泛读教程四 unit 3 Globalization电子版

Unit 3

Word Pretest: For each italicized word or phrase, choose the best meaning below.

1.The collection is characterized by a mélange of bold graphics, statements and exotic Indian motifs that are both classic and contemporary.

A.style

B. feature

C. mixture

D. separation

2.The weather is one variable to be considered.

A.something that is subject to change

B. something of great importance

C. key point

D. necessity

3.You'll be biased to put extra weight on the cases that support your theory and diminish the cases that refute it.

A.prove

B. disapprove

C. violate

D. maintain

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,st week the government unveiled a media sector review intended to spawn a bit more competition.

A. abolish

B. destroy

C. go beyond

D. engender

5.Their latest computer outstrips all its rivals.

A.surpasses

B. defeats

C. follows

D. modifies

6.All the children are lumped together in one class, regardless of their ability.

A.taken care of

B. watched over

C. put together

D. brought up

7.As a journalist, she refuses to gloss over their faults or silence their critics.

A.set up

B. take over

C. cover up

D. get over

8.We can foresee a new paradigm in the global market in the 21st century.

A.pattern

B. problem

C. scenario

D. prospect

9.This kind of sedentary lifestyle costs you in more ways than you might think.

A.tending to follow fashion

B. tending to do much exercise

C. tending to sit

D. tending to move about

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,ck of time precludes any further discussion.

A.speeds up

B. slows down

C. includes

D. excludes

Global Mélange

Globalization and culture is not an innocent theme. The intervening variable in

most accounts is modernity. Three vectors—globalization, modernity, culture—come together in a package with modernization as the deciding variable. Modernity is also a polite, sociological way of saying capitalism. The sociologists Axford and Tomlinson, among others, struggle with this question and in the end tiptoe over to the side of modernity shaping cultural dynamics. It's difficult to argue with the combined power of modernity and capitalism, with technology and economics on their side, and therefore, it seems, global wins out from local culture. Yet one wonders whether these accounts are actually about culture or about power.

My reading of trends past and current runs quite differently. First, the conventional account that "the rise of the West" spawned an integrated world economy, modernity, and capitalism has been refuted by radically different accounts. An integrated world economy—it may be termed an Afro-Eurasian economy—predates the rise of the West by several centuries. At the core of this world economy were China and India, with Europe at the outer rim. In the core regions, sprawling outward to West Asia, the Ottoman Empire, and Persia, rates of population growth, urbanization, industrial and agricultural productivity, infrastructures, and institutions of commerce, all outstripped those that existed in Europe at the time, and continued to do so until the early nineteenth century. Accordingly, the groundwork for modernity and capitalism lies in these regions, not in Europe. Anthony King argues, with ample irony, that in colonial cities postmodern identities preceded the development of modernity in Europe. We can add that modern conditions prevailed in the urban centers of India and China before they emerged in Europe. This makes dead wood of the usual occidental stories of Marx (Asian mode of production), Weber (Protestant ethic), and Wallerstein (modern world system). As a late-comer Europe was an importer of cultural and other goods, which shows in the mélange character of early European culture.

Second, both "modernity" and "capitalism" are lumping concepts that need to be unpacked. Modern sociology is gradually giving way to sociology of modernity and next to anthropology of modernity. In the process, modernity yields to modernities and by the same token, anthropological angles on modernization come into their own in interpreting local changes. "Modernity viewed through the prism of the local" yields

unexpected outcomes. Development as modernization=westernization is a passed station. Now countries with a decade and more of growth rates higher than in the West have been spawning new modernities. What is the character and outlook of these new, mélange modernities? Globalization, increased communication, and mobility generally create opportunities for new combinations between "traditional" and "modern" practices, for instance novel forms of cooperation between local and international NGOs and "traditional" organizations. Likewise capitalism yields unexpected faces when viewed through an ethnographic lens. It's not just that capitalism shapes culture but capitalism is embedded in culture: capitalism is a cultural rendezvous. Capitalisms plural, for various reasons, then, is a more productive angle than capitalism singular. It is against this backdrop that hybridity has gradually become an increasingly prominent narrative and a new convention in interpreting local changes, past and present. As Walter Anderson notes, "Symbols of all kinds have detached themselves from their original roots and float freely, like dandelion seeds, around the world". And so the list of hybridities goes on and on: "Klezmer flamenco, Japanese salsa, French bluegrass, German Indians". I would make additional points: bricolage doesn't just apply to symbols but also to structures and institutions; and while mixing has accelerated in recent times it is as old as the hills, so the roots themselves are mixed. Cultural mélange and cosmopolitanism, then, is not merely a precious elite experience but a collective condition and experience. Global mélange does not merely follow but also precedes nations. We live lives of everyday cosmopolitanism already. The Latino writer Richard Rodriguez takes this a little forward: "We're looking at such enormous complexity and variety that it makes a mockery of 'celebrating diversity.' ... Diversity is going to be a fundamental part of our lives. That's what it's going to mean to be modern."

What does hybridity mean in settings of polarization and conflict? Niru Ratnam asks, "Can hybridity even begin to deal with issues such as the Lawrence murder?" and observes, "Hybridity is simply not the language of Eltham, South London." Does this mean, on the other hand, that one should gloss over the increasingly complex meanings of what it means to be British or ignore the growing number of mixed marriages in England and the complex biographies that this gives rise to?

Polarization means the suppression of the middle ground, but does suppression mean that the middle ground does not exist? What of hybridity amid the world's most chronic conflict zone, the borderlands of Israel and Palestine? Does recognizing this conflict dragging on and on mean ignoring multiple identities on either side, the complex identity of Arab Israelis, and the backdrop of the Levant on both sides of the border? The nationstate bonds that have exerted such great influence grew out of sedentary experiences, agriculture, urbanism, and then industry as anchors of the national economy. The nation-state inherited older territorial imperatives, and "national interest" translated them into geopolitical and geostrategic niches and projects. Together they make up a real estate vision of history. Deleuze and Guattari distinguish between sedentarism and nomadism as paradigms of perception. The moment we shift lenses from sedentary to mobile categories the whole environment and the horizon change: hunting, nomadic pastoralism, fishing, trade, transnational enterprise, and hyperspace all have deterritorialization built in. Why should identity be centered on sedentary rather than mobile categories if mobility defines the species as much as settlement does? Why should analysis privilege real estate rather than mobility? Over time, in view of changing technologies, we may expect mobility to become as salient as or more salient than sedentarism. Crossborder activities are on the rise; border conflicts will remain, but will they be the overall, defining dynamic?

Futures also belong to the longue durée, so evolutionary perspectives on world history and politics are relevant. But futures are mortgaged. Thus the Mexican philosopher José Vasconcelos anticipates a future planetary human blend, a Cosmic Race, but in doing so reproduces the old preoccupation with "race". Another misperception that I have sought to avoid or dispel in this account is that "culture" is a rarefied, separate domain, somewhere on the soft side of the hard realities of economics and politics. Culture is not just an afternoon spent in the Louvre or an evening in the Scala of Milan or the Hard Rock Café, but is also an afternoon patrolling Hebron. Culture is general human software—and none of the world's hard enterprises functions without software. Desires and goals, and methods and expectations in achieving goals, are all of a cultural nature. Power itself is a cultural

dream. "Of the infinite desires of man," notes the philosopher Bertrand Russell, "the chief are the desires for power and glory".

With constructivism in social science comes the awareness that social realities and boundaries are socially constructed. Discourse analysis makes the same point. This places "culture" in the center of social science. It is by virtue of particular cultural understandings of nationhood that boundaries end up where they do. Powerful interests are invested in boundaries and borders, affecting the fate of classes, ethnic groups, elites; while borders and boundaries are a function of differentials of power, they are social constructions that are embedded and encoded in cultural claims. The distinction, then, does not run between conflict and culture, for conflict itself is a cultural exercise. Domestic politics is conducted through politics of cultural differences and so is international politics. This is what is at stake in discussions of culture. Since culture is a battleground, hybridity is a matter of mapping no-man's-land. Hybridity does not preclude struggle but yields a multifocal view on struggle and, by showing multiple identity on both sides, transcends the "us versus them" dualism that prevails in cultural and political arenas.

Circle the letter of the best answer.

1.In most accounts of globalization and culture, __________ is the decisive variable.

A. culture

B. technology

C. globalization

D. modernity

2.According to the author's reading of trends past and current, there existed an integrated world economy __________.

A.with the spreading of modernization

B. with Europe as its core

C. long before the rise of the West

D. shortly after an Afro-Eurasian economy was surpassed

3.The reason for the mélange character of early European culture is that __________.

A. Europe was an importer of cultural and other goods

B. the Western model did not work in Europe

C. Western culture cannot co-exist with other local cultures

D. Europe refused to develop its own culture

4.To view modernity through the prism of the local, one finds that __________.

A.it is hard to predict what will happen to modernization

B. there is no other

available account of the term C. modernization=westernization is no longer acceptable D. capitalism remains in its singular form

5.Which of the following is NOT true about hybridity?

A.Cultural mélange is not merely a precious elite experience but a collective condition and experience.

B. Global mélange does not merely follow but precedes nations.

C. Polarization and conflict are something inevitable.

D. Diversity is going to be a fundamental part of our lives.

6.According to the author, the nation-state bonds grew out of the following EXCEPT for __________.

A.sedentary experiences

B. agriculture

C. hunting

D. national industry

7.The idea that culture is also an afternoon patrolling Hebron, the largest city in the West Bank, suggests that __________.

A.culture is on the soft side of the hard realities of economics and politics

B. culture means visiting art museums such as Louvre and going to opera houses such as the Scala of Milan

C. culture has something to do with the world's hard enterprises

D. culture is a rarefied, separate domain

8.We can infer all of the following from the last paragraph EXCEPT __________.

A.particular cultural understandings define borders and boundaries

B. constructivism in social science, as well as discourse analysis, makes one realize that social realities and boundaries are socially constructed

C. both domestic and international politics are operated through politics of cultural differences

D. the "us versus them" dualism should prevail in cultural and political arenas

Complete the following sentences with the appropriate idiomatic expressions which are related to the idea of RESPONSIBILITY.

face up to something

point one's finger at someone

leave someone high and dry

shoulder the responsibility

pass the buck

worm out of something

1.Polly . She agreed to be our treasurer, and then she suddenly resigned with nobody to replace her.

2.Pat always things. She never tries to avoid what is unpleasant.

3.Jack always . He always blames someone else when things go wrong.

4.Mary . You can always depend on her.

5.Paul is trying to it. He said he would do it, and now he says he cannot because he has too many other things to do.

6.Tom always someone else. He never takes the blame for anything he does. Choose the word or expression that correctly completes the sentence.

1.He is pleading with us to __________ him.

A.provide

B. persist

C. insist

D. assist

2.It can be very profitable to __________ the waste left by the factory.

A.explore

B. exploit

C. expose

D. exhaust

3.Internet technology will __________ tremendous changes in all fields.

A.bring around

B. bring out

C. bring about

D. bring up

4.The __________ structure of the book is outlined in the next paragraph.

A.generous

B. particular

C. overall

D. considerable

5.At present, we cannot find any __________ evidence to accuse him guilty.

A.smooth

B. hard

C. firm

D. indefinite

6.My plants always look brown. Maybe they are too __________ to the sunshine.

A.sensitive

B. sensational

C. sensible

D. sentimental

7.Adolescence is a period of __________ from child to adult.

A.transmission

B. transition

C. transaction

D. transplantation

8.Mr. Smith just accepted a speaking __________ in another school. He will not be able to come to the party.

A.engagement

B. interaction

C. affection

D. communication

9.The company will take half of the profit, and the rest is at his __________.

A.dismissal

B. disposal

C. use

D. usage

10.I was almost about to __________ a match before I realized the danger.

A.rub

B. strike

C. scrape

D. hit

11.In the Navajo household, grandparents and other relatives play __________ roles in raising children.

A.strong

B. exemplary

C. indispensable

D. demanding

12.The walnut is a deciduous tree that __________ valuable nuts.

A.enriches

B. yields

C. replaces

D. hides

13.Embroidery __________ scenic views became popular in the United States toward the end of the eighteenth century.

A.distorting

B. commemorating

C. depicting

D. emphasizing

14.The Ford Foundation is one of the world's wealthiest __________ organizations.

A. profligate

B. government

C. philanthropic

D. multinational

15.Ocean-going vessels have often used flags to indicate their national __________.

A. allegiance

B. destination

C. cargo

D. allowance

16.Every __________ of a symphony orchestra's performance is the responsibility of the conductor.

A.note

B. chord

C. facet

D. movement

17.Although many people had long regarded the "Star-Spangled Banner" as the national __________, it was not officially designated as such until 1916.

A.anthem

B. subject

C. slogan

D. symbol

18.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as __________ increases.

A.ventilation

B. pressure

C. elevation

D. humidity

19.The victory of the match __________ the cooperation of the players, instead of individual show-off.

A.consists of

B. persists in

C. hinges on

D. relates to

20.He remains __________ about the results of the examination, and feels reluctant to accept it.

A. confident

B. skeptical

C. surprised

D. sensational

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to Exercises Key to Exercises Lesson1 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,prehension Check 1.C 2.B 5.A 6.C7.B8.B 3.(1)shield(2)playing(3)shield(4)personal(5)social (6)political(7)family(8)colleagues(9)stimulate 4.(1)blackboard(2)unconscious(3)time (4)ancestors(5)parents(6)reinvent B.Reading Strategies 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.A 7.C 8.A 9.B10.A Lesson2 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,prehension Check 1.A 3.C 4.B 5.A7.C8.B 2.(1)defines(2)failures(3)successful(4)beliefs 6.(1)picture(2)performing(3)replace(4)self-image (5)line(6)potential(7)short-change(8)better B.Reading Strategies 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.A 8.B 9.C10.A Lesson3 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,prehension Check 1.C 2.A 3.B 5.A 6.B7.B8.A 4.(1)cultivate(2)granted(3)investigate(4)explore (5)major(6)exploration B.Reading Strategies 1.normalized 2.membership 3.threatening 4.publication 5.novelists 6.persuasion 7.personality 8.pressure 9.reluctance10.justify Lesson4 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6c3595939.html,prehension Check 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.A 1.(1)crush(2)Brazil(3)intelligent(4)knockout B.Reading Strategies 1.distinguishable 2.psychological 3.effective 4.insistent 5.various 6.skinny 7.delightful 8.gloriously 9.financial10.amazing

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Unit 1 Text: Exercises A: c B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. b Cloze1 1．going/about/trying 2．expectations/predictions 3．questions 4．answers 5． predictions/expectations 6．Tell 7．know/foretell 8．develop/present 9．worth Extra Passage 1 Key：BBCA Unit 2 Text: Exercises

A: b B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. b Cloze 2 1. communicate 2. ways. 3. using 4. of 5. Message 6. meet 7. causes 8. Meanings 9. to 10. eyes Extra Passage 2 Key: ADBCB Unit 3 Text: Exercises A: d

B. D. Fast reading Home Reading 8. d Cloze3 1．poor 2．habits 3．Lies 4． little 5．Unfortunately 6．what 7．slows 8．one reads. 9． than 10．Comprehension 11． cover Extra Passage 3 Key: DBABA Unit 4 Text: Exercises A: c B.

D. Fast reading Home Reading Cloze 4 1. studied 2.Satisfaction 3.reduced 4.reported 5.whose 6.published 7.on 8.such 9.illustrate/show/indicate 10. contributions Extra Passage 4 Key: ADDB Unit 5 Text: Exercises A: c B. D. Fast reading

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第一单元：梦想的阴暗之面 艾力克斯? 哈利 许多人怀有美好的愿望，期望能成为作家，但是能够梦想成真的人不多。艾力克斯? 哈利也想成为作家，可是他成功了。阅读下面这篇文章，看一看他成功的原因。 许多青年人对我说，他们想成为作家。我一直鼓励这样的人，但是我也向他们解释“成为作家”和写作之间存在着巨大的差别。多数情况下这些年轻人梦寐以求的是财富与名誉，从未想到要孤身一人长久地坐在打字机旁。“你们渴望的应该是写作，”我对他们说，“而不应该是当作家。” 事实上，写作是一项孤单寂寞而又收入微薄的工作。有一个被命运之神垂青的作家，就有成千上万个永远无法实现梦想的人。即使那些成功人士也经常受到长久的冷落，穷困不堪。我便是其中之一。 我放弃了在海岸警卫队做了二十年的工作，为的是成为一名自由撰稿人，这时，我根本没有前途可言。我所拥有的只是一位住在纽约市的朋友，乔治? 西姆斯，他和我是在田纳西州的赫宁一起长大的。乔治为我找了个家，位于格林威治村公寓大楼中的一间腾空的储藏室，而他是那幢大楼的管理员。房子里冷嗖嗖的，没有卫生间，不过这没什么。我马上买了一台旧的手动打字机，感觉自己颇象一位名符其实的作家。 然而，大约一年后，我的写作生涯依然没有任何起色，我开始怀疑自己。卖出一篇小说是如此艰难，以至我几乎填不饱肚子。但是，我清楚的是我想写作，我已梦寐以求了许多年。我并不准备成为一名到死时还在想假如的人。我会坚持把我的梦想付诸实践-- 即使这梦想意味着不稳定的生活和对失败的恐惧。这是希望的阴暗面，任何心存梦想的人都必须学会在这阴暗面下生存。 后来有一天，我接到了一个电话，由此改变了我的一生。这并不是一位代理人或编辑打来电话，主动要求与我签大的稿约。恰恰相反-- 是一声鸣笛，诱使我放弃梦想。打电话来的是海岸警卫队的老熟人，现在在旧金山。他曾经借给我几美元，喜欢催我还给他。“我什么时候才能拿到那十五美元，艾力克斯？”他逗我说。 “等我下一次卖出作品吧。” “我有个好主意，”他说，“我们这儿需要一位新的公共信息管理员，年薪六千美元。若想干，那就是你的了。” 年薪六千美元！这个数目在1960年可真是值钱啊。我可以有一套上好的公寓，一辆二手车，可以还清债务，也许还可有些结余。另外，我还可以业余写作。 当这些美元在我的脑海里晃动时，某种东西却使我神志清醒起来。我的内心深处升起一个坚强的信念。我曾经梦想成为一名作家-- 一名专业作家。那才是我的追求。“谢谢你，但是我不去，”我听见自己在说。“我会坚持到底来写作。” 后来，我在蜗居里踱来踱，开始觉得自己象个傻瓜。我打开橱柜-- 一只钉在墙上的桔黄色板条箱-- 把里面的东西全部弄了出来：两罐沙丁鱼。我把手伸进口袋，只摸出十八美分。我把罐头和硬币一起塞进一个皱巴巴的纸袋中。你看，艾力克斯，我自言自语道，你迄今为止努力的结果都在这里。我不知道，自己是不是曾经情绪如此低落过。 我希望自己能说，情况马上开始好转。但是并没有。感谢上帝，幸亏有乔治帮我渡过了难关。 通过乔治，我结识了另外一些正在艰苦奋斗的艺术家，象乔? 德拉尼，一位来自田纳西州科诺科斯威尔市的老画家。乔经常常没吃饭的钱，于是就去光顾附近社区的一位屠户和一个食品商。屠户会送给他一些带点肉的大骨头，从食品商那里他可以弄到一些枯萎的蔬菜。