Standard English and the Model for English Language Teaching in China
Standard English and the Model for English Language Teaching in
China
[Abstract] From a national language to a world lingua franca，English is playing a more and more important role in the world. Great changes in English today have also raised peoples’concerns about its mutual intelligibility in the global context as so many people speak different Englishes. The aim of this paper is to discuss the norm of Standard English and the paper elaborates further on the English Language Teaching issues in China today.
[Keywords] Standard English；English language teaching；mutual intelligibility；world lingua franca
1.Introduction
The number of English speakers is growing fast year after year along with the development of international business and cooperation. English is now used almost everywhere on Earth. According to Jandt （2009），there may be two billion speakers of English now. It should be noted that the majority of its speakers are “those for whom it is not a first language”.
This paper explores these questions and highlights the importance of native English standards on comprehensibility. As Jenkins points out “there is a very real concern as to how long the English languages will retain the potential for mutual intelligibility” （2009：99）.
2.Standards of English for English Language Teaching
Some people believe the spread of English will be a language killer，while most others think it is a powerful language leading people to success and affluence. One of the most heated disputes relating to English is about English language teaching. More implicitly，what kind of norm or standard should be set for English language teaching？
While standard British and American English is acknowledged and strongly suggested as the norm for all English learners by Quirk，the new Englishes models with distinct diversity are claimed to be embraced by Kachru. Jenkins also proposes a new ELF core. The debates among those linguists and scholars still continues as time passes.
2.1 The ELT Model in China
国际贸易合同(英文版)
?INTERNATIONAL SALES CONTRACT Contract No:0616 Conclusion Date: November 7th , 2009 Conclusion Place: Zhongxin digital Building,Beijing,China The Buyer: Great World Store,Newyork ,America TEL:01188745608002 The Seller:Gome Home Appliance Company, Beijing,China TEL:86-010-******** The Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stated below: (1) Name of Commodity: Haier refrigerator Product description: (a) model number:BCD—226STV (b)About the exterior appreance: total volume(L):226 power comsumption(kW.h/24h):0.6 effective area of freezer:58 effective area of variable greenhouse:43 effective area of storage room:125 dimentions(L*W*H):580*560*1786mm
法律顾问合同协议书英文版
法律顾问合同协议书英 文版 文件编号TT-00-PPS-GGB-USP-UYY-0089
Beijing YingKe Law Firm CONTRACT ON RETAINING LEGAL COUNSEL Party A: Address: Telephone: Fax: Party B: Beijing YingKe Law Firm Address: 6th Floor, Tower C, Dacheng International Center, No. 76, East 4th Ring Middle Road, Chaoyang District，Beijing, 100124 Telephone: Fax: Party A would like to retain Party B as its legal counsel, according to " Law on Legal Counsel of the People's Republic of China" The two parties through consultation hereby agree upon, and shall be bound by, the following terms:
Article Ⅰ Party A will designate 【】, as the lawyer employed by B, to work as A's legal counsel. 【】 will provide legal assistance and protect A's interests vested by law. Article Ⅱ Party B’s scope of responsibility ⅰ.Answer questions on legal issues from Client and give opinions or any advice on such issues; ⅱ. Upon the client’s request, Party B shall participate in commercial negotiations, in which Client is a party, and be concerned with drafting, modification, reviewing and examination of the legal documents such as contracts and agreements or preparing legal documents that is needed in the negotiations; ⅲ. Provide economic and legal informa tion pertain to the business operation of the client; ⅳ. Represent the client in the litigation of criminal, civil, economic and administrative cases; offer strategic legal advice in litigation and arbitration as a legal advisor, preventing or negating legal risk；
商务英语合同的语言特征与翻译
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 浅析歇后语翻译中直译的可行性 2 浅析新闻英语中模糊语言的运用 3 浅析《双城记》中的牺牲精神 4 论《隐形人》中的象征主义 5 英语动画片中的中国元素探究 6 英语广告语中双关语的运用及翻译 7 An Analysis of Tragic Consciousness in A Farewell to Arms 8 中西广告语中隐喻比较研究 9 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 10 从《教父》看两代人不同的家庭观 11 从《呼啸山庄》人物爱情看人性的特点 12 中美婚姻时间选择的对比研究 13 从电视剧《绝望主妇》看委婉语的交际功能 14 商务英语函电的语言特征及翻译策略 15 以威廉?福克纳《喧哗与骚动》为个案研究如何一个人的性格决定了他的命运 16 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译研究 17 英汉被动句语义特征对比分析 18 中英文化的差异对英汉互译的影响 19 现代信息技术与英语学科教学的有效整合 20 探析中国电影英译的几个误区 21 A Comparative Analysis of Wolf Images Between Wolf Totem and The Call of the Wild 22 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中的叙事艺术 23 从成长小说的角度分析玛丽?盖茨基尔《依然美丽》的主题 24 《魔戒》中的生态元素 25 论弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《海浪》的人物刻画 26 礼貌原则在商务英语中的运用 27 An Analysis of Feminism in Little Women 28 Approaches to the Limits of Translatability for English Palindromes 29 哥特式特征在《黑猫》中的运用 30 31 32 爱默生的自然观－－生态批评视域下的《论自然》 33 Application of Cooperative Principles in the Study of Intercultural Business Negotiation 34 改写理论视角下看葛浩文《狼图腾》的英译 35 动之以情，晓之以理－－-浅析语法情景教学在中学英语课堂中的设计与运用 36 An Eco-Critical Approach to Moby Dick 37 《哈克贝利?芬恩历险记》中对自由的追寻 38 从《少年派的奇幻漂流记》论人性与兽性 39 雪莉?杰克逊《抽彩》中矛盾的体现 40 The Translation of Irony in Pride and Prejudice—A Comparison of Two Chinese Versions 41 An Analysis of Humor in Friend from the Point of View of the Violation of the Cooperative Principle
英文版合同范本
合同编号：YT-FS-8920-88 英文版合同范本 Clarify Each Clause Under The Cooperation Framework, And Formulate It According To The Agreement Reached By The Parties Through Consensus, Which Is Legally Binding On The Parties. 互惠互利共同繁荣 Mutual Benefit And Common Prosperity
英文版合同范本 备注：该合同书文本主要阐明合作框架下每个条款，并根据当事人一致协商达成协议，同时也明确各方的权利和义务，对当事人具有法律约束力而制定。文档可根据实际情况进行修改和使用。 contract no: date: the buyer: the seller: the contract, made out, in chinese and english, both version being equally authentic, by and between the seller and the buyer whereby the seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows: 1 name of commodity and specification 2 country of origin & manufacturer 3 unit price (packing charges included)
合同法英文版
CONTRACT LAW OF P. R. CHINA Adopted and Promulgated by the Second Session of the Ninth National People‘s Congress on March 15, 1999. Translated & Compiled by John Jiang & Henry Liu GENERAL PRINCIPLES Chapter One: General Provisions Article 1 Purpose This Law is formulated in order to protect the lawful rights and interests of contract parties, to safeguard social and economic order, and to promote socialist modernization. Article 2 Definition of Contract; Exclusions For purposes of this Law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations. An agreement concerning any personal relationship such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by other applicable laws. Article 3 Equal Standing of Parties Contract parties enjoy equal legal standing and neither party may impose its will on the other party. Article 4 Right to Enter into Contract Voluntarily A party is entitled to enter into a contract voluntarily under the law, and no entity or individual may unlawfully interfere with such right. Article 5 Fairness The parties shall abide by the principle of fairness in prescribing their respective rights and obligations. Article 6 Good Faith The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith in exercising their rights and performing their obligations. Article 7 Legality In concluding or performing a contract, the parties shall abide by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, as well as observe social ethics, and may not disrupt social and economic order or harm the public interests.
商务英语书信之《合同-订货》(付款)格式及范文模板
商务英语书信之《合同-订货》（付款）格式及范文模板 意向书 Dear Ms. Jones: Thank you for your letter of September 15 regarding price reduction. Although your reply was not completely in line with our requirements, we have decided to agree to your proposal. We are pleased to order two thousand (2,000) bottles of Valley White Wine at eight U.S. Dollars per bottle. Although you do not mention in your quotation anything about the type of contract, we take it that your have a standard purchase contract. Please fax us your proposed draft contract as soon as possible for our examination. Regards, 常用句子 (1), We will accept your proposal subject to our company president's approval. 若我公司总裁同意，我们将接受你方提案。 (2), After having compared the price of your commodities with other companies', we found yours to be the best. (3), With your generous price reduction, we will do our utmost to promote your products in our market. (4), Thank you for your acceptance of our request for a price reduction. We are now able to confirm our order for fifty (50) units. (5), Reluctant as we are in accepting your discount of only 2%, we have decided to agree provided that we can start doing business as soon as possible. 尽管我们不愿意接受2%折扣的要求，但如果我们双方能够尽快开展业务，我们决定接受你方要求。 in line with...与...一致 We take it that... 我们认为... original draft 原始稿final draft 最终定稿write [ draw up ] a draft 起草合同草案
租房合同范本简单版-英文租房合同范本
租房合同范本简单版|英文租房合同范本 英文租房合同范本一： mrs. ghazala waheed w/o abdul waheed, adult, r/o house no.***-*, dha, lahore cantt, (hereinafter to as the lessor of the one part). and mr.* ***,r/o china, refereed to as the lessee of the other part.(expression “lessor” and “lessee” wherever the context so permit shall always mean and include their respective heirs, successors legal representative and assignees). whereas the lessor is the lawful owner and in lawful possession of house no,***-*,dha, lahore cantt, consisting of 4 bedrooms with bath, d/d,tv; lounge, kitchen, store, servant, quarter together with fixtures and fitting (hereinafter collectively called the demised premises). and whereas the lessor has agreed the lease and the lessee has agreed to take on lease the demised premises on the terms and condition as given below:-
借款合同模板 英文(标准版)
编号：GR-WR-70980 借款合同模板英文(标准 版) After negotiation and consultation, both parties jointly recognize and abide by their responsibilities and obligations, and elaborate the agreed commitment results within the specified time. 甲方：____________________ 乙方：____________________ 签订时间：____________________ 本文档下载后可任意修改
借款合同模板英文(标准版) 备注:本合同书适用于约定双方经过谈判、协商而共同承认、共同遵守的责任与义务，同时阐 述确定的时间内达成约定的承诺结果。文档可直接下载或修改，使用时请详细阅读内容。 借款人： 贷款人： 抵押人： 保证人： 出质人： 为明确各方权利和义务，根据《合同法》、《贷款通则》和其他有关法律、法规，订立本合同。 借贷条款 第一条借款金额。见36.1 第二条借款用途。见36.2 第三条借款期限。 3.1见36.3。 3.2借据或贷款凭证是本合同不可分割的组成部分。借款的实际放款日和还款日以借款 人、贷款人双方办理的借据或凭证上所记载的日期为准。
除日期外，借据或凭证其他记载事项 如与本合同不一致的，以本合同为准。 第四条借款划付。在借款人办妥借款手续后5个营业日内将全部款项划至借款人指定的账户，划付次数、时间、金额见36.4。 第五条article4transferringofloan.thefullamountofloanshallbet ransferredtoanaccountdesignatedbytheborrowerwithi n5workingdaysfromthedateofcompletingborrowingpr ocedure.referto36.4forthefrequency,timeandamountof transferring 第五条借款利率和计息。 5.1借款利率。本合同项下借款利率根据国家有关规定，确定利率见—36—.5。遇利率调整时，借款期限在1年(含)以下的，执行合同利率，不分段计息;借款期限在1年以上的，实行分段计息，从利率调整的次年1月1日开始，按相应利率的档次执行新的利率;如借款人未按约定时间归还借款本息或未按合同约定用途使用借款，贷款人将按国家规定对借
英语制作教具说明
一、制作说明： 1、使用材料： 旧台历一本，水彩笔一盒，打印纸若干，固体胶，剪刀，小刀。 2、制作过程： 将台历剪成均匀的两份，注意中间留点空隙，便于翻动。接着，把打印纸折成合适的大小，裁成均匀的52份。用水彩笔在小纸片上书写字母和数字。 本教具是由废弃的台历，加工制作而成。就地取材，制作简单。有兴趣的同行可以自己尝试制作。二、使用说明： 使用方法一： 1、学字母，作为教学卡片 2、学数字，作为教学卡片 例如： What’s this? It’s letter T. What’s the number? It’s ten.…… 使用方法二： 学习新知，巩固旧知。 因为字母和数字分别由不同颜色的水彩笔书写，在学习数字和字母的同时，可以复习颜色的单词和句型。 例如： What color is letter E? It’s green. What color is number 5? It’s blue. …… 学生可以看卡片，回答。 使用方法三： 听指令，翻卡片。 例如： Letter W and number nine. …… 字母和数字也可以分开练习，看学生的程度和具体情况。刚开始可以是教师说指令，学生翻到指定的字母和数字，几个人之后，让学生来下指令，学生翻。为了增强趣味性，可以采取小组竞赛的形式。笔者曾经尝试过，效果不错。 使用方法四： 看谁记得多，记得对。 就是让学生连续看5个或者更多的字母，然后，不看教具，让学生说出看过的字母；数字也可以用同样的方法。将数字与字母相结合，进行教学巩固。根据学生的掌握情况，一次看的字母或数字的个数可逐渐增加, 还可以让学生说说看到的
合同法词汇大全------法律英语
买方buyer 卖方seller 项目名称Project name 地址address 电话phone 传真fax 联系人contact person 详细货物清单Detail supply list 合同价格Contract value 付款条件payment conditions，payment terms 交货地点delivery place 发货期delivery time 安装条款installation clause 验收条款inspection clause 保证条款guarantee clause
不可抗拒条款Force Majeure Clause 违约条款Breach clause 其他条款Miscellaneous clause 买卖双方信息buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同completion of contract 完成合同contract for future delivery 期货合同contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract劳动合同 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of arbitration 仲裁合同
contract of carriage /Carriage Contract运输合同Passenger Carriage Contract 客运合同 Cargo Carriage Contract货运合同Technology Contract技术合同 Technology Development Contract技术开发合同Technology Transfer Contract技术转让合同Technical Consulting Contract技术咨询合同Technical Service Contract技术服务合同Safekeeping Contract 保管合同Warehousing Contract仓储合同 Agency Appointment Contract 委托合同Trading-Trust Contract 行纪合同 Brokerage Contract 居间合同 Multi-modal Carriage Contract多式联运合同contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract of sale 销售合同
商务英语函电与合同答案
Appendix 1 Keys to exercises Chapter 3 1. 1.我们从中国国际贸易促进会得知贵公司的名称和地址。 2.我们愿意在平等互利的基础上与贵方建立贸易关系。 3.感谢你方及时答复。 4.我们将调查一下你方这种新产品的销售可能性。 5.新型号一上市，我们定将和你方联系。 6.随函寄去我方价目表两份。 7.他们将同有关部门联系此事。 8.贵公司已由日本东京商会推荐给我公司。 9.九月十七日邮件已收到，谢谢。我方愿意与你方商讨扩大贸易的可能性。 10.我公司经营电子产品的进出口业务，希望与贵方建立商业关系。 11.我们相信，贵我双方的业务将随着时间的推移而得到发展。 12.我们得知你们是动物副产品的大供货商。 13.如你方能帮助我们的产品开拓你方市场，我们不胜感激。 14.我们愿意在平等互利，互通有无的基础上与贵5建立业务关系。 15.我们乐于向贵方介绍我们自己，我们是专门从事各种编织服装的专业公司，愿与贵方建 立互利的业务关系。 2. 1.We are gratified to learn from your e-mail of Sept. 17th that your are interested in our arts and crafts. 2.We shall be obliged if you would send us patterns and prices of your products. 3.We would like to extend our business with you in this line. 4.We learn through the Commercial Counselor’s Office of our Embassy in your country that you are interested in Chinese-made toy animals. 5.Through the courtesy of Japan External Trade Organization, we have your name as a firm who is interested in doing business with us in this market. 6.I’m interested in your silk blouses, as they are brightly colored and beautifully designed. 7.Your desire coincides with ours. 8.This trade fair offers us a great opportunity to introduce our new products 9.We are promoting this product in your market. 10.You were recommended to us by a reliable friend. 11.We are leading exporters of chemicals in this region. 12.We would like you to send us your catalog and price-list for our reference. 13.We are trying to find a market for this article. 14.What are the chief exports of Canada? 15.We have been many years in the chemical line. 3. 敬启者： 承蒙美国波士顿斯密史公司向我方提供了贵公司的名称和地址，现在我们给你方写信
英文版借款合同简易版
It Is Necessary To Clarify The Rights And Obligations Of The Parties, To Restrict Parties, And To Supervise Both Parties To Keep Their Promises And To Restrain The Act Of Reckless Repentance. 编订：XXXXXXXX 20XX年XX月XX日 英文版借款合同简易版
英文版借款合同简易版 温馨提示：本协议文件应用在明确协议各方的权利与义务、并具有约束力和可作为凭证，且对当事人双方或者多方都有约制性，能实现监督双方信守诺言、约束轻率反悔的行为。文档下载完成后可以直接编辑，请根据自己的需求进行套用。 借款人： borrower: 贷款人： lender: 抵押人： mortgagor: 保证人： surety : 出质人： pledgeor: 为明确各方权利和义务，根据《合同 法》、《贷款通则》和其他有关法律、法规，
订立本合同。 this contract is made in line with the contract law of the people's republic of china and the general provisions of loans of the people's bank of china to specify the rights and obligations of parties involved. 借贷条款 loan borrowing clause 第一条借款金额。见36.1 article 1. amount of loan: refer to 36.1 第二条借款用途。见36.2 article 2. purpose of loan: refer to 36.2
英文外贸合同范本英文
英文外贸合同范本英文 English model foreign trade contract 合同编号：XX-2020-01 甲方：___________________________乙方：___________________________ 签订日期：____ 年 ____ 月 ____ 日
英文外贸合同范本英文 前言：合同是民事主体之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。依法成立的合同，受法律保护。本文档根据合同内容要求和特点展开说明，具有实践指导意义，便于学习和使用，本文档下载后内容可按需编辑修改及打印。 日期：合同号码： date: contract no.: 买方：（the buyers）卖方：（the sellers） 兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进，卖方售出以下商品： this contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers; whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter: （1）商品名称: name of commodity： （2）数量：
quantity: （3）单价： unit price: （4）总值： total value: （5）包装：packing: （6）生产国别：country of origin :（7）支付条款：terms of payment:（8）保险：insurance: （9）装运期限：time of shipment:（10）起运港：
法律英语——合同中常见单词总结与解析
My Vocabulary Briefing in Legal English 同一词语普通用语与法律用语意义不同的对比 同一意义正式与非正式的表达 一词多义: Advise 释义：advise在法律英语中有两个常用意思： ①律师等法律工作者提供法律建议，如 The partner of the law firm advised the Manager on various specialist legal issues。 该律师事务所的合伙人就各种专业法律问题向经理提出了法律建议。 ②通知，相当于notify或inform，如 The use of advise in the sense of “inform, notify,” was restricted to business correspondence and legal contexts. Thus one may say the suspects were advised of their rig hts, but it would be considered pretentious to say you’d better advise your friends that the date of the picnic has been changed。 advise 表示“通知，告知”的这种用法局限地用于商业往来及法律情况。因此可以说嫌疑犯被告知他们所具有的权利，但是你最好通知你的朋友，野餐的日期有所改变，这种说法被认为是做作的。 Deposit 释义：deposit在法律英语中通常最常用的意思有两个： ①存款，这是他在普通英语和法律英语都很常见的意思，既可作名词也可作动词，如 He has a deposit of 10,000yuan in ICBC。他在工商银行有1万元的存款。
小学英语自制教具使用说明(汇编)
精彩A B C，快乐One Two Three ——小学英语自制教具使用说明香河县渠口镇王刘圈小学董海生 一、制作说明： 1、使用材料： 旧台历一本，水彩笔一盒，彩色卡纸纸若干，固体胶，剪刀，小刀。 2、制作过程： 将彩色卡纸剪成稍小于台历的大小且相同的纸张，裁成均匀的26份。用水彩笔在小纸片上书写字母、数字和颜色。 本教具是由废弃的台历，加工制作而成。就地取材，制作简单。直观，便于携带。 作品见下图： 精彩A B C，快乐One Two Three 图一图二图三 制作者：董海生香河县渠口镇王刘圈小学 二、使用说明： 使用方法一： 1、学字母，作为教学卡片 2、学数字，作为教学卡片 例如： What’s this? It’s letter T. What’s the number? It’s ten.…… 使用方法二： 学习新知，巩固旧知。 因为字母和数字分别由不同颜色的水彩笔书写，在学习数字和字母的同
时，可以复习颜色的单词和句型。 例如： What color is letter E? It’s green. What color is number 5? It’s blue. …… 学生可以看卡片，回答。 使用方法三： 听指令，翻卡片。 例如： Letter W and number nine. …… 字母和数字也可以分开练习，看学生的程度和具体情况。刚开始可以是教师说指令，学生翻到指定的字母和数字，几个人之后，让学生来下指令，学生翻。为了增强趣味性，可以采取小组竞赛的形式。笔者曾经尝试过，效果不错。 使用方法四： 看谁记得多，记得对。 就是让学生连续看5个或者更多的字母，然后，不看教具，让学生说出看过的字母；数字也可以用同样的方法。将数字与字母相结合，进行教学巩固。根据学生的掌握情况，一次看的字母或数字的个数可逐渐增加, 还可以让学生说说看到的字母或数字的颜色，以加强难度。这样做，一方面，考查学生的记忆能力、观察能力、思维能力，另一方面，充分调动学生的感觉器官，使学习变得有挑战性、有趣味性。笔者曾经尝试过，学生的积极性非常高。 例如： what letters have you seen?
英文合同常用词
英文合同常用词、短语和句型 1.订立、变更合同 动词 Make a contract / Enter into / form / create / conclude / execute /covenant 名词 the making of / the conclusion of a contract / the entry into contract / the formation of / the creation of / the conclusion of / the execution of a contract / covenant This agreement/contract is made and entered into 8th of August, 2008 by and between Party A and Party B. 2.合同的终止、解除、撤销 terminate a contract 通常指合同在约定期满前终止履行，可双方同意而作出，也指一方因另一方违约而行使的一种救济权。美国“终止”指合同各方未违反合同约定而依法终止合同。 cancel a contact 因另一方违约而解除合同，其效力基本等同于terminate，不同是撤销方仍有权对整个合同或中未履行部分主张救济。 discharge a contract 合同当事人的合同关系已终止。 rescind a contract 免除当事人之间的合同义务，将当事人各自地位恢复到合同订立之前状态。 revoke a contract 即以取消或撤回的方式废止或宣布无效。出于行为人的意愿，即主动发出的行为。
英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译
英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 篇一：英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 龙源期刊网.cn 英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 作者：杨阳 来源：《学周刊·上旬刊》2015年第02期 摘要：被动语态被广泛地运用在英语商务信函和英语合同中，比起主动语态，被动语态使语气显得更加委婉、含蓄以及客观许多。在汉语中，被动语态一般使用的比较少。所以一般在翻译英语的商务信函与合同的过程中，主动语态通常都被翻译为被动语态，再进行适当的语言修饰，从而保证翻译之后的文
章流畅通顺。 关键词：英语商务信函 被动语态作为商务英语中比较常见的一种语法现象，有助于体现合作的礼貌与原则。而商务英语中，被动语态的使用和汉语的被动语态的用法有着一定程度上的不同。本文主要就针对商务英语中被动语态使用较多的商务信函与合同进行分析，从而更好地理解被动语态在商务英语中的应用与翻译状况。 一、对被动语态的认识 被动语态作为动词的一种形式存在，主要是指主语是谓语动作的承受者。若是要讲述一个客观事实就需要借助被动语态。被动语态强调的是动作的承受者，而不是动作的发出者。被动语态通常都是由by引导出来的，但是也有由介词by引导出来的短语，如“by bike”（骑自行车）“by bus”（坐公共汽车）等。并且还有一些真被动、假主动的十几个常用词的用法都需要我们注意，如“so heavy to carry”表示的就是被动语态，但
却不是用的“so heavy to be carried”。针对被动语态使用的不同情况，我们一定要做到全面掌握每一种被动语态，这对于学习英语及商务信函和合同的翻译都是十分重要的。 二、英语商务信函和合同中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 （一）英语商务信函中被动语态的语用意义及其翻译 被动语态作为一种重要的语言手段与工具被广泛运用在商务英语中。与主动语态相比，被动语态不强调动作的发出者，这样在语气上就会显得委婉许多，也不会让动作的承受者感受到一种发出者将某种意思强加的强硬感觉。比如：“It’s hoped that the offer is made as soon as possible”与“Make the offer as soon as possible”这两句话表达的意思相同，但主动语态和被动语态的表达方式却是不一样的，产生的效果也就不一样。被动语态给人是一种商量、希望的口吻，语气上委婉了很多，而主动语态给人一种命