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Closure to “Behavior of Coarse Widely Graded Soils under Low Confining Pressures

Closure to “Behavior of Coarse Widely Graded Soils under Low Confining Pressures
Closure to “Behavior of Coarse Widely Graded Soils under Low Confining Pressures

Discussions and Closures

Closure to “Behavior of Coarse Widely Graded Soils under Low Con ?ning Pressures ”by H.F.Zhao,L.M.Zhang,and D.S.Chang

January 2013,Vol.139,No.1,pp.35–48

DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000755

H.F.Zhao 1;L.M.Zhang,F.ASCE 2;and D.S.Chang,S.M.ASCE 3

1

Postdoctoral Fellow,Norwegian Geotechnical Institute,P.O.Box 3930,Ullevaal Stadion,N-0806Oslo,Norway.E-mail:Hongfen.Zhao@ngi.no 2

Professor,Dept.of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Hong Kong Univ.of Science and Technology,Clear Water Bay,Hong Kong (corresponding author).E-mail:cezhangl@ust.hk 3

Postdoctoral Fellow,Dept.of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Hong Kong Univ.of Science and Technology,Clear Water Bay,Hong Kong.E-mail:cechangds@ust.hk

The writers appreciate Dr.Y.Xiao and Dr.J.Liao for their interest in the paper.The discussers raised issues on the compaction curves (Fig.3in the original paper),the threshold value of coarse content at reverse transition of the critical state line (CSL),and the void ratio val-ues in Table 2in the original paper.This closure addresses these issues.

Compression Curves

The initial dry density of the mixed granular soils was indeed 1,630kg =m 3when the initial void ratio was set as 0.62.The com-paction curves for the ?ve mixed soils in Fig.3were obtained from the standard Proctor compaction test with an effort of 600kN ×m =m 3(ASTM 2000).At the same water content,the dry density of a soil specimen can be greater than that from the standard Proctor test if the compaction effort during specimen preparation is greater than the standard effort of 600kN ×m =m 3,or smaller than that from the standard Proctor test if the compaction effort is smaller than the standard effort.For this reason,the specimen density in the test program being discussed can be below the curves in Fig.1in the discussion for the specimens of f c 550,68,75,and 90%or above the curve for the specimens of f c 520%.

In light of the preceding information,the discussers made several incorrect statements:“However,the dry densities of the ?ve mixed soils from standard compaction tests cannot be equal to 1,630kg =m 3,as shown in Fig.1.This means that the compaction curves of ?ve mixed soils,as shown in Fig.3from the original paper,are incorrect.In addition,the compaction curve with the coarse content f c 520%lies far below the curves with f c 550,68,75,and 90%,as shown in Fig.3from the original paper.This indicates that it is impossible to obtain a unique void ratio for the ?ve mixed soils,as shown in Fig.1.”Such statements could be correct only when the standard Proctor compaction method was also applied for triaxial specimen prepara-tion,which was not the case.

The specimen preparation method for the triaxial tests in the study was introduced brie ?y at the beginning of page 38in the original paper.The procedure is described here again to avoid confusion.All the triaxial test specimens in the paper were prepared using a moist tamping technique.First,the dry soil was mixed according to desig-nated particle-size distributions.Then,the optimum water contents in Table 1were used to prepare the specimens.Based on the target water

content of a specimen,the required amount of deaired water was added to the oven-dried soil.Thereafter,the well-mixed wet soil was kept inside a plastic bag for approximately 7days for moisture ho-mogenization.Afterward,the matured soil was statically compacted to a uniform specimen.The static compaction was conducted on a loading frame,in which the axial displacement rate was well con-trolled.To produce a uniform specimen,the compaction of a 140-mm-high triaxial specimen was conducted in 10layers.The amount of soil for each layer was the same.The soil sample was then statically compacted to the desired dry density at a very low rate.

As mentioned in the discussion,the initial dry density of the mixed granular soil was 1,630kg =m 3,corresponding to an initial void ratio 0.62.The initial void ratio for the ?ve mixed soils was achieved by controlling the mass of the specimen.For the specimen with a ?nes content of f f 512f c 580%,the initial dry density was larger than the maximum dry density in the Proctor compaction test,which simply means that the relative compaction was larger than 100%,or the compaction effort during specimen preparation was larger than that during the standard Proctor compaction.

Transitional Fines Content

In the original paper,the authors ?rst investigated the compress-ibility of ?ve types of soil with f f 580,50,32,25,and 10%.The ?nes soil is a plastic soil that contains approximately 60%of kao-linite and 40%of ledikite.As shown in Fig.5of the original paper,the compressibility initially increases with decreasing ?nes content and reaches the maximum at a ?nes content of 32%.Based on the results,three representative test soils with f f 550,32,and 10%were chosen to investigate the shearing behavior.Consistently,the smallest critical void ratio was found at f f 532%.

Referring to Fig.2in the discussion,the discussers compared the results of the authors and Thevanayagam et al.(2002)and pointed out that under the same mean effective stress (p 9),the smallest critical void ratio can be more accurately determined if more test data at different ?nes contents are available.The writers fully agree with the comment.Table 1summarizes reported transitional ?nes contents for sev-eral soil mixtures.Table 1suggests that the transitional ?nes content is not unique.Thevanayagam et al.(2002)indicated that the value of transitional ?nes content depends on the void ratio and the charac-teristics of ?nes and coarse grains.

Additional Issues

The additional issues raised by the discussers are addressed as follows:

1.The ?nes in the study was a plastic silt that contains approx-imately 60%of kaolinite and 40%of ledikite.

2.The values of the initial void ratio and critical void ratio in

Table 2of the original paper are incorrect.The values of the three types of coarse soil in the table are for the speci ?c volume,11e ,but not for the void ratio,e ;the two terms differ by 1.0.The writers thank the discussers for pointing out this mistake.Table 2of the original paper is revised as Table 2in the closure.3.The discussers are correct that the year of the reference Head

(1980)should consistently be 1980.

4.The discussers are correct that there is typographical error

on page 46:68%should be replaced with 50%.The sentence should read:“The values of M cs are 1.41,1.48,and 1.68for the f c 550%,f c 568%,and f c 590%specimens,respectively.”

D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y S h a n g h a i J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 02/12/14. C o p y r i g h t A S C

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F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

References

ASTM.(2000).“Standard test method for laboratory compaction character-istics of soil using standard effort.”D698-07E1,West Conshohocken,PA.

Fukushima,S.,and Tatsuoka,F.(1984).“Strength and deformation char-acteristics of saturated sand at extremely low pressure.”Soils Found.,24(4),30–48.

Georgiannou,V.N.,Burland,J.B.,and Hight,D.W.(1990).“The un-drained behaviour of clayey sands in triaxial compression and exten-sion.”Geotechnique ,40(3),431–449.

Irfan,T.Y.,and Tang,K.Y.(1993).“Effect of coarse fractions on the shear strength of colluviums.”GEO Rep.No.23,Geotechnical Engineering Of ?ce,Hong Kong.

Kumar,G.V.,and Wood,D.(1999).“Fall cone and compression tests on clay-gravel mixtures.”Geotechnique ,49(6),727–739.

Polito,C.P.,and Martin,J.R.(2001).“Effects of nonplastic ?nes on the liquefaction resistance of sands.”J.Geotech.Geoenviron.Eng.,10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:5(408),408–415.

Thevanayagam,S.,Shenthan,T.,Mohan,S.,and Liang,J.(2002).“Un-drained fragility of clean sands,silty sands,and sandy silts.”J.Geotech.Geoenviron.Eng.,10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:10(849),849–859.

Vallejo,L.E.(2001).“Interpretation of the limits in shear strength in binary granular mixtures.”Can.Geotech.J.,38(5),1097–1104.

Zhang,L.M.,and Li,X.(2010).“Microporosity structure of coarse granular soils.”J.Geotech.Geoenviron.Eng.,10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000348,1425–1436.

Table 1.Published Transition Fines Contents for Soil Mixtures References

Mixture

Test type

Soil property

Transition f f (%)

Georgiannou et al.(1990)Sandy-clay Triaxial (CU)Peak shear strength 20–30Irfan and Tang (1993)Gravel-sand Triaxial (CU)and direct shear Shear strength 48–65Kumar and Wood (1999)Clay-gravel Fall cone Liquid limit

40Vallejo (2001)Rock-sand Static compaction and direct shear Porosity and shear strength 30–60Polito and Martin (2001)Sand-silt Cyclic triaxial Liquefaction susceptibility 25–45Thevanayagam et al.(2002)Sand-silt Triaxial (CU)Collapse potential 40Zhang and Li (2010)Gravel-clay Mercury intrusion porosimetry Microporosity

30Original paper Gravel-clay Consolidation and triaxial (CU and CD)Compressibility and shearing behavior

32

Note:CD 5consolidated drained;CU 5consolidated undrained.

Table 2.State Properties of the Specimens in the Drained Tests Coarse content (%)Con ?ning pressure (kPa)Initial void ratio,e 0

Critical void

ratio,e c State parameter,c 505

0.6230.68020:05750150.6200.63020:01050250.6130.6080.0056850.6150.63520:02068150.5860.5630.02368250.5720.5350.0379050.6180.70820:09090150.6120.66620:05490

250.6100.64520:035Toyoura sand (Fukushima and Tatsuoka 1984)

4.9

0.681

0.791

20:110

D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y S h a n g h a i J i a o t o n g U n i v e r s i t y o n 02/12/14. C o p y r i g h t A S C

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F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .

常用介词的用法

分考点1 表示时间的介词 Point 1 at, in, on 的用法 (1)at 的用法 At 表示时间点,用于具体的时刻(几点,正午,午夜,黎明,拂晓,日出,日落等),或把某一时间看作某一时刻的词之前以及某些节假日的词之前。 at 6:00 在6点钟 At noon 在中午 At daybreak 在拂晓 At down 在黎明 At Christmas 在圣诞节 【特别注意】在以下的时间短语中,at 表示时间段。 At dinner time 在(吃)晚饭时 At weekends/ the weekend 在周末 (2)in 的用法 ①表示时间段,与表示较长一段时间的词搭配,如年份,月份,季节,世纪,朝代,还可以用于泛指的上午、下午、傍晚等时间段的词前。 In 2009 在2009年 In April 在四月 In the 1990s 在20世纪90年代 In Tang Dynasty 在唐朝 In the morning在上午 ②后接时间段,用于将来时,表示“在一段时间之后”。 The film will begin in an hour. 电影将于一个小时之后开始。 【特别注意】当时间名词前有this,that,last,next,every,each,some等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。 This morning 今天上午last year 去年 (3)on 的用法 ①表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的某一天或某些日子。 On September the first 在9月1号 On National Day 在国庆节 We left the dock on a beautiful afternoon. 我们在一个明媚的下午离开了码头。 ②表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。 On Sunday morning 在星期日的早上 On the night of October 1 在10月1号的晚上 【特别注意】“on +名词或动名词”表示“一...就...”. On my arrival home/ arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。 Point 2 in,after 的用法 In 和after都可以接时间段,表示“在...之后”,但in 常与将来时连用,after 常与过去时连用。 We will meet again in two weeks.

英语介词用法大全

英语介词用法大全 TTA standardization office【TTA 5AB- TTAK 08- TTA 2C】

介词(The Preposition)又叫做前置词,通常置于名词之前。它是一种虚词,不需要重读,在句中不单独作任何句子成分,只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。中国学生在使用英语进行书面或口头表达时,往往会出现遗漏介词或误用介词的错误,因此各类考试语法的结构部分均有这方面的测试内容。 1. 介词的种类 英语中最常用的介词,按照不同的分类标准可分为以下几类: (1). 简单介词、复合介词和短语介词 ①.简单介词是指单一介词。如: at , in ,of ,by , about , for, from , except , since, near, with 等。②. 复合介词是指由两个简单介词组成的介词。如: Inside, outside , onto, into , throughout, without , as to as for , unpon, except for 等。 ③. 短语介词是指由短语构成的介词。如: In front of , by means o f, on behalf of, in spite of , by way of , in favor of , in regard to 等。 (2). 按词义分类 {1} 表地点(包括动向)的介词。如: About ,above, across, after, along , among, around , at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between , beyond ,by, down, from, in, into , near, off, on, over, through, throught, to, towards,, under, up, unpon, with, within , without 等。 {2} 表时间的介词。如: About, after, around , as , at, before , behind , between , by, during, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till(until) , to, towards , within 等。 {3} 表除去的介词。如: beside , but, except等。 {4} 表比较的介词。如: As, like, above, over等。 {5} 表反对的介词。如: againt ,with 等。 {6} 表原因、目的的介词。如: for, with, from 等。 {7} 表结果的介词。如: to, with , without 等。 {8} 表手段、方式的介词。如: by, in ,with 等。 {9} 表所属的介词。如: of , with 等。 {10} 表条件的介词。如:

to与for的用法和区别

to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如,食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说,例如对某人而言是重要的,就用for. for和to这两个介词,意义丰富,用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语? 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算,作最坏的准备。 2.对于 1.She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2.She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3.表示赞成同情,用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法? 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为,由于(常有较活译法) 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法,对于(某人),对…来说(多和形容词连用)用介词to,不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6.for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用,表示适宜,适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练,他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语,可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1.It would be best for you to write to him. 2.The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3.There was nowhere else for me to go. 4.He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.

英语介词用法详解

英语常用介词用法与辨析 ■表示方位的介词:in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。如: Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。如: Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。如: Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 ■表示计量的介词:at, for, by 1. at表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。如: It flies at about 900 kilometers a hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for表示“用……交换,以……为代价”。如: He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意:at表示单价(price) ,for表示总钱数。 3. by表示“以……计”,后跟度量单位。如: They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 ■表示材料的介词:of, from, in 1. of成品仍可看出原料。如: This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from成品已看不出原料。如: Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in表示用某种材料或语言。如: Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。 They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈(from 。 注意:in指用材料,不用冠词;而with指用工具,要用冠词。请比较:draw in penc il/draw with a pencil。 ■表示工具或手段的介词:by, with, on 1. by用某种方式,多用于交通。如by bus乘公共汽车,by e-mail. 通过电子邮件。

with的用法大全

with的用法大全----四级专项训练with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例:

1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式,作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语) 二、with结构的用法 在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。

高中英语45个介词的基本用法

——45个基本介词的用法 1、about 【原始含义】 a-b-out “A在B外面” 【引申含义】 [prep] (1)在…到处,在…各处here and there eg: We wandered about the town for an hour or so. He looked about the room. (2)在…附近next to a place eg. She lives about the office. (3)关于in connection with eg: a book about English study I don’t know what you are talking about. [adv] (1)大约close to eg: We left there about 10 o’clock. It costs about 500 dollars. (2)到处,各处 eg: The children were rushing about in the garden. (3)在附近 eg : There is no food about. 【常见搭配】 作介词时的搭配: 一.动词+(about+名词) (1)arrange (about sth) 安排关于某事(2)argue (about sth) 讨论某事 (3)ask (about sth) 询问关于某事(4)boast (about sb/sth) 吹嘘... (5)care (about sb/sth)关心…,对…感兴趣(6)chat(about sth) 谈论某事(7)complain(about sb/sth) 抱怨… (8)dream (about sb/sth) 梦见某人/某物(9)go (about sth) 着手做...;从事...

with用法归纳

with用法归纳 (1)“用……”表示使用工具,手段等。例如: ①We can walk with our legs and feet. 我们用腿脚行走。 ②He writes with a pencil. 他用铅笔写。 (2)“和……在一起”,表示伴随。例如: ①Can you go to a movie with me? 你能和我一起去看电影'>电影吗? ②He often goes to the library with Jenny. 他常和詹妮一起去图书馆。 (3)“与……”。例如: I’d like to have a talk with you. 我很想和你说句话。 (4)“关于,对于”,表示一种关系或适应范围。例如: What’s wrong with your watch? 你的手表怎么了? (5)“带有,具有”。例如: ①He’s a tall kid with short hair. 他是个长着一头短发的高个子小孩。 ②They have no money with them. 他们没带钱。 (6)“在……方面”。例如: Kate helps me with my English. 凯特帮我学英语。 (7)“随着,与……同时”。例如: With these words, he left the room. 说完这些话,他离开了房间。 [解题过程] with结构也称为with复合结构。是由with+复合宾语组成。常在句中做状语,表示谓语动作发生的伴随情况、时间、原因、方式等。其构成有下列几种情形: 1.with+名词(或代词)+现在分词 此时,现在分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的主谓关系。 例如:1)With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries. 由于物价上涨很快,我们买不起高档商品。(原因状语) 2)With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace. 在人群的欢呼声中,他们驱车来到皇宫。(伴随情况) 2.with+名词(或代词)+过去分词 此时,过去分词和前面的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。

常用介词用法(for to with of)

For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多,但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一:表示相对,针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二:表示对比,比较 1:以-ior结尾的形容词,后接介词to表示比较,如:superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词,如equal,similar,equivalent,analogous A is similar to B in many ways.

介词with的用法大全

介词with的用法大全 With是个介词,基本的意思是“用”,但它也可以协助构成一个极为多采多姿的句型,在句子中起两种作用;副词与形容词。 with在下列结构中起副词作用: 1.“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”,如: (1) This article deals with common social ills, with particular attention being paid to vandalism. 2.“with+宾语+过去分词或短语”,如: (2) With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. (3) The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hands. 3.“with+宾语+形容词或短语”,如: (4) With so much water vapour present in the room, some iron-made utensils have become rusty easily. (5) Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+宾语+介词短语”,如: (6) With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. (7) With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any thing illegal. 5.“with+宾语+副词虚词”,如: (8) You cannot leave the machine there with electric power on. (9) How can you lock the door with your guests in? 上面五种“with”结构的副词功能,相当普遍,尤其是在科技英语中。 接着谈“with”结构的形容词功能,有下列五种: 一、“with+宾语+现在分词或短语”,如: (10) The body with a constant force acting on it. moves at constant pace. (11) Can you see the huge box with a long handle attaching to it ? 二、“with+宾语+过去分词或短语” (12) Throw away the container with its cover sealed. (13) Atoms with the outer layer filled with electrons do not form compounds. 三、“with+宾语+形容词或短语”,如: (14) Put the documents in the filing container with all the drawers open.

for和to区别

1.表示各种“目的”,用for (1)What do you study English for 你为什么要学英语? (2)went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 (3)These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 (4)hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算,作最坏的准备。 2.“对于”用for (1)She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 (2)She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3.表示“赞成、同情”,用for (1)Are you for the idea or against it 你是支持还是反对这个想法? (2)He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 (3)I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4. 表示“因为,由于”(常有较活译法),用for (1)Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。

(2)France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5.当事人对某事的主观看法,“对于(某人),对…来说”,(多和形容词连用),用介词to,不用for. (1)He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 (2)To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 (3)They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6.和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用,表示“适宜,适合”,用for。(1)Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练,他们会胜任这项工作的。 (2)Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 (3)Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 (4)You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. 表示不定式逻辑上的主语,可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 (1)It would be best for you to write to him. (2) The simple thing is for him to resign at once.

双宾语 to for的用法

1.两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for:(1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes? 正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注:有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如:do sb a favour=do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm=do harm to sb 对某人有害

介词at的基本用法

介词at的基本用法: 一、at引导的时间短语通常可表示: 1.在几点几分,例如:at one o’clock(在一点钟) I usually make the bed at one o’clock.. 2.在用餐时间,例如:at lunchtime(在午餐时间) 3.在某个节日,例如:at Christmas 在圣诞节的时候 4.在某个年龄的时候,例如:at the age of 12。在12岁的时候 5.一天中的某段较短的时间,例如:at noon在中午at night在夜里 二、at也可引导地点短语,常用于小地点之前,例如: at the bus stop在汽车站at the butcher’s 在肉店里at school在学校里at home在家里 介词on的基本用法: 一、on可引导地点短语,表示“在…上面”,例如:on the table在桌子上 二、on也可引导时间短语,通常有以下用法: 1.用于“星期”和“月份”中的任何一天之前,例如:On Monday在星期一on April 1st. 2.用于某个“星期几”当天的某段时间,例如:on Monday morning在星期一上午 3.用于具体某一天之前,例如:on that day在那一天On my birthday在我的生日那天 On Christmas day在圣诞节那天 介词in的基本用法: 一、in可引导地点短语,常表示“在…里面”,例如:in the bag在袋子里 二、in引导的时间短于通常有以下用法: 1.在某个世纪,例如:in the 21st century在21世纪 2.在某一年,例如:in 1995在1995年 3.在某一个季节,例如:in spring在春季 4.在某一个月份,例如:in March在三月里 5.在某段时期,例如:in the holidays在假期里 6.在某个持续几天的节日里,例如:in Easter Week在复活周 7.在一天中的某段时间,例如:in the morning在上午(早晨)

初中 英语 介词“with”的用法

介词“with”的用法 1、同, 与, 和, 跟 talk with a friend 与朋友谈话 learn farming with an old peasant 跟老农学习种田 fight [quarrel, argue] with sb. 跟某人打架 [争吵, 辩论] [说明表示动作的词, 表示伴随]随着, 和...同时 change with the temperature 随着温度而变化 increase with years 逐年增加 be up with the dawn 黎明即起 W-these words he left the room. 他说完这些话便离开了房间。2 2、表示使用的工具, 手段 defend the motherland with one s life 用生命保卫祖国 dig with a pick 用镐挖掘 cut meat with a knife 用刀割肉3

3、说明名词, 表示事物的附属部分或所具有的性质]具有; 带有; 加上; 包括...在内 tea with sugar 加糖的茶水 a country with a long history 历史悠久的国家4 4、表示一致]在...一边, 与...一致; 拥护, 有利于 vote with sb. 投票赞成某人 with的复合结构作独立主格,表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构: with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题 The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied 答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用

双宾语tofor的用法

1. 两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for: (1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes? 正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注:有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如: do sb a favou r do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harnn= do harm to sb 对某人有害

高中常见介词的基本用法

介词 介词不能单独作句子成分,而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词的关系,通常放在名词或代词之前,构成介词短语。介词短语作为一个成分在句中可用作定语,表语,状语等。When shall we have the talk on the history of the Party我们何时听党史报告(定语)His elder brother is in the army.他的哥哥在部队。(表语) I went to school at half past seven yesterday.昨天我7:30 上学。(状语) 《 Will you please come along with me跟我一起走好吗(状语) ※同一个汉语词可以译成不同的英语介词。例如: 一幢石头的房子 a house of stone 这个房间的钥匙 the key to this room 明天的票 the ticket for tomorrow 《 (一)About 1.表示地点:在。。。周围;在。。。附近 We took the foreign guests about the campus. 我们带领外宾在校园里各处看看。 2.表示时间:大约。。。;近于。。。时刻前后We left there about six o’clock 我大约在六点左右离开那个地方。 3.表示客体关系:对于;关于;有关。例如:1) I must see him, I’ve heard so much about him 我必须要见他,我听到很多关于他的事情。2) What do you know about China 关于中国你知道些啥 (二)Above 表示位置,职位,数量,年龄等:在。。。上方;在。。。之上;超过。。。 1) Henry’s work is well above the average.亨利的功课大大超过一般水平。 2) A bird is flying above the woods. 一只鸟在树林上飞。 3) The portrait is above the blackboard.一幅肖像挂在黑板的上方。 4) It weighs above five tons. 这东西有5 吨多重。 (三)Across 1.表动作方向/位置:横过;穿过。(在表面)1)The boy helped the old lady across the street. 男孩扶老大娘穿过马路。2) The tree had fallen down across the railway line.树倒啦,横在铁路上。 2.表示地点:在对面;在。。。的另一边。 1)The church is across the river. 教堂在河的对面。 (四)After 1.表示时间或位置:在。。。之后。 1)Please line up one after another. 请一个挨一个排好对。 He goes on working day after day ,week after week without any change. 他继续日复一日地工作,没有丝毫改变。Shut the door after you. 随手关门! 2.引伸意义:仿照;按照。 Please make sentences after the model. 请照示例造句。 ※(五)Against 1.表示位置:依着;紧靠;撞击;碰着。 1) He rested his bike against the wall.他把自行车靠在墙上。 2) The rain was beating against the windows. 雨敲打着窗户。 2.引伸意义:反对;禁止。 1)Are you for it or against it 你是赞成还是反对 2) Is there a law in this country against spitting right and left 你们国家有没有反对随地吐痰的规定

英语介词with的用法

英语介词with的用法 with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。 一、 with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下: 1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词; 2. with或without-名词/代词+副词; 3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语; 4. with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式; 5. with或without-名词/代词+分词。 下面分别举例: 1、 She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语) 2、 With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语) 3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。) The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand. 4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语) He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式,作条件状语) 5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语) 6、Without anything left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)

to和for的用法有什么不同(一)

to和for的用法有什么不同(一) 一、引出间接宾语时的区别 两者都可以引出间接宾语,但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for,具体应注意以下三种情况: 1. 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。如: 请把那本字典递给我。 正:Please hand me that dictionary. 正:Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正:She taught us music last year. 正:She taught music to us last year. 2. 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose, prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如: 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正:He sang us an English song. 正:He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正:Please find me the keys. 正:Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正:Can you spare me a few minutes?

正:Can you spare a few minutes for me? 3. 有的动词由于用法和含义不同,用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如: do sb a favor=do a favor for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm=do harm to sb 对某人有害 在有的情况下,可能既不用for 也不用to,而用其他的介词。如: play sb a trick=play a trick on sb 作弄某人 请比较: play sb some folk songs=play some folk songs for sb 给某人演奏民歌 有时同一个动词,由于用法不同,所搭配的介词也可能不同,如leave sbsth 这一结构,若表示一般意义的为某人留下某物,则用介词for 引出间接宾语,即说leave sth for sb;若表示某人死后遗留下某物,则用介词to 引出间接宾语,即说leave sth to sb。如: Would you like to leave him a message? / Would you like to leave a message for him? 你要不要给他留个话? Her father left her a large fortune. / Her father left a large fortune to her. 她父亲死后给她留下了一大笔财产。 二、表示目标或方向的区别 两者均可表示目标、目的地、方向等,此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。如: 1. 在come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return 等动词之后通常用介词to 表示目标或目的地。如: He has gone to Shanghai. 他到上海去了。 They walked to a river. 他们走到一条河边。

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