来反衰退 减税对总需求和总供给都有重要的影响。减税可以：第一，增加总需求；第二，增加总供给（通过刺激工作予以实现）；第三，分散了支出决策。相对而言，家庭、企业决策优于政府集中支出决策。 另外，在衰退期间增加政府支出存在各种问题：第一，政府支出乘数变小；第二，快速的花钱，购买没什么公共价值的东西不能适时地增加总需求；第三，谨慎而细致的计划支出存在着较长的时滞。 三、货币政策应该按规则制定还是相机抉择

宏观经济学曼昆名词解释英文版第29章到第35章

第29 章 1.Definition of money: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people. 2.Definition of medium of exchange: an item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services. 3. Definition of unit of account: the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts. 4. Definition of store of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future. 5.Definition of liquidity: the ease wi th which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange. 6.Definition of commodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value. 7. Definition of fiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree. 8.Definition of currency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the public. 9.Definition of demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check. 10.Definition of Federal Reserve (Fed): the central bank of the United States. 11. Definition of central bank: An institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy. 12. Definition of money supply: the quantity of money available in the economy. 13. Definition of monetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank. 14. Definition of reserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out. 15. Definition of fractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves. 16. Definition of reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves. 17.Definition of money multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves. 18.Definition of bank capital: the resources a bank’s owners have put into the institution. 19.Definition of leverage: the use of borrowed money to supplement existing funds for purposes of investment. 20.Definition of leverage ratio: the ratio of assets to bank capital. 21. Definition of capital requirement: a government regulation specifying a minimum amount of bank capital. 22. Definition of open-market operations: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed. 23. Definition of discount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks. 24.Definition of reserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits. 25.Definition of federal funds rate: the short-term interest rate that banks charge one another for loans. 第30章 1. Definition of quantity theory of money: a theory asserting that the quantity of money available determines the price level and that the growth rate in the quantity of money available determines the inflation rate. 2. Definition of nominal variables: variables measured in monetary units 3. Definition of real variables: variables measured in physical units.

北大出版社曼昆宏观经济学第六版全英题库有答案23章

Chapter 23 Measuring a Nation's Income MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Macroeconomists study a. the decisions of individual households and firms. b. the interaction between households and firms. c. economy-wide phenomena. d. regulations imposed on firms and unions. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Definitional 2. Which of the following newspaper headlines is more closely related to what microeconomists study than to what macroeconomists study? a. Unemployment rate rises from 5 percent to 5.5 percent. b. Real GDP grows by 3.1 percent in the third quarter. c. Retail sales at stores show large gains. d. The price of oranges rises after an early frost. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive 3. Which of the following questions is more likely to be studied by a microeconomist than a macroecon- omist? a. Why do prices in general rise by more in some countries than in others? b. Why do wages differ across industries? c. Why do national production and income increase in some periods and not in others? d. How rapidly is GDP currently increasing? ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive 4. Which of the following topics are more likely to be studied by a macroeconomist than by a microe- conomist? a. the effect of taxes on the prices of airline tickets, and the profitability of automobile- manufacturing firms b. the price of beef, and wage differences between genders c. how consumers maximize utility, and how prices are established in markets for agricultural products d. the percentage of the labor force that is out of work, and differences in average income from country to country ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive 5. We would expect a macroeconomist, as opposed to a microeconomist, to be particularly interested in a. explaining how economic changes affect prices of particular goods. b. devising policies to deal with market failures such as externalities and market power. c. devising policies to promote low inflation. d. identifying those markets that are competitive and those that are not competitiv e. ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 10-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics and definitions in economics TOP: Macroeconomics MSC: Interpretive 1

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一 个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方： 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量， 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答： 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.

曼昆宏观经济学原理第五版chap33to35课后习题答案(中文)

答：这种“为了安全的资本外逃”对美国经济是件好事。当外国人增加了对美国政府债券的需求时，这种行动减少了美国的资本净流出。国外净投资减少时，美国可贷资金市场上的可贷资金需求减少，可贷资金的需求减少使利率下降，利率下降增加了国内投资，减少了国民储蓄。资本净流出减少使得美国外汇市场上的美元供给减少，外汇市场上美元供给的减少引起实际汇率上升，实际汇率上升使贸易余额倾向于赤字。 13．假设美国共同基金突然决定更多地在加拿大投资。 A．加拿大的资本净流出、储蓄和国内投资会发生什么变动? 答：加拿大的资本净流出会下降，加拿大的国内投资会增加，储蓄会下降。 B．这对加拿大资本存量的长期影响是什么? 答：这会增加加拿大的长期资本存量。 C．资本存量的这种变化将如何影响加拿大劳动市场？这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好还是变坏? 答：资本存量的这种变化会增加加拿大劳动市场的劳动需求。这种美国在加拿大的投资使加拿大工人状况变好。 D．你认为这将使美国工人状况变好还是变坏？你能想到有什么原因一般会使这对美国公民的影响与对美国工人的影响不同? 答：这将使美国工人状况变坏。因为美国共同基金增加在加拿大的投资增加了美国公民的投资利润，但由于国内投资下降，美国工人的情况变坏。 第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十三章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期总供给的曲线的图。仔细并正确地标出坐标轴。 答： 图33—1经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应：物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应：较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应：当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。

曼昆版经济学原理宏观经济学分册第七版 课后题及答案

章三二十并解释之。)?(如果有影响的话1下列每种交易会影响CDP的哪一部分 A．家庭购买了一台新冰箱。答：家庭购买了一台新冰箱会增加GDP中的消费(C)部分，因为家庭用于家用电器的支出计算在消费的耐用品类中。 B．杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子。答：杰妮姑妈买了一所新房子会增加GDP中的投资(1)部分，因为家庭住宅能长期供人居住，提供服务。它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住宅房屋的投资计算在投资中。福特汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车。C.答：福利汽车公司由其存货中出售了一部雷鸟牌汽车会减少现期GDP中的投资，因为销 GDP。售中间物品存货时，企业的存货投资是负的，因而减少了当期的 C．你买了一个比萨饼。答：我买了一个比萨饼会增加GDP中的消费(C)，因为我用于购买食品的支出计算在消费的非耐用品类中。101号高速公路。D．加利福尼亚重新铺设了答：加利福尼亚重新铺设了101号 高速公路增加了GDP中的政府购买(G)，因为修建高速公路是政府的行为。．．你的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒。E答：我的父母购买了一瓶法国红酒会减少GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为法国红酒是进口食品，它的购买增加了美国的进口。．本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂。F答：本田公司扩大其在俄亥俄州马利斯维尔的工厂增加了GDP中的净出口(NX)，因为本田公司是一家日本企业，它在美国的投资减少了美国对日本本田汽车的进口，使NX增加2．GDP 组成部分中的“政府购买”并不包括用于社会保障这类转移支付的支出。想想GDP? 的定义，解释为什么转移支付不包括在政府购买内答：因为转移支付并不是要交换现在生产的物品或劳务，从宏观经济的角度看，转移支付就像税收和回扣一样。转移支付和税收一样改变了家庭收入，但并没有反映经济的生产。由于GDP是要衡量在某一既定时期一个国家从物品与劳务的生产中得到的收入，所以，不把转移支付包括在政府购买内。的数据：GDP6．考虑以下美国 A．1996年 到1997年间名义收入增长率是多少?(注意：增长率是一个时期到下一个时期 百分比的变动。。．86%1997答：1996年到年间名义收入增长率是5?平减指数的增长率是多少GDP年间，1997年到1996．B． 。．8%GDP平减指数的增长率是1年间，答：1996年到1997? GDP是多少年的价格衡量，1996年的实际C．按1992亿元。5年的实际收入是69654．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1996? 是多少年的实际GDP1997D．按1992年的价格衡量，亿元。772419．答：按1992年的价格衡量，1997年的实际收入是? GDP增长率是多少1996年到1997年间实际E．。97%．1997年间实际收入增长率是3答：1996年到并解释之。增长率?GDPG．名义GDP增长率高于还是低于实际H．答：名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率，因为名义收入中运用的是现期价格，实际收入运用的是基期价格，因而名义收入增长率高于实际收入增长率。.二十四章．假设人们只消费三种物品，如下表所示：1?物价总水平变动的百分比是多少A．这三种物品每一种价格变动的百分比是多少?答：网球价格变动的百分比 为0，网球拍价格变动的百分比为50%，加多力饮料价格变。50%100%动的百分比是。物价总水平变动的百分比是B．相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更昂贵了还是更便宜了?相对于一些人的福利，另一些并解释之。?人的福利有什么变动．答：相对于加多力饮料，网球拍变得更便宜了。相对于爱喝加多力饮料的人来说，爱因为网球拍和网球的价格上涨幅度小于加多力饮料的上涨幅度。打网球的人的福利增加了，5．用以下海一种情况说明在编制CPI中会出现什么问题?并解释

曼昆版本宏观经济学所有概念及重点

第23章 一国收入的衡量—GDP 微观经济学(microeconomics)研究个别家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。宏观经济学(macroeconomics)研究整个经济，包括通货膨胀、失业率和经济增长。 一 GDP 1 定义：国内生产总值 (gross domestic product ， GDP) 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生 产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 名义GDP 衡量的是市场价值——用货币衡量 真实GDP 衡量的是数量——用“不变价格”（基年价格）衡量 2 组成：GDP （用Y 代表）被分为四个组成部分：消费（C ）、投资（I ）、政府购买（G ）、净出口（NX ）： Y = C ＋ I ＋ G ＋ NX 3 实际GDP 与名义GDP ：实际GDP=名义GDP-通货膨胀率，衡量的是生产的变动，而不是物价的变动。 4 GDP 平减指数： 100?=GDP GDP GDP 实际名义平减指数，是经济学家用来检测经济平均物价水平， 从而监测通货膨胀率的一个重要指标。 （GDP deflator ） 5 GDP 与经济福利： 由于GDP 用市场价格来评价物品与劳务，它就没有把几乎所有在市场之外进行的 活动的价值包括进来，特别是，GDP 漏掉了在家庭中生产的物品与劳务的价值。 GDP 没有包括的另一种东西是环境质量。 GDP 也没有涉及收入分配。 二 衡量收入的其他指标： 国民生产总值(GNP)：是一国永久居民(称为国民)所赚到的总收入。它与GDP 的不 同之处在于：它包括本国公民在国外赚到的收入，而不包括外国人在本国赚到的收入。 国民生产净值(NNP)：是一国居民的总收入(GNP)减折旧的消耗。 国民收入、个人收入、个人可支配收入 GDP 衡量在国内生产的总收入，GNP 衡量国民（一国居民）所赚到的收入 GNP ＝GDP ＋来自国外的要素收入－向国外的要素支付 国民生产净值（NNP ）表示经济活动的净结果 NNP ＝GNP －折旧（固定资本的消耗） 国民收入（NI ）衡量经济中所有人赚到多少钱 NI ＝NNP －企业间接税（如销售税） 个人收入（PI ）,即家庭和非公司企业所得到的收入量 PI ＝NI －公司利润－社会保险税－净利息＋红利＋政府向 个人的转移支付＋个人利息收入 个人可支配收入＝PI －个人税和非税收支付 第24章 生活费用的衡量—CPI 一 CPI 1 定义：消费物价指数 (consumer price index ，CPI) 是普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务 的总费用的衡量标准

曼昆版宏观经济学期末考试重点

单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。 GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。（1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。 （2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与 劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI进行货币的转换）答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为： CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品 2）找出价格 劳工统计局收集购物篮中所有物品价格的数据

曼昆-宏观经济学原理-中文第六版-第6版-第25章-东南大学曹干

曹乾曹乾●●经济学译丛精品系列 Principles of Macroeconomics （6th edition ） N. Gregory Mankiw （Harvard University ） 曼昆 宏观经济学原理（第6版） 完美中文翻译版完美中文翻译版 第25章：生产与增长 曹乾 译 (东南大学 caoqianseu@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7c16689631.html,)

25生产与增长 当你在世界各国旅行时，你将看到人们的生活水平存在着巨大的差异。富裕国家（例如美国、日本或德国）的平均收入，是贫困国家（如印度、印度尼西亚或尼日利亚）平均收入的十倍多。这些收入上的巨大差异反应在生活质量上存在着巨大差异。与贫困国家相比，富裕国家的人们有着更好的营养、更安全的住房、质量更高的医疗服务和更长的期望寿命，以及更多的汽车、电话和电视等。 即使在同一国家，在不同历史时期，人们的生活水平也存在着很大的差异。在过去一个世纪，美国人的平均收入（人均实际GDP）每年上升2%左右。尽管2%的增长率似乎比较小，但这意味着平均收入每35年就变为原来的2倍。正因为此，今天美国人的平均收入是一个世纪前的平均收入的8倍左右。所以，一个典型美国人比他的父母、祖父母和曾祖父母享受着更高的经济繁荣。 国家之间的增长率存在着很大的差别。在近代，一些东亚国家或地区，例如新加波、韩国和中国台湾，目睹了自身经济的高速增长，年均增长率大约为7%；按照这种增长速度，这些国家或地区的人均收入每10年翻一番。在过去二十年间，中国经济增长更快，根据估计，中国的年均增长率大约为12%。如果一个国家能经历如此高速的增长，那么即使它曾经为世界最穷的国家之一，在几十年之后，它也能变成世界上最富裕的国家之一。相反，某些非洲国家，例如乍得（Chad）、加蓬（Gabon）和塞内加尔（Senegal），它们的经济多年以来一直停滞不前。 如何解释这些差异？富裕国家为何能维持较高的生活水平？贫困国家应该实行什么样的政策来促进经济更快增长，从而加入发达国家行列？在宏观经济学家眼里，这些问题都很重要。正如诺贝尔经济奖获得者罗伯特.卢卡斯（Robert Lucas）所说的：“这类问题对人们福利的影响让人吃惊：一旦你开始思考这些问题，你就不会再思考其它问题了。？” 在前面两章，我们讨论了经济学家如何衡量宏观经济数量和价格。现在我们可以研究这些变量的决定因素了。我们已经知道，一个经济体的国内生产总值（GDP）不仅衡量该经济体的总收入，也衡量了花费在该经济体产品上的总支出。实际GDP水平能较好地衡量经济繁荣程度，实际GDP的增长能较好地衡量经济发展。在本章，我们关注实际GDP水平和实际GDP增长的长期决定因素。在以后章节，我们将研究实际GDP围绕长期趋势的短期波动。 在本章我们分三步走。首先，我们考察人均实际GDP的国家间的数据。这些数据能让我们大体了解世界各国的生活水平及其增长的差异情况。第二，我们考察生产率 ．．．（productivity）的作用。生产率是指单位工作时间能生产的产品数量。特别地，我们将看到，一国生活水平是由该国工人的生产率决定的。我们还将考察一国生产率的决定因素。第三，我们考虑一国生产率和该国执行的经济政策之间的关系。