远大前程

远大前程

百科名片

《远大前程》（Great Expectations），又译《孤星血泪》，是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯晚年写成的教育小说。故事背景为1812年耶诞节前夕至1840年冬天，主角孤儿皮普（Pip）以自传式手法，叙述从7岁开始的三个人生阶段。此小说贯切了狄更斯文以载道的风格，透过剧中孤儿的跌宕起落，表达他对生命和人性的看法。该小说自1860年12月到1861年8月连载于作者制作的周刊《一年四季》，百年来被多次改编成电影、电视剧及舞台剧。

《远大前程》(9张)

作者狄更斯经历了丰富的人间生活后，对人，对周围环境，对自己的生活经历都有了深刻的认识，而所有他成熟的思想认识都汇总在《远大前程》一书中。这部作品原题名是Great Expectations，意思是指一笔遗产，中国把它译成“远大前程”。这个译名给读者一种印象，即作品的主人公是有远大前程的。而事实上，这个“远大前程”是带讽刺意义的，应该说这部作品的主题决非仅仅是写孤儿皮普想当上等人的理想幻灭的故事，如果这样理解，就领会错了狄更斯创作这部作品的意义。皮普生活在姐姐家里，生活艰苦，他的理想是当一名像姐夫一样的铁匠，他没有想当上等人。后来他想当上等人是因为环境的改变。狄更斯的哲学思想之一是环境对人思想的影响。不同的环境可以造就成不同的人。皮普的整个发展过程是符合一般人性理论的。这部作品并非任意写出，而是以狄更斯以前的十多部作品为基础，是他思想的总结。狄更斯把自己的人生观、哲学和道德的思想都总结到了这部创作之中。

编辑本段故事概况

第一部

父母双亡的小朋友皮普（菲力普），从小由一个母老虎姐姐抚养，他和憨厚的铁匠姐夫乔经常受到老婆的殴打，有一天，皮普在父母的坟墓前遇到一个逃犯，那逃犯吓唬他威胁他，让皮普为他弄来食物和矬子（用来弄开枷锁），恐惧的皮普照做了，但不久，逃犯就在和另一个逃犯搏斗的过程中被警察逮捕了。

《远大前程》剧照(9张)

不久，富有的老处女郝维辛小姐派人为她寻觅一个男孩，以伴老服务的名义，来实施她恶毒的爱情游戏的计划，皮普被选中了，每天忍受喜怒无常的骄傲的埃·斯黛拉的羞辱和老处女郝维辛小姐的嘲笑。为了维护被老处女和小处女伤害的自尊心，皮普暗地里决心学习识文断字，并希望有好的前途，并且希望最后能娶骄傲的埃·斯黛拉，他不但找了个叫毕蒂的女人，还找了村里的老修女。

但他知道这样下去是无法超越埃·斯黛拉的，于是只好认命作了铁匠，然而突然有一天，郝维辛小姐的御用律师前来，说有个神秘人要把财产全部留给皮普，并带他去伦敦接受礼仪交际的教育，皮普很高兴自己终于能有好的前途了。

第二部

单纯无知的皮普慢慢习惯了伦敦的生活，和小时候打架的赫伯斯成了朋友和室友，从律师那里拿钱挥霍，结识了律师手下的一个官员，在一个郝维辛小姐的亲戚家接受教育，并加入了一个愚蠢的俱乐部，并且坚持每星期去看望他喜爱的埃·斯黛拉，并沉湎于她的美色和谎言，并妒嫉一个和埃·斯黛拉来往密切的猥琐龌龊的富有的乡绅士，从而开始了他的交际活动。

期间他还听说了一件故事：20多年前，老处女在结婚典礼上，被弟弟亚瑟和未婚夫康生合谋骗了一大笔钱，然后整天萎靡不振，停留在过去的回忆里。

皮普质疑地问为什么那未婚夫不直接和老处女结婚而得到一切财产，却愚蠢地选择和弟弟合作只得到一半财产，赫伯斯解释说那可能是因为那未婚夫已经结婚了，而弟弟亚瑟和康生的老婆联盟，两人一起要挟他，而康生知道自己没有雇佣打手，来不及杀人灭口，如果康

生选择和老处女结婚，他们就把这事捅出去，康生就会失去老处女的信任和财产，一无所有。所以康生只好屈服。

不久那位神秘的监护人现身了，他就是当年那个被帮助的逃犯，他讲了故事的另一个角度：他是康生和亚瑟计谋得逞后收下的另一个同谋，在康生的指示下，他和康生的妻子合谋杀害了亚瑟谋夺了他的财产，并用这笔钱作为资金进行一些非法的贸易活动，不久，他们被逮捕了，康生把所有的罪推给逃犯，两人一起进入监狱。

而逃犯的妻子刚生下了他们的女儿埃·斯黛拉，逃犯的妻子因为一起杀人罪被起诉，郝维辛小姐的律师帮助她摆脱了牢狱之灾，并把她的女儿埃·斯黛拉献给郝维辛小姐，然后用杀人罪和女儿的前途作威胁，因为杀人犯的女儿理应也被关进监狱，结果律师成功地让那逃犯的妻子老老实实地为他做了20几年的奴隶。

第三部

为了摆脱老处女的控制获得自由解放，埃·斯黛拉决定和那个乡绅结婚，老处女懊悔不已，得到皮普的宽恕后欲放火自焚。皮普为了解救她，双手受伤。老处女死前将遗产留给了艾斯黛拉和正直的亲戚马修。

皮普知道一旦逃犯被抓，他从逃犯那里继承的财产也将被充公，因为他不会洗钱，又不懂法律，所以只好为了帮助被妒嫉的乡绅告发的逃犯，愚蠢地决定带着朋友赫伯斯冒险帮助他逃到外国，3人连同船夫出发，在公海上航行，在快要离开国境的时候，小船被接到乡绅线报的边防警察扣留，赫伯斯和船夫顺利逃走，而皮普和逃犯一起被抓回监狱。

出狱后皮普再次变成一无所有的穷光蛋，只好在外国打工，最后成为一个普通人回到家乡。

结果再次遭到妒嫉的乡绅的伏击，最后，被他朋友赫伯斯救了。

最后，他又在那间荒废的别墅里和已经40几岁失去一切财产的心灰意冷的埃·斯黛拉重逢。

这个邪恶的故事充分的体现了邪恶的人滥用法律为非作歹，而缺乏经验的人却始终要做牺牲品的社会现象。

类型：剧情

上映时间1974

电影档案简介故事发生在19世纪的英国。在皮普还是个15岁的孩子时，父母双亡，和姐姐、姐夫生活在一起。圣诞节前，皮普到墓地去悼念父母，遇到了越狱犯麦格维奇。皮普为他拿来了蛋糕充饥，令麦格维奇非常感动，但最后他还是被警察带走了。

圣诞过后，皮普被邀请到村里最富有的哈维汉姆小姐家做客。这个老妇人新婚当天丈夫没有出现，从此便再也没有脱下婚纱，多年来一直生活在回忆里。尽管她拥有财富，却从没有得到过幸福，因此一直活在愤恨中，性格怪癖。当皮普怀着忐忑不安的心情踏入这所老房子时，遇到了哈维汉姆小姐收养的女孩埃斯特拉，从此便一发不可收拾地爱上了她。但埃斯特拉是个傲慢又刻薄的女孩，根本不把皮普放在眼里。这令皮普很伤心，他暗自下决心要成为一名绅士好让埃斯特拉不再歧视自己。

机会终于来了。尽管皮普的姐夫只是一个铁匠，没有钱送他上学，但在几年后，突然有不愿意透露姓名的人提出资助皮普到伦敦去过上层社会的生活。皮普满心欢喜地来到伦敦，学习如何社交、如何跳舞、如何成为一名真正的绅士。此时的皮普已明显的感觉到自己无法再和做铁匠的姐夫顺畅沟通了，尽管是姐夫把他养大，感情也非常好。

埃斯特拉此时已长成亭亭玉立的少女从国外学习归来。皮普找到她，却发现她不断穿梭于许多男人之间并选择了其中一个成为她的丈夫。皮普痛苦得无法自拔。而此时在背后资助皮普的人终于出现了，他就是多年前被皮普搭救过的麦格维奇。他再次越狱后赚下了很多钱，他希望以资助皮普的方式感激他。但这次麦格维奇的出现没有以往那样幸运了，他被警察抓

到死在了监狱里。皮普的财产也被没收，顿时成了穷光蛋。皮普无法接受这样残酷的现实，大病一场。

康复后的皮普认真审视自己，决定从头做起。几年后皮普凭借自己的努力，成为了真正拥有财富的绅士。他再次回到姐夫家中，和家人共度这一年的圣诞节。皮普在老房子里遇到了生活并不幸福的埃斯特拉，得知她从一开始就深爱着自己，但她是被哈维汉姆小姐收养用作报复男人的，她不愿皮普受到伤害才选择和别人结婚。隐藏在心中多年的情感终于爆发，这对有情人最终走到了一起。

编辑本段故事梗概：

故事发生在19世纪的英国。在皮普还是个15岁的孩子时，父母双亡，和姐姐、姐夫生活在一起。圣诞节前，皮普到墓地去悼念父母，遇到了越狱犯麦格维奇。皮普为他拿来了蛋糕充饥，令麦格维奇非常感动，但最后他还是被警察带走了。

圣诞过后，皮普被邀请到村里最富有的哈维汉姆小姐家做客。这个老妇人新婚当天丈夫没有出现，从此便再也没有脱下婚纱，多年来一直生活在回忆里。尽管她拥有财富，却从没有得到过幸福，因此一直活在愤恨中，性格怪癖。当皮普怀着忐忑不安的心情踏入这所老房子时，遇到了哈维汉姆小姐收养的女孩埃斯特拉，从此便一发不可收拾地爱上了她。但埃斯特拉是个傲慢又刻薄的女孩，根本不把皮普放在眼里。这令皮普很伤心，他暗自下决心要成为一名绅士好让埃斯特拉不再歧视自己。

机会终于来了。尽管皮普的姐夫只是一个铁匠，没有钱送他上学，但在几年后，突然有不愿意透露姓名的人提出资助皮普到伦敦去过上层社会的生活。皮普满心欢喜地来到伦敦，学习如何社交、如何跳舞、如何成为一名真正的绅士。此时的皮普已明显的感觉到自己无法再和做铁匠的姐夫顺畅沟通了，尽管是姐夫把他养大，感情也非常好....

------------------------------------------------------

远大前程写作背景

[1]《远大前程》有关道德的主题十分简单：爱、忠诚和良心比财富和社会地位要更为重要。

狄更斯通过匹普追寻所谓“远大前程”的经历来表现这个主题。因此，抱负以及追求个人发展成为这部小说的一个中心主题，也成为促使匹普发展的一个心理机制。从内心深处来说，匹普是一个理想主义者，——旦当他发觉有比自己已经拥有的更好的东西时，他就马上想得到它。当他看到郝薇香小姐的萨提斯庄园时，他就期盼成为一名有钱的绅土；当他发现自己道德上的缺陷时，便希望能够变成一个好人；当他意识到自己不会读书时，他便渴望知道怎样读书。匹普自我追求的欲望便是确定这部小说标题的主要原因。正因为匹普相信人生可以得到改善，所以他才觉得自己的未来有着“远大的前程”。

[2]在《远大前程》中，抱负与自我追求以三种形式表现出来：道德的，社会的和教育的。正是这些动因驱使匹普在小说中作·出最好或最坏的表现。首先，匹普渴望道德上的自我改善。当他做不道德的事情时，便会严厉自责；这种强烈的负罪感会激发他以后把事情做好。比如当他离家去伦敦时，内心经历了激烈的斗争，总觉得这样做实在对不起乔和毕蒂。其次，匹普渴望提高自己的社会地位。

出于对艾丝黛拉的爱，匹普盼望成为艾丝黛拉所属阶级的一员。在他姐姐和潘博瞿克的鼓动下，匹普终日沉醉在绅士梦中。实现匹普的绅士梦成了这部小说的基本情节。这给了狄更斯机会去讽刺他那个时代的阶级体系，并揭示其变幻莫测的本质。很显然，与他作为铁匠学徒的生活相比，匹普的尸绅土”生活并不那么尽如人意，道德上也更为堕落。再次，匹普渴望获得良好的教育，这与匹普渴望提高社会地位和娶艾丝黛拉为妻有着必然的联系。要想成为一名绅士，良好的教育是必不可少的。如果他仅仅是一个无知的乡巴佬，就毫无希望进入上流社会。但是，通过乔、毕蒂和马格韦契的例子，匹普明白了一个人的真正价值与社会地位和受教育程度并没有必然的联系，爱和良知远比博学与崇高的社会地位更重要。

社会阶级

[1]在小说《远大前程》中，狄更斯对维多利亚英国的阶级体系进行了深入探讨：从最可怜的罪犯马格韦契到贫穷的农民乔和毕蒂，从中产阶级潘博瞿克到富有的郝薇香小姐。社会阶级是贯穿于整部小说的中心主题，并最终上升到小说的道德主题——匹普最终意识到财富和社会地位远不如爱、忠诚和人的内在价值的重要。虽然匹普深深爱着艾丝黛拉，但是艾丝黛拉的社会地位和她本人的性格完全没有联系。虽然杜马尔身·为贵族，但却品德低下；马格韦契虽然是一个即将被施以绞刑的罪犯，却有着内在的价值。

[2]最重要的是这部小说所描写的是工业革命以后维多利亚时期英国的阶级状况。狄更斯鄙视那些世袭的贵族，却尊重那些依靠劳动发家致富的人。虽然郝薇香小姐的财富来源于酿酒厂，但依靠的依然是她自己的领地。狄更斯通过把社会阶级这一主题与自我追求这一主题相联系，进一步强调了小说的中心主题，那就是抱负和自我追求。

犯罪，有罪与无罪

犯罪、有罪与无罪这一主题在小说中主要是通过犯人和犯罪律师等人物来进行探索。从乔在伦敦监狱绞刑架旁边的铁匠铺打造手铐开始，关于犯罪与刑事审判等意象就充满着全书，成了调和匹普内心良知与外在的司法机构之间冲突的重要象征。一般说来，正如社会阶级只是一种表面的价值标准，外在的司法机构(警察，法庭，监狱等)也仅仅是极为表象的道德评判标准，匹普必须学会在这些标准之上去寻找自己最好的生活方式和内心道德良知。

匹普开始害怕马格韦契是因为他是一个罪犯，匹普对于帮助过马格韦契而产生强烈的负罪感也是因为他害怕警察。在小说的最后，匹普发现了马格韦契高尚的内在品质，因而他就可以忽视马格韦契在司法层面上作为罪犯的身份，出于良心的驱使，他尽力帮助马格韦契逃离警察的追捕和法律的制裁。正是因为匹普学会了用良知去评价马格韦契内心的品质，所以他最后用内在的标准(有道德善良的好人)取代了外在的标准(罪犯身份)。

主旨双重性

[1]狄更斯作品最重要的特点之一就是结构的繁复与均衡。他的作品情节包含复杂的巧合、错综的人物关系和富有的戏剧性。在情节发展中，环境、气氛、事件和人物都有机地融合起来。

[2]除了人物关系盘根错节外，《远大前程》也许是狄更斯作品中戏剧性对称表现最突出的一部。一种双重结构贯穿小说的始末。从小说的开场到结尾，几乎每一个元素都在小说的其他方面有所折射和回应。沼泽地里的两个罪犯(马格韦契和康佩生)，困在屋里的两个病人(乔太太和郝薇香小姐)，对匹普产生兴趣的两个女人(毕蒂和艾丝黛拉)，等等。还有两个神秘的赞助者：给了匹普财产的马格韦契和秘密支助赫伯特的匹普。并且，小说中还有一对试图按自己的意愿来塑造孩子的成年人：马格韦契，希望能拥有一个绅士，就努力把匹普变成这样的人；郝薇香，试图把艾丝黛拉抚养成一个专门报复男人的人，以慰藉自己受伤的心。有趣的是，这两人的举动都是康佩生促成的——马格韦契嫉恨康佩生的地位与教育，但自己又无法奢望赶上他，所以决定把匹普培养成一个绅士；郝薇香因康佩生未能在教堂举行婚礼时露面而伤心欲绝，所以渴望能通过艾丝黛拉达到报复的目的。郝薇香与康普生的关系——出身高贵的女人和出身平凡的男人一进一步折射出匹普和艾丝黛拉的关系。

[3]这种双重要素的模式虽说并没有给小说主题带来实质意义，但是，正如天气和行为的关系一样，它使我们明白在匹普的世界里任何东西都是相互关联的。戏剧性的对称贯穿狄更斯所有的作品，是他小说世界的有机组成部分。

人与非人的比较

在《远大前程》中，叙述者用无生命的物体意象来描述人物的外表，尤其是次要人物或者是叙述者不熟悉的角色。比如说，乔太太看起来似乎是用磨碎的肉豆蔻来擦洗自己的脸，而威密克先生那难以捉摸的外表总是被比做一个信箱。使用这样的表述模式可能会让人觉得叙述者对人物毫无同情之心，或者暗示出入物在生活压力下更像一个物而不是人。后一种解释表明了一般意义上的这种表述模式属于社会批评的范畴，暗示了阶级制度或者刑事审判制度会使一部分人丧失人性。象征

萨提斯庄园

狄更斯在萨提斯庄园里营造了一种宏伟的哥特式气氛，这里的很多事物象征着匹普对上层阶级的浪漫妄想和小说的其他很多主题。衰老的郝薇香小姐身上的结婚礼服象征着死亡和腐化，充满反讽意味。她的婚纱和婚宴象征着她的过去，房子里静止的时钟象征着她试图让时间停止，拒绝改变任何事情，想让一切都跟她结婚那天被抛弃时没有两样。房子旁边的酿酒厂象征着商业和财富的联系：郝薇香小姐的财富不是贵族出身的产物，而是她在工业资本主义发展中成功经营的结果。最后，庄园烧毁后满是灰暗尘土的残垣断壁象征着房子的居住者和整个上层阶级的颓废与堕落。

沼泽地上空的雾

背景在《远大前程》里几乎总是象征着某一主题，并设定某种语气来与小说的戏剧性行动相吻合。匹普童年时的家乡，肯特郡附近布满浓雾的沼泽地是小说最有深意的背景之一，作者多次运用这一背景来象征危险和动荡。年幼时，匹普在浓雾中给马格韦契送去铁锉和食物；后来，他又被奥里克绑架到布满浓雾的沼泽地，还差点被杀死。每当匹普走进雾中，就有可能发生危险。值得注意的是，当匹普得到神秘赞助后不久，他要去伦敦，但必须穿过这些布满浓雾的沼泽地，这就提醒读者注意，匹普人生中这个明显的正面变化也许隐含某种危险的后果。

本特利·庄姆

尽管他只是书中的一个小人物，本特利·庄姆却与匹普形成重要的对照，显示了阶级差别的专制性。在匹普心里，社会道德观念是与通过教育进入上流社会紧密相连的，因而两者互相依存。作为上层社会的一员，庄姆既粗俗又残忍。他的例子向匹普证明社会地位的提升与个人的才智和道德没有必然的联系。庄姆是蠢材一个，却继承了大笔的财富，而匹普的姐夫乔是个好人，终日劳作，却收获甚微。庄姆作为一个反面教材，让匹普看清了像马格韦契和乔这样的人物性格的内在价值，帮助他最后放弃了那些对待财富和阶级的不成熟的幻想，达到了一种新的更富同情心，也更加现实的理解。

The story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. The first "expectation" is allotted 19 chapters, and the other two 20 chapters each in the 59-chapter work. In some editions, the chapter numbering reverts to Chapter One in each expectation, but the original publication and most modern editions number the chapters consecutively from one to 59. At the end of chapters 19 and 39, readers are formally notified that they have reached the conclusion of a phase of Pip's expectations.

In the first expectation, Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband, Joe Gargery. Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter, Estella. From that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman. After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella, he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith. This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the "Great Expectation" of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor.

The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world.

The third and last stage of Pip's expectations alters Pip's life from the artificially supported world of his upper class strivings and introduces him to realities that he realizes he must deal with, facing moral, physical and financial challenges. He learns startling truths that cast into doubt the values that he once embraced so eagerly, and finds that he cannot regain many of the important things that he had cast aside so carelessly. The current ending of the story is different from Dickens's original intent, in which the ending matched the gloomy reverses to Pip's fortunes that typify the last expectation. Dickens was prevailed upon to change the ending to one more acceptable to his readers' tastes in that era, and this "new" ending was the published one and currently accepted as definitive.

Dickens has Pip as the writer and first person narrator of this account of his life's experiences, and the entire story is understood to have been written as a retrospective, rather than as a present tense narrative or a diary or journal. Still, though Pip "knows" how all the events in the story will turn out, he uses only very subtle foreshadowing so that we learn of events only when the Pip in the story does. Pip does, however, use the perspective of the bitter lessons he's learned to comment acidly on various actions and attitudes in his earlier life

Plot summary: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens

Philip Pirrip, who is known as Pip because, not surprisingly, he finds it difficu lt to pronounce his name, has a terrifying childhood experience in a graveyard on the Kent marshes. A prisoner, who has escaped from a nearby prison ship, grabs hold of Pip and demands that he fetch food and a file to remove his manacles.

Pip is an orphan, and he lives with his older sister and her husband, Joe Garg ery, a village blacksmith. Soldiers come to the forge to repair some manacles, and then set off to search for the convict, whose name is Abel Magwitch. The

latter allows himself to be caught, because the same fate then awaits his fello w escapee, the hated Compeyson.

Pip is invited to Satis House, ostensibly to be the playmate of Estella, who is the ward of Miss Havisham, a recluse who, many years previously, had been jilted at the altar. For Miss Havisham, time stood still on that day, so the cl ocks are never wound, the wedding cake stands where it always did, now cov ered in cobwebs, and she still wears her wedding dress. She has sworn to rev enge herself on men, and she is bringing Estella up to think the same way.

However, Pip falls in love with Estella, and at Satis House he also meets a b oy of his own age who is playing in the grounds. This is Herbert Pocket.

Jaggers, who is Miss Havisham's lawyer, comes to the forge, where Pip is app renticed to Joe, to tell Pip that he has "great expectations" that will come to h im from an unknown benefactor, whom Pip assumes must be Miss Havisham. Joe releases Pip from his apprenticeship and he travels to London, where he is befriended by Wemmick, Jaggers's clerk, and Herbert Pocket. Meanwhile, his sister, Mrs Joe, is brutally murdered at the forge.

Pip has a hard time of it in London, including financial difficulties caused by his belief in those "great expectations" coming to fruition, and the knowledge t hat Estella has rejected him in favour of Bentley Drummle. The worst shock i s the reappearance of Magwitch, who has escaped from the penal colony in A ustralia to which he had been transported. Magwitch tells him that it is he, an d not Miss Havisham, who is his mysterious benefactor. However, this horrifie s the somewhat snobbish Pip, and he determines to help Magwitch to get out of the country.

Returning to Satis House, Pip asks Miss Havisham for help to set Herbert Poc ket up in business. However, she gets too close to the open fire and her dress catches light. Pip is able to douse the flames, but Miss Havisham dies from her burns. Before she does so, she implores Pip's forgiveness and gives him cl ues that Estella is the daughter of Magwitch and Jaggers's housekeeper.

Pip gets a mysterious message that calls him back to the Kent marshes. There he is nearly killed by Orlick, who works with Joe and who is revealed to be the murderer of Mrs Joe. Pip is rescued by Herbert.

Pip and Herbert return to London, where they are about to execute Magwitch's escape, but they learn that they are being watched. The plan is to take a boa t down the river, but they are intercepted by officers who are guided by Com peyson. In the struggle, Magwitch is wounded and Compeyson drowns. Magwit

ch is condemned to hang, but dies before this can happen.

Pip returns to the forge, intending to propose to his childhood sweetheart, Bidd y, but finds that she has married Joe. Pip goes to Egypt to join Herbert Pocke t's shipping firm, and only returns several years later to find and marry Estella, who is now widowed.

Plot summary: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens

Philip Pirrip, who is known as Pip because, not surprisingly, he finds it difficult to pronounce his name, has a terrifying childhood experience in a graveyard on the Kent marshes. A prisoner, who has escaped from a nearby prison ship, grabs hold of Pip and demands that he fetch food and a file to remove his manacles.

Pip is an orphan, and he lives with his older sister and her husband, Joe Gargery, a village blacksmith. Soldiers come to the forge to repair some manacles, and then set off to search for the convict, whose name is Abel Magwitch. The latter allows himself to be caught, because the same fate then awaits his fellow escapee, the hated Compeyson.

Pip is invited to Satis House, ostensibly to be the playmate of Estella, who is the ward of Miss Havisham, a recluse who, many years previously, had been jilted at the altar. For Miss Havisham, time stood still on that day, so the clocks are never wound, the wedding cake stands where it always did, now covered in cobwebs, and she still wears her wedding dress. She has sworn to revenge herself on men, and she is bringing Estella up to think the same way.

However, Pip falls in love with Estella, and at Satis House he also meets a boy of his own age who is playing in the grounds. This is Herbert Pocket.

Jaggers, who is Miss Havisham's lawyer, comes to the forge, where Pip is apprenticed to Joe, to tell Pip that he has "great expectations" that will come to him from an unknown benefactor, whom Pip assumes must be Miss Havisham. Joe releases Pip from his apprenticeship and he travels to London, where he is befriended by Wemmick, Jaggers's clerk, and Herbert Pocket. Meanwhile, his sister, Mrs Joe, is brutally murdered at the forge.

Pip has a hard time of it in London, including financial difficulties caused by his belief in those "great expectations" coming to fruition, and the knowledge that Estella has rejected him in favour of Bentley Drummle. The worst shock is the reappearance of Magwitch, who has escaped from the penal colony in Australia to which he had been transported. Magwitch tells him that it is he, and not Miss Havisham, who is his mysterious benefactor. However, this

horrifies the somewhat snobbish Pip, and he determines to help Magwitch to get out of the country.

Returning to Satis House, Pip asks Miss Havisham for help to set Herbert Pocket up in business. However, she gets too close to the open fire and her dress catches light. Pip is able to douse the flames, but Miss Havisham dies from her burns. Before she does so, she implores Pip's forgiveness and gives him clues that Estella is the daughter of Magwitch and Jaggers's housekeeper.

Pip gets a mysterious message that calls him back to the Kent marshes. There he is nearly killed by Orlick, who works with Joe and who is revealed to be the murderer of Mrs Joe. Pip is rescued by Herbert.

Pip and Herbert return to London, where they are about to execute Magwitch's escape, but they learn that they are being watched. The plan is to take a boat down the river, but they are intercepted by officers who are guided by Compeyson. In the struggle, Magwitch is wounded and Compeyson drowns. Magwitch is condemned to hang, but dies before this can happen.

Pip returns to the forge, intending to propose to his childhood sweetheart, Biddy, but finds that she has married Joe. Pip goes to Egypt to join Herbert Pocket's shipping firm, and only returns several years later to find and marry Estella, who is now widowed.

匹普

毫无疑问，《远大前程》是关于匹普的故事。他最初的梦想以及最后梦想幻灭的种种经历使匹普成长为一个真正的好人。匹普经历的性格变化对于小说的主题起着重要作用。通过匹普从一个天真的孩子堕落成高傲势利的绅士，又从忏悔堕落到重新做人，狄更斯企图说明不切实际的妄想会导致不良的品行。在小说的开头，匹普被描写成一个没有恶意；乐于助人孩子。虽然他当时只满足于自己极为普通的生活，却获得了读者的极大同情。不幸的是，自从匹普对自己的生活有了那么一些不切实际的妄想和期待以后，这些优良的品质便被那些不良的品行所取代。当他第一次到访萨提斯庄园时，自认为受过良好的教育，儒雅高贵的艾丝黛拉十分鄙视匹普，不屑于与他这样的乡里人交往。而匹普对艾丝黛拉则是一见钟情。仅仅在萨提斯庄园呆了一个下午，匹普就萌生欲望，要成为艾丝黛拉能够接受的人，从而改变艾丝黛拉对自己的冷酷态度。结果是当他一回到铁匠铺，匹普就开始为他现实的生活和社会地位感到羞耻，因为匹普相信正是这些因素将会葬送艾丝黛拉爱上自己的任何希望。

后来，当律师贾格斯告知匹普“远大前程”将降临他头上时，匹普开始相信郝薇香一定会把艾丝黛拉嫁给自己的。几乎一下子，匹普心中的利己主义就开始极度膨胀，从而傲慢自大，瞧不起那些普通但又忠诚、善良的朋友。当高傲自大、忘恩负义的匹普继续相信是郝薇香选择了他作为她的财产继承人，并且希望将艾丝黛

拉嫁给他时，他还为自己过去的生活感到羞耻、鄙弃。一次，匹普收到乔的来信，说乔要来伦敦看他。当匹普得到这一消息时·，他却一点也高兴不起来。匹普如此专注于赢得艾丝黛拉的芳心，以至于他三天两头拜访郝薇香，可却从来没去铁匠铺看过。由于匹普那些不切实际的妄想，他对人生的看法已跟过去大不相同，并因此生生出许多负面的态度和品行。多年以来，匹普始终坚信自己和艾丝黛拉一定会结婚，但是当匹普最后得知幕后的资助者是马格韦契，而不是郝薇香的时候，他的梦想逐渐破灭了。他本性中善良纯朴的一面又开始克服那些养成的种种不良品行。在真相大白后，匹普没有因为郝薇香小姐对自己的生活造成巨大不幸而怨恨她。相反，当郝薇香小姐提出要给匹普一笔钱作为补偿时，匹普拒绝了，并提出希望郝薇香小姐资助赫伯特的生意。后来，当匹普再次看望郝薇香小姐的时，发现她坐得离火炉太近，身穿的那件旧婚纱已经着火了，他便冒着生命危险去救郝薇香。匹普的优点还体现在他对待自己的资助者，罪犯马格韦契身上。当一切真相大白后，匹普当时的反应是震惊、怀疑，甚至厌恶。但是对于马格韦契对自己的经济资助，匹普想方设法予以报答。正如匹普救郝薇香小姐一样，他冒着极大的危险，克服了种种不便去帮助马格韦契。虽然他最终没能和马格韦契一起逃离英国，而且马格韦契死后他得不到任何财产，但他对马格韦契的关心和帮助并未因此动摇。每天匹普都去看望马格韦契，并尽力给予安慰。由于匹普的关心，马格韦契最后的日子过得平静而安详。正如匹普对马格韦契的态度逐渐缓和一样，他对自己以往低微的生活也不再觉得羞愧。在马格韦契死后，匹普也大病了一场。康复后，他得知乔在自己重病期间专程来伦敦照顾他。在看护期间，乔在匹普面前仍然显得十分拘谨，就像多年前乔来伦敦看望他时的情形一样。而在乔的面前，匹普开始感觉到自己好像从来就没有离开过铁匠铺。当乔悄然离开伦敦回去以后，匹普在刚刚能够走动时也回到了乡下。在乔的铁匠铺，匹普不再感到羞愧，态度不再傲慢。在这熟悉的环境里，他感到十分满足、愉快。小说结束时，读者可能发现匹普的命运是可接受的，也是愉快的。为了追求不切实际的所谓远大前程，匹普曾由一个单纯善良的小孩变成了高傲无情的势利小人。但是，当所有这些不现实的梦想与期待落空以后，匹普的不良品行也得到了克服，重新成为一个善良的好人。从匹普可悲可叹的经历中我们可以看出，狄更斯真正的意图在于向读者揭示：匹普，就像大卫·科波菲尔一样，是一个“普通人”。

艾丝黛拉

通常被认为是狄更斯创作的第一个令人信服的女性，艾丝黛拉是一个极具讽刺意味的角色。她破坏了人们对于浪漫爱情的观念，是对深陷于其中的阶级社会的辛辣批判。艾丝黛拉三岁时被郝薇香小姐收养，并被培养成折磨男人，让所有男人心碎的工具。艾丝黛拉用最实际任意的冷酷赢得了匹普对她最深的情爱。与传统爱情小说中所塑造的迷人，善良的女主人公不同，艾丝黛拉冷酷，愤世嫉俗，并且控制欲极强。虽然艾丝黛拉是匹普遇见的第一个上层社会的理想女子，实际上艾丝黛拉的真实出身比匹普还要低下。快到小说的结尾处，匹普才知道艾丝黛拉其实是粗鄙的罪犯马格韦契的亲生女儿，出身于社会的最底层。但具有讽刺意味的是上流社会的生活并没有拯救艾丝黛拉，相反，她两次成为收养她的上流社会的牺牲品。她没有在品德高尚的马格韦契身边长大，却被郝薇香小姐抚养成人。

郝薇香摧毁了她表达内心情感的能力，使她无法正常地与别人交流。艾丝黛拉没能嫁给善良的“普通人”匹普，却嫁给了一位凶残的贵族。结婚多年以来，一直受到丈夫的虐待，使艾丝黛拉的婚后生活十分悲惨。通过艾丝黛拉，狄更斯想强调这样一个观点，那就是一个人是否幸福与他的社会地位没有多大的联系。对于艾丝黛拉贫穷固然不好，至少她可能生活得比较舒心。狄更斯认为尽管艾丝黛拉做了一些受人责备的事情，但她依然是一个值得同情的角色。为寻找自己真正的情感，艾丝黛拉常常在内心进行斗争，并按照自己的情感而不是郝薇香小姐强加给她的动机去行事；通过这些描写，狄更斯让读者看到了艾丝黛拉的内心世界，从而解释了为什么匹普会如此爱她。艾丝黛拉似乎无法控制自己去伤害匹普，但却又仿佛不愿意伤害他。她反复警告匹普自己没有“良心”，并催促匹普抛开她去寻找自己的幸福。和匹普一样，艾丝黛拉经过漫长、痛苦的婚姻经历终于懂得了人应该相信自己的内心感情。在小说的结尾部分，艾丝黛拉第一次变成了一个属于她自己的女人。正如她对匹普所说的那样：“痛苦给我的教训比什么都深刻，现在我整个身心已经被拆散、被打碎，但我希望，能被重新组装得更完美一些。”

郝薇香小姐

郝薇香小姐是一位有钱的贵妇，住在一栋古老的宅院里，天天穿着那件破旧的婚礼服。她复仇心重，近乎疯狂。尽管这个角色并不十分可信，但却是这部小说中给读者留下深刻印象的人物之一。郝薇香小姐的一生都活在那惟一悲剧事件中，即成婚那天被康普生所抛弃。从那一刻起，郝薇香小姐决心永不走出她那破碎的心。房子里所有的时钟都停在九点二十分，那是她得知康普生离她而去·的时间。她只穿一只鞋，因为当她得知康普生的背叛行为时还没来得及穿上另外一只。郝薇香小姐狂躁、残酷，她收养艾丝黛拉的目的就是要用她来报复所有的男人。郝薇香小姐是一心一意追求毁灭性复仇的典型例子。由于她刻意报复，她以及与她有关的所有人都承受了巨大的痛苦。可她全然不知她的行动已经伤害了匹普和艾丝黛拉。小说结束时，当郝薇香小姐意识到她以同样的方式打碎了匹普的心，但她不仅没有实现个人的复仇，恰恰相反，却造成了更大的痛苦。为此，郝薇香作了忏悔，并请求匹普原谅，从而强调了小说的主题：通过悔悟和同情，坏人坏事也可以得到救赎。

幻灭的“远大前程”

——对《远大前程》

的评析

一本好书，每读一遍都能学到不同的东西，以前不太喜欢外国名著，因为总觉得从书中不能学到语言美，看不到汉语中的修辞，华丽的词藻，如果翻译的不好，就连简单的对话都觉得蹩脚，只当成一个故事去看，往往没有耐心，半途而废。这是一个漫长的暑假，我翻开了家中“尘封”了几年的一本书——《远大前程》。第一遍看热闹，第二遍看皮毛，第三遍看门道，我认认真真的看了三遍，虽然也没有看出什么门道，依然没有优美的修辞和华丽的词藻，却看到了一部优秀作品的结构，一个故事背后的人生，一个社会背景下的思想。

《远大前程》的作者，查尔斯·狄更斯，世界著名批判现实主义小说家。生活在19世纪英国由半封建社会向工业资本主义社会的过渡时期，出生于一个海军小职员家庭，从小承担起繁重的家务劳动，只上过几年学，在律师事务所当过缮写员，做过报社采访记者，通过自学成才，生活在社会的最底层，饱尝生活的不易。因此，在他的作品中从人道主义出发，对各种丑恶的社会现象进行揭露批评，对劳动人民的苦难及其反抗斗争给以同情和支持。

作品是围绕孤儿皮普的人生经历展开。他生在乡下，由粗俗泼辣的姐姐带大，而在这种暗无天日的童年生活中，只有他的姐夫，一个性情温和，心肠善良，平易近人的铁匠对他百般呵护。最初，为皮普设计的人生道路是给乔·葛奇里，也就是他的姐夫当学徒，进而同样从事铁匠工作。这期间，他曾经被逼无奈的情况下用食物和矬子就下一个逃犯。此后，皮普被镇上一个神经质的贵族小姐郝维仙叫去供她消愁解闷，在那个庄园里，他认识了郝维仙小姐的养女——埃丝苔娜，她漂亮、骄傲、盛气凌人，皮普爱上了她，也是为了得到埃丝苔娜的爱，他不想再单纯的成为一名铁匠，也不想过着清苦朴素的生活，他有了自己的远大理想：他要成为上等人，要过上贵族的生活。虽然是这样但是无力改变现实，他仍然在卑微的生活，当上了乔的学徒，但是没有间断去郝维仙小姐家。然而，突然的一天，一笔财产从天而降，宣告它将成为财产的继承人，他的“远大前程”开始慢慢实现，在他看来是郝维仙小姐安排了这一切，他甚至猜想埃丝苔娜也将成为他的妻子，他接受成为上等人的教育。终于有一天真相大白，这笔财产是他曾经帮过的一个逃犯给他的，而他的“远大前程”也伴随着这个逃犯——马格韦契的出现而幻灭。最终，他又回到了一个普通人的生活……

小说是以第一人称来叙述的，因此，全书都是主人公皮普的心理描写来讲述这个故事的发展：一个孤儿爱上一个贵族小姐到继承一笔遗产再到自己的变化——虚荣、自私、忘恩负义，直到最后“远大前程”的幻灭，让他重新回归自我，回到理性。作品人物多，情节紧扣故事的发展，随着一个个人物的出现，所有的谜团也被解开，当结局摆在面前的时候，我们能深刻的感受到这部作品布局的精美与结构的严谨，甚至故事本身，充满着波折与悬疑。

我们说这是一部讽刺疑问很重的小说。其实，我们从题目就可以看到，“Great Expectation”译作“一笔遗产”，中文翻译成“远大前程”，读完小说，我们知道，它写的其实是远大前程的幻灭，当然，并不仅仅是这些。这部作品中人物众多，却都各有性格特征，甚至可以说，一个人代表了一类人、一群人，狄更斯是一个批判现实主义小说家，因此，他笔下的人物更具代表性：主人公皮普，出身卑微，却有着对只是的渴求核对梦想的执着，他渴望成为上等人，渴望得到埃丝苔娜的爱，同时，人没有十全十美，人是现实的，在金钱的驱使下，使人变得贪婪、自私、虚荣还有忘恩负义，他有了文人的那种清高之气——“不与鸡同食，常与凤为舞”，当他跻身上流人士之后，他嫌弃每一个比他“低”一等的人，他讨厌那个特拉布的小伙计，看不起鞍前马后的彭波契克，甚至他的保姆也是他眼中的“讨债鬼”，他嫌弃乔，第一次重回小镇的时候，他选择了住在蓝野猪饭店，不想回他长大的家；当乔去伦敦找他的时候他甚至不想见乔。这与乔曾经亲口说的：“我们永远是最好的朋友！”这样的话形成了极大的反差，虽然他离开家乡，并且逐渐疏远了乔一家，但是乔依然向他表示着最真切的关怀，就在小说的结尾处，“远大前程”破灭的时候，乔依然守在皮普的病床前，为他还清了所有的债

款。在那个封建等级严重的时代，我们看不到“一人得道，鸡犬升天”，反而更多的是“划清界限”。自私与善良，在这样的对比中，将讽刺表现的淋漓尽致。虽然这期间皮普暴露出对金钱的过分崇拜以及生活的被动，但是善良的本性还是尚存的，他出资帮助郝伯特，这也成为他一生的朋友。

温米克先生是贾格斯先生的一个办事员，但是同贾格斯一样有着善良的本性，他孝顺，热情好客，认真的办好每一件事。而同温米克及贾格斯先生一样，在皮普实现他的远大理想的过程中起过一定作用的乔的舅舅彭波契克却完全不是这样，在我看来，彭波契克是这部作品众多人物里最具讽刺的一个角色，代表了社会上存在的那类具丑恶嘴脸的人，鞍前马后；在皮普还没有发达时，同皮普的姐姐一样，充斥着指责与谩骂，而在主人公飞黄腾达之后，他成了一个整日想与皮普握手的马屁精，他将自己形容成“早期的恩主”、“同伴和朋友”、“一位非常值得尊敬的人”，他是为别人奠定幸福基础恩人。与贾格斯的温米克相比，是多么的讽刺！

作品中，坏女人的典型——郝维仙小姐。从小娇生惯养，被新郎欺骗后再也没有迈出家门半步，她的生命中充满了“像男人复仇”的决心，她变成了一个十足的老怪物，皮普成了牺牲品，而她的养女埃丝苔娜也成了她复仇的工具，最终，她死了，可能与理想比较接近的是：善有善报，恶有恶报，对于她，当然没有好下场。

狄更斯在刻画一个个人物形象的时候，也发掘了人性的内涵：“人之初，性本善”。不论是生性本就温和善良的乔，还是皮普的姐姐——尽管冷酷无情，遭到歹徒袭击瘫倒在床以后性情也变得温和，临死前还依恋地拉着乔的手请求他的原谅。

对于皮普的恩主——马格韦契以及皮普的朋友郝伯特，我想，狄更斯更多的是对人性的一种呼唤，在黑暗的社会背景下，呼唤感恩，呼唤真诚的友谊……

狄更斯在这部作品上运用了多元整一的结构，用一个个人物形象，在细节上也无不体现着现实的黑暗，他用自己的作品去反映生活，评价生活及干预生活。他从人道主义出发，本着艺术家的良心，对社会进行了坚决的揭露和批判。他在描写新门监狱狱警的时候用了这样一段话：“一个肮脏邋遢，酒气熏天的法警走过来问我，是不是要去听官司。他告诉我只要给他半个克朗他就可以吧我领到前排座位……”这些细节描写其实也是可有可无，不会影响整个故事的发展，但正是这些细节描写才深刻的揭露着法律界的肮脏，现实的黑暗。

主人公的爱情是波折的，但走的也是一条回归路线在埃丝苔娜嫁为他人妻之后，皮普也随着“破产”了，原本以为毕蒂会等自己，而到皮普再次回到家中的时候，毕蒂嫁给了乔，并且有了孩子，乔的善良本性再一次显现：为了纪念自己，给孩子取了“皮普”这个名字。就像现实生活中一样，谁也不会等谁一辈子。当“人财两空”的皮普再度回到废弃的庄园，与婚变的埃丝苔娜也再度相遇，并许下了“将和他永远在一起，不再分离”的诺言，正如人们常说的“人生就像是一个个轮回，从哪里开始，也会从哪里结束”，虽然饱经挫折，结局却也尽如人意！

《远大前程》生动描写了由于对金钱和上流社会的追求，原本天真善良的主人公皮普变得虚荣、忘恩负义，而“恩人”的出现使他不得不重回现实，在一系列变故中，他最终回归了人性之美；在皮普从一个怀有浅薄热望的男孩到一个真正有深度、有内涵的绅士的过程中，狄更斯动态的探索了人性的善恶变化。在这部小说中，他深刻批判了罪恶与贪婪，资本主义及金钱对人的腐蚀。在看到人性之美回归的同时，我们也看到，那幻灭的“远大前程”其实并没有幻灭！

Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens, the greatest representative(代表) of English critical realism (批判现实主义),was born in 1812 at Portsmouth. When he was four years old, his family moved to Chatham, and the five years he spent there were the happiest of all his boyhood. One day, he found a pile of English novels, which aroused his curiosity. Now the key to the treasure-house of literature had been put in his hand.

In 1821 the Dickens family moved to a poor quarter in London. Mr. Dickens was heavily in debt and did not know which way to turn for money. Finally he was taken to the Marshalsea Prison, London, for debt. Shortly afterwards Mrs. Dickens and the younger children went to the prison, too, to join the father.

The 12-year-old Charles was sent to work in a factory in the East End of London. Work there began at eight in the morning and ended at eight at night. Sundays he spent at the prison, and during the week he was out working all day. His miserable life at the factory left an everlasting, painful brand on the boy’s mind. Years later, when he was a man, he would not walk by the place where the factory had lain. All this had a deep influence on Dickens’ thought and work in after years.

Charles Dickens visited American in the fall of 1867. Wherever he went, the reception was always the same. The night before tickets went on sale, crowds arrived and lined up before the door. By morning the streets became campgrounds with men, women, and children sitting or sleeping right there. Hustlers(票贩子) were asking $25 for $2 tickets and $50 for $5 seats. In New York City, over 5,000 people waited from nine o’clock in the morning for the evening performance. Everywhere the readings were successful, but audiences were surprised to hear their favorite novel characters speak with an English accent. After 76 readings, Dickens got on a ship for England. When his fellow passengers requested a reading, he replied that rather than read a word, he would assault(殴打) the captain and be put in prison.

The Critical Realism: The main stylistic feature of Dickens is his use of critical realism. Dickens’ novels are set in realistic environments

such as in the factory or in the street. His characters represent all aspects of society from beggars, criminals and orphans to factory owners. This critically realistic description of Victorian working class life is perhaps the very essence(要素) which makes Dickens one of the greatest authors of all time.

《远大前程》中皮普的人物性格分析

摘要:本文深入细致的分析了狄更斯《远大前程》一文中的主要人物皮普的生活经历与心路历程,揭示了英国维多利亚时代人与人之间赤裸裸的金钱关系,展现了生活在那个时代的底层民众的生存状态。 关键词:狄更斯远大前程皮普人物性格 《远大前程》是查尔斯·狄更斯艺术生涯后期最具代表性的长篇小说。小说描述了一个名为皮普的孤儿的生活经历和心路发展历程,艺术的揭示了这位孤儿从对幸福生活的期望到幻想破灭的整个过程。在这本书中“,远大前程”是一句反话,并不是真的指孤儿皮普有什么远大的前程,而恰恰是指的一种“幻灭”,一种幻想的幻灭。但如果读者只是把本书理解成一本描写孤儿幻想破灭的书,那就误解也低估了作者的本意,作者是要在对孤儿皮普的描述中展现19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活,揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶。主人公皮普自幼就失去了父母,作者在小说的开始以第一人称的口吻这样叙述着主人公的身世“:我说皮利普是我父亲的姓,那是有根据的,因为我父亲的墓碑上刻着他的姓,而且我姐姐也这么说。我姐姐嫁给了铁匠乔·葛奇里,现在是葛奇里夫人了。至于我,从来没有见到过父亲和母亲,也没有看到过他们两位的照片。”从这里我们可以了解到,这样一个自幼由嫁给铁匠的姐姐抚养长大的孤儿,在那个时代是不可能获得什么太好的教育的。教育的缺失和家境的情况使得幼年的皮普把姐夫当做理想的奋斗目标。而事实上,在这个由姐姐掌握大权的家里,姐夫也是唯一可以“以诚相待,推心置腹”的人。而“一手”抚养他长大的姐姐呢“,我的姐姐乔·葛奇里夫人比我要年长二十多岁。她一直说我是由她一手带大的,因此在左邻右舍享有很大名气,倍受夸奖。从小我就想了解这里的“一手”究竟是什么含义。我所知道的她的手,是结实笨重而又冷酷严厉的,因为她特别喜欢把她的巴掌打在她丈夫的身上,当然也喜欢打在我的身上。我想乔·葛奇里和我就是这样由她一手带大的吧。”读者可以在字里行间读出作者的良苦用心,但即使在这样充满了暴力的家庭里长大,皮普依然保持着天真、质朴的性格,文中作者还特意用一段对吃面包的描述来展示皮普的天真可爱“:在吃晚餐时,我们有个习惯,要比较一下吃面包的速度,不时地悄悄拿起所啃的面包比一下,并且相互会心地表示赞美。这样,我们啃面包就越啃越有劲。”幼年的皮普也是善良的,这一点即使是在面对逃犯时也未曾改变,也正是这种善良为他日后的命运埋下了伏笔。哈维莎姆小姐的出现,彻底改

远大前程英文介绍

The story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. The first "expectation" is allotted 19 chapters, and the other two 20 chapters each in the 59-chapter work. In some editions, the chapter numbering reverts to Chapter One in each expectation, but the original publication and most modern editions number the chapters consecutively from one to 59. At the end of chapters 19 and 39, readers are formally notified that they have reached the conclusion of a phase of Pip's expectations. In the first expectation, Pip lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband, Joe Gargery. Pip is satisfied with this life and his warm friends until he is hired by an embittered wealthy woman, Miss Havisham, as an occasional companion to her and her beautiful but haughty adopted daughter, Estella. From that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a gentleman. After years as companion to Miss Havisham and Estella, he spends more years as an apprentice to Joe, so that he may grow up to have a livelihood working as a blacksmith. This life is suddenly turned upside down when he is visited by a London attorney, Mr. Jaggers, who informs Pip that he is to come into the "Great Expectation" of a handsome property and be trained to be a gentleman at the behest of an anonymous benefactor. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. The third and last stage of Pip's expectations alters Pip's life from the artificially supported world of his upper class strivings and introduces him to realities that he realizes he must deal with, facing moral, physical and financial challenges. He learns startling truths that cast into doubt the values that he once embraced so eagerly, and finds that he cannot regain many of the important things that he had cast aside so carelessly. The current ending of the story is different from Dickens's original intent, in which the ending matched the gloomy reverses to Pip's fortunes that typify the last expectation. Dickens was prevailed upon to change the ending to one more acceptable to his readers'

《远大前程》简介英文版

Great Expectations Charles Dickens Pip,a young orphan lives a humble existence with his ill-tempered older sister and her strong but gentle husband,Joe a Christmas Eve,Pip helps a convict who escaped from a prison ship by giving him some food and a day,Pip gets invited unexpectedly to the house of a rich old woman in the village named Miss Havisham is an old woman who was abandoned on her wedding day , so she raise her adoped daughter Estella as a cruel-hearted girl who will break men's is beautiful, and Pip develops a strong crush on her, but she treats him coldly and that time on, Pip aspires to leave behind his simple life and be a one day Pip is given a large fortune from a secret benefactor and get a chance of education to become a many years Pip has led a fairly undisciplined life in London, enjoying themselves and running up debts,and finally becomes a selfish and peacockery lasts until one day,Pip learns the true identity of his benefactor——it is not Miss Havisham (who has made many misleading comments indicating it was her) but rather a petty criminal named Magwitch who is the convict Pip helped in his is he that left all his money to Pip in gratitude for that kindness and also because young Pip reminded him of his own is appalled, but he feels morally bound to help Magwitch escape London, as the convict is pursued both by the police and by his former partner in Magwitch’s escape attempt, Estella marries an upper-class lout. Also,they are discovered by the police and captured to the jail, because of their convict partner's tipping by now is devoted to Magwitch and recognizes in him a good and noble man and Pip has discovered that Magwitch is actually Estella's money or expectations, Pip, after a period of bad illness during which Joe cares for decides to go abroad in the mercantile trade. Returning many years later, he encounters divorced Estella in the ruined garden at Satis House. Pip finds that Estella’s coldness and cruelty have been replaced by a sad kindness, and the two leave the garden hand in hand, Pip believing that they will never part again. Plot summary: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens Philip Pirrip, who is known as Pip because, not surprisingly, he finds it difficult to pronounce his name, has a terrifying childhood experience in a

远大前程第二部分中英双语介绍

the Great Expectation story is divided into three phases of Pip's life expectations. Now i will introduce you the second phase and then have a brief study of the Bible’s influence on the characterization of two people in the book - havisham and Joe gargery. The second stage of Pip's expectations has Pip in London, learning the details of being a gentlemen, having tutors, fine clothing, and joining cultured society. Whereas he always engaged in honest labour when he was younger, he now is supported by a generous allowance given by the attorney Mr.Jaggers, which he frequently lives beyond. He learns to fit in this new milieu, and experiences not only friendship but rivalry as he finds himself in the same circles as Estella, who is also pursued by many other men, especially Bentley Drummle, whom she favours. As he adopts the physical and cultural norms of his new status, he also adopts the class attitudes that go with it, and when Joe comes to visit Pip and his friend and roommate Herbert to deliver an important message, Pip is embarrassed to the point of hostility by Joe's unlearned ways, despite his protestations of love and friendship for Joe. During this time, He learns that 20 years ago, havisham was swindled a large amount of money by brother Arthur and her fiance compeyson, thus became dispirited and dwell on the past memories. Pip asks why the fiance didn’t marry her to get the assets instead of choosing to obtain the half wealth sharing with her brother,Herbert explains that it is perhaps because the fiance was a married man,if he married havisham,his wife and arthur would conspire to expose his deceit,which would make him lose the trust and assets from havisham,so he has to give in.At the end of this stage, Pip is introduced to his benefactor, again changing his world. He turns out to be the outlaw who pip once helped and offers the story from a different perspective:he is another accomplice of the tragedy.under the guidance of compeyson,he and compeyson’s wife killed arthur and grabbed his assets to do some illegal trade. Later they got arrested imprisoned. The outlaw’s wife who was charged with a murder just delivered the daughter estella, the attorney of miss havisham helped her to escape the imprisonment , in return , estella was sent to havisham.threatened with the future of the outlaw and their daughter ,the wife had to be the attorney’s slave for over 20 years. 在希伯来圣经中所讲述的早期的以色列文化中，“女性从属”的普遍性已经是一个不争的事实。它不仅存在于社会和经济安排的各个地方，同时也渗透在社会发展的各个阶段。“女性从属”不仅指她们的价值观和地位是从属的，次等的，而且她们的生命和身体也是被男人们所控制的。在这种文化背景中，女性生来就在性格上处于弱势，而且当遇到困难时，她们缺乏抗争和自救的能力。这就是为什么她们要么屈服，要么采取一些极端的行为。但不管结果如何，她们并没有真正报复到她们要报复的人，相反地，却伤害了自己。 In the israeli culture of early stage described by hebrew Bible ,women’s subordinate status is a very obvious fact , it not only exists in all aspects of social and economic arrangements, but also permeates into each phase of social development. Female inferiority means their value and status are subordinate,second-rated ,as well as that their bodies and lives are controlled by men. Under such cultural circumstance, women were born to be weak in personality.when in trouble, they lack the ability to fight back and save themselves. That is why they either give in or take some extreme actions to revenge. But however the result is they don’t revenge against the true enemy, hurting themselves instead. 狄更斯作为一个虔诚的基督徒，他的小说也深受这种思想的影响。“女性不是以自己的价值而存在，而是成为男性的附属品，成为男性价值的一种标志。”[7] 《远大前程》的郝薇香小姐的例子极好地表明了狄更斯的宗教观在小说创作中的影响。小说中郝薇香小姐因怪异的服装、不同寻常的生活方式以及独特的经历深深地吸引着读者。她是一位处在上层阶级中的单纯而又傲慢的女士。她疯狂地爱上了温培森，但她又如何能知道温培森真正在意的是她的财产。因此在结婚当晚，当她被抛弃时，她根本无法接受这一沉重的打击，从而过着痛苦的生活。多年后，当匹普第一次看到郝薇香小姐时，她仍然穿着结婚当天所穿的衣服，

远大前程 人物关系

匹普的姐夫乔，村里的铁匠。心地善良，是《远大前程》小说中为数不多的几个完全正面的人物之一。虽然乔是个没有受过教育的粗人，但是他做任何事都是为了自己所爱的人．他默默地承受着匹普对他的冷漠。 匹普的姐姐，乔的妻子，在小说中一直被称为"乔大嫂"。在匹普和乔的眼里，她严厉苛刻、横行霸道。她总是把家里打扫得一尘不染，经常拿起被她称为"抓痒棍"的手杖威胁自己的丈夫和弟弟。她还强迫他们喝一种叫柏油水的气味难闻的药水。她心胸狭隘、野心勃勃，最大的愿望就是成为更有身份和地位的人，而不仅仅是乡村铁匠的妻子。 贾格斯，一位颇有势力、令人生畏的律师。作为伦敦最有名气的刑事律师之一，他参与了一些肮脏的交易。他与邪恶的罪犯串通，甚至连这些罪犯也惧怕他。但他不仅只是拥有难以捉摸的外表。他似乎很关心匹普，并且在小说中的故事开始前，帮助郝薇香收养了孤儿艾丝黛拉。在他身上，总有一股很浓的香皂味儿：他一遍又一遍地洗手，想从心理上使自己免受罪恶的玷污。 赫伯特，匹普第一次见到赫伯特是在沙堤斯庄园的花园里。当时他是个面色白净的少年，他向匹普挑衅，俩人打了一架。许多年后，他们在伦敦再次相遇。匹普成为绅士后，赫伯特成了他最好的朋友和主要的伙伴，他亲切地叫匹普"汉德尔"。他是郝薇香小姐的表兄马修·赫伯特的儿子，渴望成为商人，以便能有足够的钱迎娶克莱拉·巴利。 威米克，贾格斯律师事务所的职员，匹普的朋友。他是《远大前程》中最匪夷所思的人物之一。在工作时，他勤奋努力、玩世不恭、好挖苦人，特别喜欢"动产"；而在沃尔鄂斯家中，他快活、幽默，细心照料他的"老爹爹"。 比蒂，一个性格单纯、心地善良的乡村女孩。她是在与匹普一同上学时成为他的朋友的。乔大嫂被袭击并瘫痪后，毕蒂搬到匹普家帮助乔照顾她。在小说的大多数章节中，她代表的是艾丝黛拉的对立面：她相貌平平，待人友好，做事遵守道德，与匹普属于同一社会阶层。 奥立克，乔铁匠铺里的帮工，他懒散、愚笨，是邪恶的化身。奥立克恶毒、狡黠，以伤害别人为乐趣。他袭击了乔大嫂，后来又险些把匹普置于死地。 艾丝黛拉，由郝薇香小姐监护的一位漂亮姑娘，是匹普一直追求但却难以实现的梦想。匹普深爱着她，尽管有时艾斯黛拉偶尔也会把匹普当做朋友，但通常对他都是冷漠无情、不感兴趣的。随着他们一起长大，艾斯黛拉一次又一次地警告匹普，说自己是个没有心的人。 郝薇番小姐，一位富有而性情古怪的女人，住在匹普家村子附近一个叫沙堤斯庄园的大房子里。她性格狂躁，常常使人觉得她精神不正常。她总是穿着一件褪了色的结婚礼服在屋子里走来走去，桌上摆放着早已腐烂的宴席，屋里所有的钟表都停在8点40分。年轻时，郝薇香小姐在结婚当天被未婚夫抛弃。从此，她对所有的男人都充满仇恨。她有意把艾丝黛拉培养成报复男人的工具，训练这位漂亮的被监护人去伤男人们的心。 马格韦契，那个从监狱逃出来，中墓地恐吓匹普的可怕的罪犯。但是匹普善良的行为给他留下深刻印象。随后他拼命赚钱，用赚来的钱帮助匹普进入上流社会。他通过贾格斯律师暗中资助匹普，让匹普在伦敦接受教育，过上富有的生活。他是艾丝黛拉的父亲。 潘波趣，匹普自负傲慢．的舅舅。(实际上，他是乔的舅舅，匹普的"舅公"，但匹普和姐姐都叫他"潘波趣舅舅"。)他是个视钱如命的商人。他安排了匹普与郝薇香小姐的第一次

《雾都孤儿》中奥利弗的人物性格分析

摘要：本文从分析作者狄更斯本人入手，通过《雾都孤摘要：本文从分析作者狄更斯本人入手，通过《雾都孤儿》来讨论和分析小说中的四种人物；再分析书中两对有感情联系的男女，引出作者的写作模式，以及特定的环境下产生特定人物的写作方式。 关键词：《雾都孤儿》人物分析 一、对狄更斯本人和作品的介绍 （一）作者简介1812年2月7日，查尔斯·狄更斯，杰出的批判现实主义作家，生于英国。9岁，父亲因无法偿还债务入狱。11岁，狄更斯辍学做工厂学徒。后父亲继承一笔遗产，得以出狱，狄更斯亦重返学校。毕业后，他先后在律师行、报馆工作。1836年起，他发表了一系列经典作品，如《匹克威克外传》、《雾都孤儿》、《大卫·科波菲尔》、《艰难时代》、《双城记》、《远大前程》等。1870年6月9日，狄更斯因脑溢血与世长辞，后被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人角。 （二）《雾都孤儿》简介主人公奥利弗·特威斯特受不了虐待逃往伦敦，刚到就受骗误入贼窝。小偷头目费金要把奥利弗训练成扒手。在上街盗窃时奥利弗被误认为偷了布朗洛绅士的手绢而被逮捕。后他重病昏迷，被布朗洛收留，得到温暖与关怀。费金指使塞克斯和南希把奥利弗重新拐回贼窝。再次作案时，奥利弗被误伤。梅里夫人和养女罗斯收留了他。蒙克斯是奥利弗同父异母的哥哥，父亲把遗产留给了奥利弗，除非奥利弗也是不肖之子，蒙克斯才能继承财产。蒙克斯找到费金，要他把奥利弗变成罪犯以霸占遗产。南希通知了罗斯。罗斯和布朗洛决定找蒙克斯交涉，南希却被塞克斯杀害。小偷团伙受到灭顶之灾。布朗洛先生收养了奥利弗，蒙克斯死在狱中 。二、小说中主人公的分类在小说中，人物丰富各异，在狄更斯笔下，他们个个有血有肉，言行举止符合自己身份，表现伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。我把主要人物分为四类：好人、坏人、伪君子和良心未泯的角色。 （一）好人在狄更斯作品中，好人仁慈、诚实、中规中矩。他们笃信上帝，每天祷告。如发生不幸，他们向上帝祈祷、哭泣，希望得到主的帮助。如好事发生，他们仍会哭泣，认为这是来自于上帝的赐福。这类角色好到家了，但绝对没有邪恶的角色那样生动自然。而狄更斯更有一套幸福大结局的模式。好人曾随着故事的发展饱受痛苦折磨，最终有所回报。比如罗斯和梅里夫人，她俩就是好人的典型。当梅里夫人得知罗斯不会死的时候，她感到非常幸福。“她跪下来，尽力想把手合在一块儿，然而支撑了她那么久的毅力已经随着第一声感恩祈祷一起飞向天国。她倒在了伸开双臂接住她的朋友怀抱里。”（33章）女士如此，绅士也如此。知道罗斯身体好起来后，哈利和凯尔先生也异常兴奋。“这功夫，头戴白色睡帽的凯尔先生一直坐在马车踏板上，胳膊肘支在膝盖上，用一张蓝底白花的不手绢不住地擦眼睛。这个诚实耿直的汉子并不是假装动了感情，这一点完全可以从他红肿的眼睛上看出来。”（34章）好人因为爱和仁慈，愿意为他人做任何事。而奥利弗，有着狄更斯小说典型的幸福结局。身为孤儿，经历了甚至比某些成人还多的痛苦。但最后，他有了父亲、小姨、好朋友和财富。（二）坏人本小说里有许多坏人。从济贫院到贫民窟，环境改变，恶人一直存在，他们是这环境里的主宰，环境是他们罪恶的温床。这些恶人形象生动又典型。好人有模式可循，可坏人各有各的特点。老费金，狡猾奸诈又自私，他利用小孩偷东西敛财。“‘啊哈。’费金耸了耸肩，令人恶心地咧着嘴笑起来，把整个脸扭歪了。‘好聪明的小狗。好聪明的小狗。还真撑到底没告诉牧师东西在哪。也没告发老费金……’”（9章）塞克斯是个粗俗、残忍、铁石心肠的人。虽然南希深爱着他，他最终只因为她的一次背叛就残忍地杀害了她。“那强盗坐下来，鼓着鼻孔，胸口一起一伏，照她打量了几秒钟，接着，他卡住姑娘的头和脖子，将她

远大前程英文赏析

The great expectation of Pip and Magwitch We all know that chapter 39 is the turning point of the whole novel. Pip knows that his sponsor is not Miss Havisham, but the escaped prisoner Magwitch, who is saved by Pip. This truth makes Pip’s great expectation shattered. From the context, we can see that “the great expectation” is a kind of ambition from both Pip and Magwitch. It is such an ambition that hold up the life of both two people and bring a lot of change to their character. And the ambition is also the indication of one’s life. First, let’s see Pip’s ambition. Although the text don’t illustrate it clearly, we can infer from several details. At the beginning of the text, Pip states that “I had a taste for reading, and read regularly so many hours a day.” This state can fully demonstrate that Pip has a strong eager to learn knowledge, which means that he wants to become a real gentleman in the upper class. And when Pip is told that his benefactor is Magwitch, rather than Miss Havisham. He is shocked, disappointed as well as heart-broken. He repeats “Estella, Estella”, which tells us that his intention to become a gentleman was because of Estella, he wants to be able to match with her. From the above, we can conclude that Pip’s ambition

远大前程 阶级分析

Social class played a major role in the society depicted in Charles Dickens's Great Expectations. Social class determined the manner in which a person was treated and their access to education. Yet, social class did not define the character of the individual. Many characters were treated differently because of their social class in Great Expectations. Seeing the contrast between how the poor and the rich were treated will give a clearer understanding of how much social class mattered. In chapter 27 when Joe comes to see Pip, he treats Joe in a different manner than before because Joe was now in a lower social class. His feelings about Joe's arrival were "Not with pleasure... I had the sharpest sensitiveness as to his being seen by Drummle." (p. 203). He was afraid that Drummle will look down on him because of Joe's lower class. Not only does Pip treat Joe differently, Joe also treats Pip differently because of their difference in social class. He begins to call Pip "sir" which bothered him because "sir" was the title given to people of higher class. Pip felt that they were still good friends and that they should treat each other as equals. Joe soon leaves and explains his early parting, "Pip, dear old chap, life is made of ever so many partings welded together, as I may say, and one man's a blacksmith, and one's a whitesmith, and one's a goldsmith, and one's a coppersmith. Diwisions among such must come...." (p. 209). He creates this metaphor than he is a common blacksmith and Pip is a goldsmith. This difference in social class had brought upon their separation. Other characters that were also judged by their social class were Magwitch and Compeyson. They were both on trial for the same crime but Compeyson got off easier than Magwitch because of his higher social class. Magwitch describes Compeyson's defense speech, ."..here you has afore you, side by side, two persons as your eyes can separate wide; one, the younger, well brought up... one; the elder, ill brought up... which is the worst one?" (p. 325). The decision of the trial was solely based upon social class appearance. These cases show how much social class really mattered. In Great Expectations, a person's social class determined the amount of education they had. It is important to perceive this relationship between education and social class to clearly understand the importance of social class. A person like Joe who was a common blacksmith had no education at all. Pip, in the early days when he was low class, had a poor education at a small school. The school was not the best of schools, but it's all that the lower class had. The teacher spent more time sleeping than teaching and Pip had learned more from Biddy than from the actual teacher. Even though he had an education when he was low class, his education as a gentleman with Mr. Pocket was much greater. Another example of how social class affects education is the difference of education between the two convicts. Magwitch, born poor and low class had no education at all while Compeyson, born rich was high class and a gentleman with an education. Education is a factor in showing how social class greatly determined people's lives. Even though social class determined many things, it did not establish a person's true inner

远大前程

论文大纲 一、序论 （一）、中心论题：分析小说《远大前程》中女性人物的形象、地位及她们悲惨命运的成因。 （二）、写作意图：狄更斯小说《远大前程》旨在开导、教化人们从善，本文通过对小说中女性人物分析，进一步引导女性朋友正确选择自己的人生道路。 二、本论 （一）、引言 1、简述小说《远大前程》中主人公的人生经历，并阐明小说是紧紧围绕人道主义思想来写。 2、引出两部文献中分别对《远大前程》作出的点评，并概述自己的观点。 3、阐明本文写作意图及中心论题。 （二）、主题 1、小说中女性的形象分析。 （1）、分别对小说中主要女性人物形象进行分析点评。 （2）、引用文献资料进行全面阐述。 （3）、通过对比文献资料阐明自己的观点。 2、小说中女性的地位。 （1）、引出文献王新春在作品《笼中鸟》中对小说女性地位的总评。 （2）、阐明自己的观点，对女性地位进行分析。 （3）、引出许多读者对狄更斯是否对女性地位持有偏见的质疑，分析对比阐述自己观点。 3、小说中女性人物对主人公的影响。 （1）、引出文献李宇荣指出狄更斯小说是以人物为中心写作，因此《远大前程》中的几位主要女性都是围绕主人公皮普展开描写的。 三、结论 总结本文所写主题，再次归纳所有评论家的观点，阐述自己的主见，并呼应开头，再次点题。 浅析《远大前程》中的女性人物 一、引言： 《远大前程》是英国小说家狄更斯的晚年作品，小说主要讲述了主人公皮普人生的三个阶段，从小的时候对上层阶级生活的憧憬、羡慕开始，到他成为“上等人”，最后又恢复到下层阶级淳朴劳动者的身份。小说中劳动者的淳朴形象与当时英国上流阶级人们的自私形象形成鲜明的对比，作者狄更斯抓住人道主义的观点来批判当时的社会，其中女性所遭受的磨难，她们对爱情、婚姻的绝望以及她们道德的沦丧与最终远大前程的破灭有着密切的关系。作家王新春在试析《远大前程》的女性形象中点评狄更斯的小说是以深刻的笔触去揭示资本主义社会的各种弊端，强烈刻画了下层人民的悲惨生活。郭春林却点评说：“狄更斯之所以生动