专业外语复习翻译题
一、短句译成汉语
1. In this type, the telescope C is pivoted near its center on a short horizontal axis supported by the component B. When the setting, or tilting, screw B1, is turned, the eyepiece end of the telescope is raised or lowered, and this movement is resisted by the compression spring B2 so that the movement is free from looseness or backlash.
译文：在这种情况下，望远镜C在一个较短的由B部分支撑的水平轴上绕其自身中心附近旋转。当设定好的或倾斜的螺旋B1旋转时，望远镜目镜就会上升或下降，弹簧B2的挤压力会阻挠这种运动，以使其不至过于松动或受到后坐力。
2. All these factors point to the use of low frequency signals and indeed most position-fixing systems operate in the low or medium frequency range. In these ranges wavelengths are of the order of 102 or 103 m and the phase differences can be measured directly in terms of the basic wave.
译文：所有这些因素都指向低频信号的应用，况且真正地，大多数定位系统采用的是中低频率信号。在这些频率，波长大约是102到103 m，因此相位差能够根据基础波直接测量出来。
3. Topographic surveys are conducted by either aerial (photogrammetric) or ground (field) methods, and often a combination of both. Refined equipment and procedures available today have made photogrammetry accurate and economical; hence, almost all topographic mapping projects covering large areas now employ this method.
译文：地形测绘可以通过空中（摄影测量）或地面方法完成，而且经常是两者的结合。现今精良的设备和程序使得摄影测量已经足够准确并且经济。因此，现在几乎所有覆盖大面积地区的地形测图工程都使用这种方法。
4. The adjusted position of each traverse point is determined with respect to some origin. This position is defined by its Y coordinate and its X coordinates with respect to a plane rectangular coordinate system in which the Y axis is assumed north-south whereas the X axis east-west.
译文：每个导线点调整后的位置根据一些起算数据确定。这个位置由平面直角坐标系的Y 坐标和X坐标确定，Y轴假定是南北方向，X轴是东西向。
5. An elevation is a vertical distance above or below a reference datum. Although vertical distance can be referenced to any datum, in surveying, the reference datum that is universally employed is that of mean sea level (MSL).
译文：海拔是高于或低于一个基准面的垂直距离。尽管在测量中垂直距离可以相对于任何基准面得到，但通常采用的是平均海平面 (MSL)。
6. These errors are of vital importance in activities which consist of adding together a succession of individual observations (see sections on leveling and traversing). If all the individual measurements contain the same type of systematic error, which by their nature always act in the same direction, then the total effect is the sum of them all.
译文：这些误差在由一系列独立观测值（参见水准测量和导线测量部分）累加在一起组成的测量值中极为重要，如果所有独立观测都含有相同类型的系统误差，且这些系统误差总是表现出相同的性质，那么它们的总影响就是它们的和。
7. The hole in the tripod head is much larger than the fitting which goes through it, and this allows some lateral movement, over a range of 30 or 40 mm, before the instrument is finally clamped down.
译文：三角架头的孔径比经纬仪固定轴要大得多，这使得仪器在最终拧紧之前可以在30到40 mm范围内做自由移动。
8．Modulation is a process whereby certain characteristics of the carrier wave are varied or selected in accordance with another signal. The carrier signal does not have to be at a precisely determined frequency.
译文：调制是这么一个过程，即借助于载波不同的特性或选定的与另一信号一致来实现。载波信号不必与确定的频率精确的一致。
9. Topographical surveys are automated by putting the TCA in Auto-record mode--the instrument follows the rod person and automatically records a point at specified distances, time intervals, whenever the rod is held steady for more than a certain time.
译文：将TCA设置到自动记录模式可以使地形测量实现自动化——仪器跟随立标杆的人，当标杆保持稳定超过一定时间后，仪器会把特定的距离和时间间隔上的某个点自动记录下来。
10. A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a horizontal plane by two intersecting vertical planes, or a horizontal angle between two lines is the angle between the projections of the lines onto a horizontal plane.
译文：水平角是在一个水平面内由两个与其垂直的相交平面形成的。或者，水平角可以定义为投影到一个水平面上的两条线之间的角度。
11. Random errors are really all those discrepancies remaining once the blunders and systematic errors have been removed. Even if a quantity is measured many times with the same instrument in the same way, and if all sources of systematic error have been removed, it is still highly unlikely that all results will be identical. The differences, caused mainly by limitations of instruments and observers, are random errors.
译文：偶然（随机）误差事实上是除去粗差和系统误差后仍然存留的偏差。即使一组数据以同样的仪器、同样的方法重复测量了很多遍，而且排除了所有能引起系统误差的因素，所有的结果仍然极有可能不是一致的。这种主要由仪器和观测者的局限性引起的差异就是偶然（随机）误差。
12. A surveyor is in charge of installing the robotic survey station at predetermined locations and lets the robotic unit inform machine operators where they are relative to design information. The machine operator reads the machine position from a small display receiving position updates from a base station. The base station can be robotic, GPS or a combination of a number of sensors.
译文：测量员是负责在预定的位置安装机器人测站，并让机器人装置通知机器操作员他们相对于设计信息的位置。这位机器操作员通过一个小的显示屏接收到来自基站的更新位置并读取机器所处位置。基站上可以放置测量机器人，GPS接收机或多种传感器的组合。
13. Since the advent of long-range electrical distance measurement (EDM) instrument, a method of surveying called trilateration was adopted to combine with triangulation. The trilateration is based on the trigonometric proposition that if the three sides of a triangle are known, the three angles can be computed by the law of cosines.
译文：远程EDM问世以来，三边测量技术就与三角测量相结合。三边测量是基于三角定理，即如果三角形的三条边是已知的，用余弦定理就可以算出三个角。
14. All satellite positioning systems provide ground coordinates of a receiver (or the baseline vector between a pair of receives) in an earth-centered coordinate system. The orientation of the system is determined by the tabulated coordinates or ephemerides of the GPS satellites. In order to relate coordinates determined by GPS surveying to the local geodetic datum a transformation relationship needs to be established.
译文：所有卫星定位系统都提供接收机的地心坐标系的坐标（或两个接收机之间的基线矢量）。系统的定向由坐标表或GPS卫星的星历所确定。为了把GPS测量确定的坐标与局地的大地参考基准联系起来，需要建立一定的转换关系。
15. Theodolites of lower precision. In some of these the readings are obtained after a micrometer setting; in others, called scale-reading theodolites, the optical reading system provides a magnified picture of the main scale, and the subdivision is done by estimation of the position of a main scale division against a short finely divided scale fixed at a suitable position.
译文：在一些较低精度的经纬仪中读数是通过千分尺装置得到的；而在另一些所谓的刻度分划读数经纬仪中，读数由两部分构成，一部分通过光学读数系统提供主刻度的放大图像而得到粗读数，而精读数则要通过估计指针位于合适位置上的分划更精细的标尺上的位置得到。
二、短文译成汉语
1. A vertical angle is an angle measured in a vertical plane which is referenced to a horizontal line by plus (up) or minus (down) angles, or to a vertical line from the zenith direction. Plus and minus vertical angles are sometimes referred to as elevation or depression angles, respectively. A vertical angle thus lies between 0° and ±90°. Zenith is the term describing points on a celestial sphere that is a sphere of infinitely large radius with its center at the center of the earth. The zenith is an angle measured in a vertical plane downward from an upward directed vertical line through the instrument. It is thus between 0° and 180°. Obviously the zenith angle is equal to 90°minus the vertical angles. Vertical angles or zeniths are used in the correction of slope distance to the horizontal or in height determined. For the most part, the instrument used in the measurement of angles is called a transit or theodolite, although angles can be measured with clinometers, sextants (hydrographic surveys), or compasses. The theodolite contains a horizontal and vertical circles of either glass or silver. The horizontal and vertical circles of theodolite can be linked to circular protractors graduated from 0°to 360°in a clockwise manner set in horizontal and vertical plane.
译文：垂直角是在一个垂直面内，通过对一条参考水平线加上或减去一定的角度而测量得到的，抑或是以天顶方向的一条垂线作为参考也可以测量得到。角度增加或减小时，往往分别称为高程或俯角。因此，这样的角度就介于0°和±90°之间。天顶这个术语是用来描述某些点在天球上的位置，这样的天球具有无限大的半径，并且它的中心在地球的中心。从仪器中观测天顶角正是通过指针的上、下移动量来确定的，所谓移动的标准是在垂直平面内的一条参考垂线。因此，这样的角度就介于0°和180°之间，显然，也等于90°减去观测到的偏移垂直角度。垂直角或天顶角用于校正距离水平面的斜度或确定高度。虽然其他仪器也可以用于测量角度，例如倾斜仪、六分仪（水文调查中常用）、或罗盘，但在大多数情况下，用于测量角度的仪器为经纬仪。经纬仪包含一个水平和垂直的度盘，常用材料为玻璃或银。经纬仪的水平和垂直度盘可以联想为在水平或垂直平面内以顺时针方式按0°- 360°设置的圆形分度仪。
2. After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented, and the prism target has been set up over another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and depress a button. Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor. The microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle. The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target. If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the height of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking into account the effect of curvature and refraction. Furthermore the microprocessor can also compute the resolution of the horizontal distance together with the current horizontal direction, expressed as an azimuth, into a coordinate of the target station.
译文：在仪器被妥善安置在控制站点，并经过对中、整平和定向后，棱镜所观测的目标指向需要量测的那个点，测量员就可以瞄准目标并且按下测量按钮。然后从水平和垂直度盘读出的以及EDM的结果就显示在仪器上并且存储在数据收集器以及输入一个内置的微处理器。微处理器依靠测量的垂直或天顶角可以将测量的斜距转换为水平距离。微处理器还可以计算仪器中心和棱镜目标之间的高差。如果输入仪器中心的高度(HI) 和反射器目标的高度(HT)，在考虑曲率和折射的影响下，微处理器还能计算目标站点的高程。此外，微处理器也可以一起计算水平距离的分辨率和当前的水平方向，表示为方位角，最终能获得目标站点的坐标。
3. Topographic surveys are made to determine configuration (relief) of the earth’s surface and to locate natural and cultural features on it. By means of various lines and conventional symbols, topographic maps are produced from survey data. A topographic map is a large-scale representation of a portion of the earth’s sur face showing culture, relief, hydrography, and perhaps vegetation. Cultural (artificial) features are the products of people, such as roads, trails, buildings, bridges, canals, and boundary lines. Names and legends on maps identify the features.
Topographic maps are made and used by engineers to determine the most desirable and
economical locations of highways, railroads, canals, pipelines, transmission lines, reservoirs, and other facilities; by geologists to investigate mineral, oil, water, and other resources; by foresters to locate fire-control roads and towers; by architects in housing and landscape design; by agriculturists in soil conservation work; and by archeologists, geographers, and scientists in numerous fields.
译文：地形测量用来确定地球表面形态（地形），定位自然的和人文的地物和景观。通过各种不同的线和规定的符号，就可以根据测量数据绘制地形图。一张地形图可以以大比例尺显示地表一定范围内的文化、地形、水文或植被分布的特点和现象。人文（或人工）特征是指人为产生的景观，例如道路、轨迹、建筑物、桥梁、运河和边界线。通过在图上标注名字和图例可以识别这些特征或地物。
地形图对工程人员来说，可以用来确定较为理想和适宜的公路、铁路、运河、管道、输电线路、水库和其他设施的位置；对地质学家来说，可以用来研究矿产、石油、水和其它资源的分布；对林业工作者来说，可以用来定位燃烧控制路线；对建筑师来说，可以用来住房和景观设计；对农业工作者来说，可以用来开展水土保持工作；对其他诸如考古学家、地理学家和科学家，地形图都可以在诸多领域发挥重要作用。
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英语翻译题20套(带答案)
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西南交大科技英语翻译期末考试复习题答案
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英语翻译专项习题及答案解析含解析
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