When people enter into life sciences field

When people enter into life sciences field, he will find, everything is so exciting and glamorous, so can't help being attracted to step by step to deeply explore the mystery of life. For the life of research in improving the human condition has a significant role, such as the poem said" life seventy ancient rare", now is" life eighty don't", for instance the grain yield per mu in recent ten years doubled, many pessimistic scholars that " human famine" did not appear.

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Life science is systematically expounded and life characteristics relevant to the major subject of science. Dominating the inanimate world of the physical and chemical laws also applies to the life world, without giving the living substance a mysterious vitality. For

in-depth understanding of the life sciences, physics, chemistry, it can also promote human other areas of knowledge development. For example, in the life science century problem is" intellectual Erlai from where?" Our single neuron activity well, but tens of billions of neurons in brain after combined into how to generate intelligence but know nothing at all. It can be said that the human mind 's biggest challenge is how to explain intelligence itself. On this one problem gradually break will also change accordingly human knowledge structure.

Life science research not only depends on the physical, chemical knowledge, but also on the latter provide equipment, such as optical and electron microscopy, protein electrophoresis, ultracentrifuge, X - ray spectrometer, NMR spectrometer, positron emission tomography and so on, too numerous to mention. Life science is also from various disciplines gathered from. The intersection between different disciplines caused a lot of the prospect of unlimited growth point and new subject.

Life science research or is under study is the main topic: biological material chemical essence of what? These chemical substances in the body is how to translate and exhibit features of life? The composition and structure of biological macromolecules is how? How cells work? Of every hue cells to complete various functions? Gene as a genetic material is how to play? What mechanisms induce cell replication? A fertilized egg cell to develop into many different cell types is composed of highly differentiated multicellular organisms singular process using the genetic information? A variety of cell types is how to combine to form the organs and tissues? The species is formed? What factors cause evolution? Humans are still evolving? In a specific ecological niche in the relationship among the

species? What factors govern the habitat of each species number? Animal behavior physiology is based on what? Memory is formed? The memory in what place? The factors which can influence learning and memory? Intelligence by he Erlai? In addition to the earth, space and other intelligent beings? How did life begin? Wait.

In the study of accumulated knowledge have been or are being applied to human society, and the enormous benefits such as reduced human disease and animal and plant diseases, improving human nutrition, reduce environmental pollution, the protection of natural resources and so on.

In recent years, biological engineering, therefore we are facing great opportunities and challenges. At this critical time, we must dosomethinpreviouslyunreleased, understand and participate in decision making.

当人们真正进入到生命科学的范围之后，他会发现，一切是那样地令人激动和富有魅力，从而不由自主地被吸引着一步一步地去深入地探索生命的奥秘。对于生命的研究在改善人类的状态方面有着显著的作用，比如古诗说“人生七十古来稀”，如今是“人生八十不稀奇”，又比如粮食亩产量近十余年里成倍增长，许多悲观学者所预言的“人类大饥荒”并没有出现。

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生命科学是系统地阐述与生命特性有关的重大课题的科学。支配着无生命世界的物理和化学定律同样也适用于生命世界，无须赋于生活物质一种神秘的活力。对于生命科学的深入了解，无疑也能促进物理、化学等人类其它知识领域的发展。比如生命科学中一个世纪性的难题是“智力从何而来？”我们对单一神经元的活动了如指掌，但对数以百亿计的神经元组合成大脑后如何产生出智力却一无所知。可以说对人类智力的最大挑战就是如何解释智力本身。对这一问题的逐步深入破解也将会相应地改变人类的知识结构。

生命科学研究不但依赖物理、化学知识，也依靠后者提供的仪器，如光学和电子显微镜、蛋白质电泳仪、超速离心机、X-射线仪、核磁共振分光计、正电子发射断层扫描仪等等，举不胜举。生命科学学家也是由各个学科汇聚而来。学科间的交叉渗透造成了许多前景无限的生长点与新兴学科。

生命科学研究或正在研究着的主要课题是：生物物质的化学本质是什么？这些化学物质在体内是如何相到转化并表现出生命特征的？生物大分子的组成和结构是怎样的？细胞是怎样工作的？形形色色的细胞怎样完成多种多样的功能？基因作为遗传物质是怎样起作用的？什么机制促使细胞复制？一个受精卵细胞怎样在发育成由许多极其不同类型的细胞构成的高度分化的多细胞生物的奇异过程中使用其遗传信息？多种类型细胞是怎样结合起来形成器官和组织？物种是怎样形成的？什么因素引起进化？人类现在仍在进化吗？在一特定的生态小生境中物种之间的关系怎样？何种因素支配着此一生境中每一物种的数量？动物行为的生理学基础是什么？记忆是怎样形成的？记忆存贮在什么地方？哪些因素能够影响学习和记忆？

智力由何而来？除了在地球上，宇宙空间还有其它有智慧的生物吗？生命是怎样起源的？等等。

在上述问题的研究中积累起来的知识已经或正在应用于人类社会，并产生了巨大的效益如减少人类疾病和动植物病害、改善人类的营养状况，减少环境公害、保护自然资源等等。

近年来，生物工程的兴起，使我们面临着重大的机遇与挑战。在这一关键时刻，我们必须有所作为，理解并参与做出决定。

为什么他们获得了2011诺贝尔医学/生理奖？

摘要：随着10月份的到来，各项诺贝尔奖项也尘埃落定（除了经济学奖），今年的诺贝尔生理/医学奖授予了三位免疫学家ules A. Hoffmann、Bruce A. Beutler和Ralph M. Steinman，免疫学领域的研究人员也许对于这三位科学家的成果贡献很熟悉，但是作为非免疫学领域，或者说非生物学领域的读者来说，其它领域也许有更为引人瞩目的成果，为何他们能获得今年的诺贝尔生理/医学奖呢？

生物通报道：随着10月份的到来，各项诺贝尔奖项也尘埃落定（除了经济学奖），今年的诺贝尔生理/医学奖授予了三位免疫学家ules A. Hoffmann、Bruce A. Beutler和Ralph M. Steinman，其中一半的奖金归于Bruce Beutler和Jules Hoffmann，获奖理由是“先天免疫激活方面的发现”；另一半奖金归于Ralph Steinman，获奖理由是“发现树突状细胞及其在获得性免疫中的作用”。

免疫学领域的研究人员也许对于这三位科学家的成果贡献很熟悉，但是作为非免疫学领域，或者说非生物学领域的读者来说，其它领域也许有更为引人瞩目的成果，为何他们能获得今年的诺贝尔生理/医学奖呢？

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简单而言，他们的发现彻底革新了我们对于人体的防线：免疫系统的认识，由此，对于免疫的理解被重新定义。在他们相关研究发现之前，先天性和获得性免疫的激活以及先天性和获得性免疫的调控机制一直扑朔迷离。这三位科学家发现了免疫系统激活的关键原理，而且已经成为对抗传染病的疫苗和对抗癌症的新方法的发展关键。

诺贝尔生理学与医学奖评委会对他们成果的评论是：“发现了免疫应答的‘守门人’，从而彻底革新了我们对于免疫系统的认识”，美国白血病和淋巴瘤协会认为，“三人科学家的研究工作‘形成免疫治疗的基础，为癌症治疗的发展奠定了基础’”。

这三位获奖的科学家虽然相互认识，但是他们并未一同合作研究。那么在解密人体免疫系统的问题上，三人的贡献究竟各自是什么呢？

Bruce Beutler和Jules Hoffmann各自发现人体免疫系统中存在一种受体蛋白，这种蛋白可识别微生物并激活先天免疫，这是免疫反应的第一步。新生儿体内已经存在先天免疫功能。不同的免疫细胞消灭这些异体入侵者，并让其变得对人体无害。同时不同的受体蛋白协助识别那些对人体健康构成危害的微生物。如果可致病的微生物冲破了被称作第一道防线的先天免疫系统，那么第二道防线，也就是树突状细胞就开始自觉地发挥防御作用。

Ralph Steinman就在这一领域作出的杰出贡献，他发现树突状细胞能教授白血细胞识别、记忆并攻击入侵细胞，这些细胞能激活T细胞，是人体免疫系统中的卫士。

除此之外，这三位科学家的工作也为传染病、癌症以及炎症的防治开辟了新的道路，他们的研究奠定了新一波的“治疗性疫苗”及小分子靶向抗癌新药物，刺激增强抗癌免疫系统攻击肿瘤的基础。这些研究有助于更好地了解免疫系统的复杂性，也给治疗炎症性疾病，如类风湿关节炎提出了新思路。诺奖得主Beutler对路透社记者表示，他的工作“可能有助于发现炎症和自体免疫疾病的新疗法，以及各种疾病其他可能的新治疗方法。”

据悉Ralph Steinman其实就在使用获得此次诺奖的成果进行治疗：他采用了目前广泛应用的小分子靶向抗癌新药物治疗。Steinman教授胰腺癌的治疗方案是自己设计的，去年他采用了一种新抗癌药—前列腺癌疫苗（provenge）。

（生物通：万纹）

三位科学家介绍：

Jules A. Hoffmann

法国公民。1941年出生于卢森堡Echternach。就读于法国斯特拉斯堡大学，1969年获得博士学位。在德国马尔堡大学做完博士后之后，他返回了斯特拉斯堡，于1974年至2009年担任一个研究实验室的负责人。他曾担任斯特拉斯堡分子细胞生物学研究所所长，2007年至

2008年曾担任法国国家科学院院长。

获奖理由：发现了识别微生物激活先天免疫系统的关键受体蛋白

1996年Hoffmann及同事在对果蝇胚胎发育相关的Toll基因突变体进行研究时获得了开创性的发现。他们发现当Toll突变的果蝇感染细菌或真菌时，由于无法激活免疫反应导致这些果蝇迅速死亡。据此Hoffmann证实：Toll基因编码产物在识别病原微生物激活免疫反应中发挥了关键性作用。

Bruce A. Beutler

美国公民。1957年出生于美国芝加哥。1981年从芝加哥大学获得医学博士学位。曾在纽约的洛克菲勒大学和达拉斯的德克萨斯大学从事科学工作，其间发现了LPS受体。自2000年开始，他担任斯克里普斯研究所遗传学和免疫学教授。

获奖理由：发现了识别微生物激活先天免疫系统的关键受体蛋白

1998年，Beutler将Hoffmann的研究发现延伸至哺乳动物中。在寻找可导致感染性休克（一种涉及对免疫系统的过度刺激的致命症状）的细菌产物脂多糖（LPS）相关的受体过程中，Beutler及同事发现了对LPS具有抵抗力的老鼠携带有一个基因突变，这个基因与果蝇中的Toll基因非常相似。这种Toll类似物受体（TLR）原来就是神秘的LPS受体。当它与LPS相结合，就会激活先天免疫反应。当反应过度时，炎症就可能导致感染性休克。

Ralph M. Steinman

1943年出生于加拿大蒙特利尔。在麦吉尔大学学习生物学和化学。之后，他在美国波士顿的哈佛医学院学习医学，并于1968年获得医学博士学位（MD）。自1970年开始他一直在洛克

菲勒大学工作，1988年开始成为免疫学教授，并担任免疫学和免疫疾病中心主任。Steinman 于2011年9月30日因胰腺癌去世，享年68岁。

获奖理由：第一个发现了免疫系统中的树突细胞及其对获得性免疫中所具有的独特的激活与调节能力。

1973年，Ralph Steinman在与外界环境接触的组织（皮肤）中发现了一种新的细胞类型，他称之为树突细胞。他推测这种细胞在免疫系统中可能比较重要，于是继续研究，测试树突细胞是否能激活免疫T细胞。T细胞在获得性免疫中扮演关键角色，能发展出针对多种不同物质的免疫记忆能力。通过细胞培养实验，Steinman展示了：树突细胞的存在引发了T细胞对上述物质的强烈的免疫应答。这些发现最初受到了质疑，但是Steinman随后的工作证明树突细胞对于激活T细胞具有独特的能力。

Nature重大成果：克隆人类三倍体胚胎干细胞

摘要：近日来自美国纽约干细胞基金会、加州大学圣地亚哥分校及哥伦比亚大学的研究人员首次利用人类卵细胞培养出了三倍体胚胎干细胞。相关研究论文发表在最新一期的《自然》（Nature）杂志上。

生物通报道近日来自美国纽约干细胞基金会、加州大学圣地亚哥分校及哥伦比亚大学的研究人员首次利用人类卵细胞培养出了三倍体胚胎干细胞。相关研究论文发表在最新一期的《自然》（Nature）杂志上。

将体细胞中的遗传物质植入卵细胞中，将其培育成为胚胎干细胞甚至最终培养出新的个体，就是常说的克隆技术，著名的克隆羊“多利”就是用这种技术得到的。2004年，韩国研究人员黄禹锡曾宣称用这种方法培育出了人类胚胎干细胞，引起一时轰动，但后来证明这是一起造假事件。

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此后，许多科研人员都进行了这方面的尝试，但一直没有成功。相关研究面临的障碍是，如果先将人类卵细胞中的遗传物质去掉，再植入另一个体细胞的遗传物质，这样得到的卵细胞分裂几次后就会停止发育。

在这篇文章中研究人员采用了一种新方法，即在保留部分原有卵细胞中遗传物质的基础上，加入体细胞部分遗传物质，将体细胞基因组转移至人卵细胞中，从而成功衍生出了三倍体人多能干细胞系。研究人员证实这种多能干细胞能够发育到具有70至100个细胞的囊胚阶段，达到可以提取胚胎干细胞的阶段。

虽然这项研究尚未生成原始的、由“核转移”获得的二倍体胚胎干细胞细胞，但它却表明，这样的重新编程在人体中是有可能的。这项研究成果对于再生和生殖医学、发育生物学以及细胞多能性的研究具有十分重要的意义。

此外，同期发表在Nature杂志上的社论指出，这一研究成果表明人类朝着培育出正常人类胚胎干细胞又迈进了重要的一步，这意味着在不久的将来我们也有可能培育出个人自己的组织和器官用于个性化治疗，这或将引起有关克隆问题的新一轮大争论。

胚胎干细胞是指胚胎形成初期尚未分化成各种组织和器官的原始细胞，它具有发育分化成组织器官细胞的潜力。近年来科学家们不断尝试通过多种途径制造胚胎干细胞。

不久前，来自剑桥大学科学家利用实验鼠的卵细胞，在世界上首次成功培育出了哺乳动物的单倍体胚胎干细胞。包括人在内的哺乳动物都是双倍体，也就是细胞中有两套染色体，一套来自父方，一套来自母方。然而，双倍体对于基因研究来说，是个巨大困难，因为科学家很难确定动物的某一性状是哪一套染色体决定的。参与这一研究的科学家安东?伍兹说，胚胎干细胞能够分化成各种组织和器官，因此这项成果意味着，科学家有可能可以准确跟踪某一基因对动物性状的长期作用，这将有力提高基因研究的准确性。这一研究成果发表在9月的Nature杂志上。

（生物通：何嫱）

生物通推荐原文摘要：

Human oocytes reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state

Th e exchange of the oocyte’s genome with the genome of a somatic cell, followed by the derivation of pluripotent stem cells, could enable the generation of specific cells affected in degenerative human diseases. Such cells, carrying the patient’s genome, might be useful for cell replacement. Here we report that the development of human oocytes after genome exchange arrests at late cleavage stages in association

with transcriptional abnormalities. In contrast, if the oocyte genome is not removed and the somatic cell genome is merely added, the resultant triploid cells develop to the blastocyst stage. Stem cell lines derived from these blastocysts differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers, and a pluripotent gene expression program is established on the genome derived from the somatic cell. This result demonstrates the feasibility of reprogramming human cells using oocytes and identifies removal of the oocyte genome as the primary cause of developmental failure after genome exchange.

Cell杂志最受关注十篇文章（10月）

【字体：大中小】https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5a3465152.html, 时间：2011年10月9日来源：

生物通

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摘要： Cell创刊于1976年，现已成为世界自然科学研究领域最著名的期刊之一。Cell以发表具有重要意义的原创性科研报告为主，许多生命科学领域最重要的发现都发表在Cell上。本月《Cell》前十名下载论文为：

生物通报道 Cell创刊于1976年，现已成为世界自然科学研究领域最著名的期刊之一，并陆续发行了十几种姊妹刊，在各自专业领域里均占据着举足轻重的地位。Cell以发表具有重要意义的原创性科研报告为主，许多生命科学领域最重要的发现都发表在Cell上。本月《Cell》前十名下载论文为：

1.Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation

Douglas Hanahan, Robert A. Weinberg

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这是一篇经典的介绍癌症特征的文章，作者是Robert A.Weinberg，这位著名的科学家是美国科学院院士，世界着名的Whitehead研究所创始人之一，他曾发现了第一个人类癌基因Ras 和第一个抑癌基因Rb，他的一系列杰出研究工作已经成为肿瘤研究领域乃至整个医学生物学领域的重要里程碑。

从事肿瘤学研究的学者可能都读过他的一篇文章：The Hallmarks of Cancer，这篇综述性文章介绍了肿瘤细胞的六大基本特征，被称为肿瘤学研究的经典论文，到目前为止，这篇论文已经被引用了上万次。

3月新出版的Cell杂志上，Weinberg教授又发表了一篇升级版综述：Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation，这篇同样也是与Douglas Hanahan合作的论文长达29页，简述了最近10年肿瘤学中的热点和进展，包括细胞自噬、肿瘤干细胞、肿瘤微环境等等，并且将原有的肿瘤细胞六大特征扩增到了十个，这十个特征分别是：

自给自足生长信号（Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals）；抗生长信号的不敏感（Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals）；抵抗细胞死亡(Resisting Cell Death)；潜力无限的复制能力(Limitless Replicative Potential)；持续的血管生成(Sustained Angiogenesis)；组织浸润和转移(Tissue Invasion and Metastasis)；避免免疫摧毁(Avoiding Immune Destruction)；促进肿瘤的炎症（Tumor Promotion Inflammation）；细胞能量异常（Deregulating Cellular Energetics）；基因组不稳定和突变（Genome Instability and Mutation）。

2. Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Angiogenesis

Michael Potente, Holger Gerhardt, Peter Carmeliet

在这篇综述文章中，著名的比利时科学家Peter Carmeliet总结了近期关于血管形成信号机制及临床治疗方面的一些新研究发现。

3. An Alternative Splicing Switch Regulates Embryonic Stem Cell Pluripotency and Reprogramming

Mathieu Gabut, Payman Samavarchi-Tehrani, Xinchen Wang, Valentina Slobodeniuc, Dave O'Hanlon, Hoon-Ki Sung, Manuel Alvarez, Shaheynoor Talukder, Qun Pan, Esteban O. Mazzoni et al.

加拿大多伦多大学的研究人员近日发现了一个控制开关，可调控干细胞的多能性。他们发现，FOXP1的选择性剪接在干细胞多能性及重编程上扮演了重要的角色。该研究成果发表在9月15日的《Cell》在线版上。

选择性剪接是指从一个mRNA前体中通过不同的剪接方式（选择不同的剪接位点组合）产生不同的mRNA剪接异构体的过程。这样，一个基因在不同时间、不同环境中能够产生不同的蛋白，增加生理状况下系统的复杂性或适应性。

在本研究中，研究人员发现了进化上保守的胚胎干细胞特异的选择性剪接事件。这一事件改变了FOXP1基因的DNA结合性质。FOXP1的ESC特异异构体刺激了多能性所需转录因子基因的表达，包括OCT4、NANOG、NR5A2和GDF3，同时伴随着ESC分化所需基因的抑制。

文章的通讯作者，多伦多大学分子遗传学系的Benjamin Blencowe教授认为：“选择性剪接在干细胞多能性上扮演了十分重要的角色。我们看到了一幅全新的调控图像，这对于我们了解如何产生更多的多能干细胞很关键。”

4. Autophagy and Aging

David C. Rubinsztein, Guillermo Mari?o, Guido Kroemer

法国科学家Guido Kroemer博士是细胞凋亡和死亡领域中引用率第一的科学家，在细胞凋亡研究中作出了卓越贡献而且涉猎及其广泛，目前也从事自噬研究，近期他在Cell杂志上发表了综述文章，介绍细胞自噬与衰老。

细胞自噬（autophagy）是继细胞凋亡（apoptosis）后，生命科学领域的又一热门研究方向，文献数量在近年来呈爆炸式增长，其中2006年以前相关文献大约1500条。细胞自噬是细胞内的一种“自食（Self-eating）”的景象，而细胞凋亡是“他杀（Self-killing）”的景象，二者共用相反的安慰要素和调理蛋白，但是诱发阈值和门槛不同。

在细胞自噬研究中，与衰老的关系是一大重点，目前不少实验室聚焦于细胞水平和分子水平自噬系统变化与衰老进程的相关性研究。在这篇题为“Autophagy and Aging”的综述中，Kroemer博士等人探讨了紊乱细胞自噬与衰老之间的可能成因，以及重要关联，并分析了细胞自噬的抗衰老作用的分子机制。

5. A DNA Repair Complex Functions as an Oct4/Sox2 Coactivator in Embryonic Stem Cells Yick W. Fong, Carla Inouye, Teppei Yamaguchi, Claudia Cattoglio, Ivan Grubisic, Robert Tjian

近日来自加州大学伯克利分校的研究人员在新研究中发现了一个Oct4/Sox2共激活因子，并证实其在维持干细胞多潜能性和基因组完整性等方面起关键性的作用。

领导这一研究的是美国著名华裔生物化学家、加州大学伯克利分校生物化学与分子生物学系钱泽南（Robert Tjian）教授，其以研究真核生物细胞遗传信息转录闻名，担任国际顶级生物学期刊《Cell》杂志的编委，1991年当选美国国家科学院院士，2009年担任美国霍华德?休斯医学研究所（HIMI）主席。

在这篇文章中，研究人员利用体外重组转录系统结合生化分析技术鉴别出了一个Oct4/Sox2共激活因子（SCC），并证实SCC可直接与Oct4 /Sox2相互作用从而招募至Oct4和Sox2结合的基因启动子区域。并证实其在维持ES细胞多潜能性和体细胞重编程中发挥关键性的作用。此外，通过进一步的生化特征鉴定，研究人员还证实SCC是一种XPC-RAD23B-CETN2 (XPC) 核苷酸切除修复（nucleotide excision repair;NER）三聚体复合物。研究结果表明这个SCC/XPC具有维持干细胞多潜能性和基因组完整性双重重要功能。

6. Artemisinin: Discovery from the Chinese Herbal Garden

Louis H. Miller, Xinzhuan Su

Cell杂志以“青蒿素：源自中草药园的发现”为题介绍了屠呦呦教授的相关成果。文中提到，在基础生物医学领域，许多重大发现的价值和效益并不在短期内显而易见。但也有少数，它们的诞生对人类健康的改善所起的作用和意义是立竿见影的。由屠呦呦和她的同事们一起研发的抗疟药物青蒿素就是这样的一个例子。从上个世纪90年代末以来，青蒿素作为治疗疟疾的一线药物挽救了无数的生命，其中大部分是生活在全球最贫困地区的儿童。

7. Adipocyte Lineage Cells Contribute to the Skin Stem Cell Niche to Drive Hair Cycling Eric Festa, Jackie Fretz, Ryan Berry, Barbara Schmidt, Matthew Rodeheffer, Mark Horowitz, Valerie Horsley

来自耶鲁大学分子，细胞与发育生物学系等处的研究人员发现了小鼠皮肤脂肪层干细胞，找

到了来自这些细胞的能促使头发生长的分子信号，从而能让皮肤里的脂肪细胞和头发毛囊的休眠干细胞复活，这将有助于研发治疗脱发的新方法。

在这篇文章中，研究人员发现了一种能够促进头发再生的干细胞，并在小鼠实验中获得了证实。他们利用小鼠实验，发现在皮肤脂肪层中存在一种干细胞，而该细胞能发出一种分子信号刺激小鼠毛发的再生。研究人员称，即便是在秃顶男性的毛囊根部仍然存在着这类干细胞，只是它们失去了启动毛发再生的能力。之前的研究已经发现，这种毛囊干细胞需要从皮肤内获得生长头发的信号，但这些信号的来源却一直都不清楚。

通过进一步实验，研究人员发现小鼠头发再生时需要一种和脂肪细胞形成有关的干细胞--脂肪前驱体细胞，这些细胞生成一种叫PDGF（血小板衍生生长因子）的分子，这是头发生长必需的物质。之后研究人员也证实了这一分子确实能刺激小鼠毛发的生长。

这一研究组下一步的研究计划就是分析由脂肪前体干细胞产生的其他分子信号，这些信号在调节头发生长中有着各自不同的作用。此外，他们还需要确定这种机制是否在人体中也同样能够发挥作用。

8. Driving Opposing Behaviors with Ensembles of Piriform Neurons

Gloria B. Choi, Dan D. Stettler, Benjamin R. Kallman, Shakthi T. Bhaskar, Alexander Fleischmann, Richard Axel

9. Molecular Mechanism of Protein Folding in the Cell

James E. Rothman, Randy Schekman

cell杂志以“细胞中蛋白质折叠的分子机制”为题介绍了今年获得拉斯克基础医学科学奖的获奖人马普生物化学研究院的Franz-Ulrich Hartl和耶鲁大学分子生物学家Arthur Horwich 的科研成果。这两位科学家的获奖理由是发现了蛋白折叠中分子伴侣的作用。在上个世纪80年代，这两位科学家发现，虽然线性氨基酸能在试管中折叠成需要的三维结构，但是在细胞中，氨基酸却不能自身完成这个过程。他们通过研究提出伴侣蛋白的一种笼形分子结构包围着新生的蛋白质，并利用ATP——一种能量供应分子——来帮助氨基酸序列在没有粘黏其他蛋白质的情况下正确折叠。这项工作与涉及到蛋白质错误折叠的包括从阿尔茨海默氏病到肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症各种各样的神经退行性疾病有关。

10. Acetylation of Yeast AMPK Controls Intrinsic Aging Independently of Caloric Restriction

Jin-Ying Lu, Yu-Yi Lin, Jin-Chuan Sheu, June-Tai Wu, Fang-Jen Lee, Yue Chen, Min-I Lin, Fu-Tien Chiang, Tong-Yuan Tai, Shelley L. Berger et al.

来自台湾大学公关卫生学院，约翰霍普金斯医学院，芝加哥大学等处的研究人员发现一种关

键激酶的乙酰化能调控细胞衰老，并指出这种调控与营养摄入无关，这对于进一步分析衰老

的机制具有重要的意义。

组蛋白与非组蛋白的乙酰化是一种重要的翻译后修饰，影响了许多细胞进程。这种可逆的动

态过程，能通过多种组蛋白乙酰基转移酶(HATs)和去乙酰基酶(HDAcs)的共同作用，使染色质结构发生动态改变，对基因的转录产生相应的影响。

在这篇文章中，研究人员发现腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶（AMPK，AMP-activated protein kinase）中一个亚基：Sip2能通过NuA4乙酰化，并随着细胞衰老，其乙酰化程度降低，从而提出Sip2乙酰化具有抗衰老的作用。

Sip2是Snf1复合物（AMPK）中的一种调控性β亚基，这项研究发现乙酰转移酶，和Rpd3

去乙酰化酶能调控Sip2的乙酰化，并且Sip2乙酰化后，能与Snf1更加紧密的结合，增强Snf1复合物的催化活性，Sip2-Snf1的相互作用会抑制Snf1的活性，因而会降低下游靶标：Sch9的磷酸化程度，并最终减缓生长的速度，延长生命周期。

研究人员还通过进一步的实验，证明Sip2的抗衰老作用与营养摄入和TORC1活性无关，从这些研究数据，研究人员提出了一种调控Sch9活性的蛋白乙酰化-磷酸化级联效应，这种效应

能调控酵母内源性衰老，延长生命周期，这对于进一步分析衰老的机制具有重要的意义。

What Got You Interested in Science?

by Sean

Yesterday’s book club raised the question of what first inspires young people to get interested in science. Many Cosmic Variance readers aren’t scientists at all, but a lot of you are. So — what first set you down this road? For purposes of this highly non-scientific investigation, let’s define “scientist” fairly broadly, as someone who has either received a bachelor’s degree in some scientific field, or is currently on the road to doing so (e.g. someone currently in high school or college). Even if you’re not currently a full-time scientist, we’ll count you if you got the degree.

Here’s a poll based on my quick guesses as to what might be the leading causes of nudging people into science.

1. 1. Adam Solomon Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:10 am

Oh Go d, I don’t remember. I was interested in dinosaurs since I was really really little…. I remember buying books on them so I voted for that. What I do remember more clearly (even though I was 5) is how I left dinosaurs and got into astronomy: my parents read me a book on the planets. And I was hooked. So I voted for parents, too

2. 2. Sean Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:13 am

Hmm, probably should have included an option for museums/science centers. I was all about the dinosaurs myself.

3. 3. dpc Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:14 am

I can’t remember any exact thing. But overall, I just loved being outside.

I was not a science-obsessed kid. In fact, I often longed for a ‘mystical’ or religious experience in nature. I never met with any spirits in the forest but the mysteries still captivated me….Now I have a PhD in ecology and can’t imagine another career.

4. 4. Toni Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:21 am

Carl Sagan’s Cosmos when I was 8.

5. 5. GW Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:26 am

I’m not a scientist so I didn’t vote, but I’ve always loved the subject! When I was five my father gave me an old adding machine, a screwdriver and told me to have fun (I did!)

Growing up there were always fun little “experiments” to g o along with explanations for how the world worked – like turning off all the lights are night and holding a flashlight (turned on) up against the TV screen (turned off) and watching the phosphorus light up as you moved the flashlight around (same effect on the marble counter top with a camera flash!)

I never chose to pursue a science degree as I couldn’t pick just one field; instead I went with computer animation as art and computers were slightly higher on the list of interests (but not by much!!!)

6. 6. Chrysoprase Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:27 am

“Sheer wonder” would have been an appropriate option.

7.7. J.J.E. Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:45 am

It is actually very odd for me. I clicked “other”.My desire to be a scientist was already established by the time I had reliable memories about that desire. By the time I was 5 I already recall having been interested in scientists (rather than science itself). I think I wanted to be a scientist for the same reason

that kids want to be presidents or firemen or policemen. Because it seemed cool to me at the time.

All the influences I actually remember were after I was already telling people I wanted to be a scientist. Before I was 10 I wanted to be in robotics @ MIT, but I actually ended up in biology @ U of C. Still a scientist though…

8.8. Metre Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:47 am

I checked “other” b/c for me it was growing up during the heyday of the NASA Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. The opening of space to humans was quite facinating to me as a youngster, and got me interested in astronomy, physics, and aerospace engineeering. I ended up in engineering, but got my BS in Physical Science. I still like to remind my teenaged son that a man has walked on the moon in my lifetime, but not in his.

9.9. Brian Mingus Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:48 am

Internet/The Selfish Gene

10.10. Randy LaMonda Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 9:59 am

I think that we should all consider ourselves scientists regardless of our work or profession. So I am first and foremost a scientist and permit it to direct my thinking in all other areas. We all use the scientific method whether we are aware of it or not; it doesn’t make any sense to say that you rely on unreason or irrationality.

11.11. UchicagoMan Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:01 am

I too remember looking at great books as a child, filled with wonderful pictures of planets, and celestial bodies and other phenomenon, like black-holes and quasars.

Also, this really neat kid’s book series which had awesomely detailed drawings of different visions of the future, with like just everyday normal living activity in the city, in addition to crazy space-type exploration. I wish I could remember the name of it!

The kid’s library section was in many ways like the internet is now for me, wander around and find something intriguing you have never seen/heard of before!

Also, taking apart things, like VCRs.

Mush later on, my fascination became more serious after I discovered and really started to read about Quantum Mechanics and the world of particles!

As I read these books, it was like a mystery suspense slowing being unraveled building up to deeper truths and discovery. As I learned more and more, I loved putting the pieces together (in my naive middle/high-school mind at least) But, eventually the books didn’t have an the next answer anymore!

And now, the suspense is still there! And I await the next discovery!

I think I know now how so many brilliant scientists must have at least partially felt on their death-bed (especially those in such a technology heavy world as

today), knowing all the amazing things left to learn and wonder about that they will never experience.

Science can be like a drug! Always yearning for more!

A “beautiful struggle!”

(Disclosure: I am now PhD student)

12.12. John Peacock Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:10 am

You don’t list the experience of being in a class at school that everyone is finding difficult, but that you find easy. I felt I never had a choice about studying science, for this reason. But which science? I was very nearly a chemist rather than a physicist, because one teacher was much more enthusiastic that the other. I was lucky that it was possible to change in 1st-year university, when I belatedly realised that you do more good physics at school in chemistry and maths classes than you do in physics itself (which at school level was mainly 1001 ways to measure a specific heat).

As for science fact / science fiction books, the undisputed king of both for my generation was Isaac Asimov. His fiction survives, but are they still printing his factual books? He had an eye for neat thought-provoking curiosities: most mammals live for a billion heartbeats, but people do about 4 times as well; the gravitational force on the moon due to the sun exceeds that due to the earth.

13.13. Lord Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:12 am

The stars. I had a good view.

14.14. Big Ugly Jim Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:31 am

For me it was losing my faith. When I began to see that my faith was fading, I became confused and needed to make sense of the world. The more I learned, the more I wanted to learn.

15.15. enzo Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:42 am

i have to second Cosmos, I remember watching a lot of Discovery Channel when I was young (when it was mainly BBC programs) but it was Cosmos that introduced me to science as a wonderful whole new way of looking at the world. After that I started demanding science stuff for xmas and bdays, so by twelve I had a chem set, a cheap refracting telescope, a microscope, some binoculars, and a whole lot of random notes on what I had scene. This is also when I started getting Discover magazine which I’ve been getting almost continuously since ’92. Oh and the first visit to The Museum of Natural History in NYC did a number on my growing mind as well.

16.16. efp Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:42 am

I also followed the path dinosaurs -> astronomy -> physics. I have no idea how I was first exposed to dinosaurs, but I was memorizing their names by the time I was five. Good thing my parents weren’t creationists!

17.17. Joseph Smidt Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:42 am

Two things for me:

1. I n high school I had the “bad” physics teacher of the two who spent half the year just having you watch physics clips from Discovery Channel type shows. (The “good” teacher made you work through problems.) Guess what, even though I didn’t work as many probl ems, those clips were often on theoretical physics and cosmology and instantly got me excited.

2. Because of #1 I checked out many books from the local library on physics, such as Brian Green’s The Elegant Universe and others. Those books, plus the movies in #1 really sealed my commitment to go into physics.

Now what excites me is the realization of how much theoretical physics can be tested with cosmology. (Hence my obsession with inflation and specifically non-Gaussianity and CMB polarization at the moment)

18.18. Wondering Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:44 am

Earliest influences in rough order: Jetsons, Jonny Quest, Spock, Tom Swift (book series), #1 – #20 (A-Z) encyclopedia Series my mom bought from impulse rack at grocery store, Isaac Asimov, Robert Jastrow (Red Giants & white Dwarfs) … then the dark age (High School) ensued where poor physics teaching failed to dissuade my interest.

19.19. Navneeth Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:52 am

It’s probably d own to someone (immediate relative, most likely) casually mentioning something about the stars that got me interested, but none of those relatives are working scientists or overly enthusiastic (read: geeky) about science —at least on the outside. I know I was interested in things like stars, outer space, the creation of the Universe and palaeontology* all before I turned 10.

FWIW, I have a bachelors degree in physics, but I’m not in a scientific field right now.

*That was due to Jurassic Park.

20.20. Andy Says:

February 10th, 2010 at 10:56 am

When I was four, my parents took me to a place in Rapid City, SD called “Dinosaur Park” – giant concrete dinosaurs built as a WPA project in the 1930s. Mom and Dad bought me a pack of plastic dinosaurs in the park gift shop, and from then on I was hooked. Like most kids that age, I went through a dinosaur phase. . .but just never outgrew it! 25 years later, I’m now a curator of paleontology with a Ph.D., and collaborating with many of my childhood “heroes”. (I’m pretty lucky in that regard! For me, it’s the equiv alent of a grade school basketball player getting the chance to play ball with Michael Jordan, or going into orbit with John Glenn) A second big influence was the few kind paleontologists who spent a moment or two to respond to my letters. Growing up on a farm that was 300 miles from the nearest natural history museum (and before the days of the internet), that meant a lot.

1.60. Ian Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 12:06 am

My faith, Star Trek, and a children’s book on science I got from the library, and crystal structures. Strange combination

2.61. Karen Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 12:06 am

I decided in first grade that I wanted to be a scientist, although I don’t

remember exactly why. The one “experiment” that I do remember was putting some bean plants in the window, and noting that over the course of a day they leaned towards the sun.

In 5th, 7th, and 8th grade I had a science teacher who recognized and encouraged my interest in science. He encouraged my mother to get me Discover magazine, which I always read cover to cover.

In college I started out as a biology major, but ended up in physics because

I loved the way physical phenomena can be so well described by math.

3.62. Judith Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 1:02 am

John Peacock: Spooky how exactly your first paragraph described me! But I never liked sci ence fiction…

4.63. nobody Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 2:07 am

For me Science Fiction (Star Trek mainly) and McGyver did the trick

By the way Sean, according to your broad definition that “someone currently in high school” c an be considered a scientist, then even some of my cheerleader high school classmates, who back then (~15 years ago and probably still now) could hardly count to ten, are on the same footing with you and me, who worked really hard on our way through the PhD and postdocs????

I guess you need at least a bachelor to be considered a scientist. Therefore,

you might want to change your definition…

Cheers,

nobody

5.64. paul valletta Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 3:53 am

In a conversation, someone asked me a question, to which I replied “who the hell is Albert Einstein?”

That set me on the road to find out who AE was, and every subject he had connections to, thus the miriad of connecting “scientific” authors and subjects.

6.65. ChuckWhite Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 5:50 am

In chronological order: dinosaurs, Tom Swift Jr. books (kids sci-fi), airplanes,

a chemistry set (for Christmas), “The Microbe Hunters” (HS biology required

reading).

Thanks Mom!

7.66. Peter Coles Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 6:30 am

It’s probab ly going to make me sound weird (no change there), but I definitely didn’t go into science because I found it particularly easy. Nor was I inspired by science fiction or the lunar landings. For most of the time at school my best subject – and the one I enjoyed most – was Latin.

Relatively late in my school career, when I was about 16, one particular teacher got me interested in science, not in mathematics or physics but in chemistry.

My chemistry teacher had a PhD in organic chemistry and he delighted in inventing ways of synthesizing complex molecules from simple ones. The homework problems he set on this type of thing were very challenging, amusing and very rewarding to get right in the same way as codebreaking and cryptic crosswords, two other longstanding interests of mine. That was the reason I switched from doing languages as a speciality to doing science, the eventual specialisation in astrophysics didn’t come until much later.

I don’t regret it at all, except that I’ve now pretty much forgotten all t he

Latin I learned. It’s my plan to take that up again when I’ve retired (or when the UK government has shut down science entirely and I’ve been thrown out of work…).

8.67. moosebreath51 Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 7:50 am

Christmas presents: A microscope (to look at leaves, insects, blood, skin, etc.), a chemistry set (back in the late 1950′s before the“dangerous” things had been taken out), a telescope (to look at the moon, planets, nearby mountains and buildings). And regular trips to the library for what ever I wanted to read.

I was encouraged to be curious.

Also enjoyed helping my mother in the garden (and experimented on the effect of different amounts of fertilizers). Loved organic chemistry because of the professor. Combined organic chemistry with interest in plants to study

substances like terpenes and alkaloids in grad school.

Am now (small college) chemistry professor.

9.68. Josh Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 7:53 am

Star Trek!

10.69. Joe Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 7:56 am

I didn’t answer the poll (I’m a lawyer, not a scientist).

I got interested in science, well –I’m naturally interested in just about

everything, so I don’t really know how I got interested in science specifically.

Astronomy and cosmology were the first sciences I was really interested in,

I know that much. And that would have come from books my parents got me.

To answer the opposite of the question – why I ended up not going into science . . . well, I had a truly awful chemistry teacher in high school who told us that her class was what college science would be like. So that put me off taking more than a few college science classes until it was too late. I tried to minor in physics, but I would have needed to stay an extra year in college to take all of the required math. (I hadn’t touched calculus because of its high school reputation –I didn’t plan on taking any subject where half of the students would fail if not for the curve unless I had to).

Well, that and my LSAT score. That was a good reason to stay in law.

11.70. CortxVortx Says:

February 11th, 2010 at 8:01 am

On the eve of a long road trip, when I was in 9th grade in 1969, I bought a copy of Isaac Asimov’s Adding a Dimension, a collection of his F&SF magazine articles. I was floored! Not only could I understand the concepts, I really enjoyed learning about them! I found more of Asimov’s essay books in stores and libraries, and found more popular science books, and deepened my awe of nature. Eventually, I got a degree in chemistry, but I also took courses in every science that I could, required or not, like astronomy, biology, and geology. I still keep an eye on general science with Science News and lots of websites and blogs.

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