Plant and row spacing effects on soil water and yield of rainfed

Growing plants in crop communities introduces competition. The competition arises when the immediate supply of a single necessary factor falls bellow the combined demands of all plants. One plant was sufficiently close to another to modify its soil or atmospheric environment and thereby decrease its rate of growth. The main competition factors can be identified as light, water, nutrients and weed (Brant et al. 2009). Gaseous exchange between the crop and atmosphere may also be af-fected by changes in the canopy structure. Soybean grown in narrow row spacing (generally 50 cm or less) produces higher yield than soybean grown in wide row spacing (75 to 100 cm) in the southern USA (Ethredge et al. 1989, Oriade et al. 1997). Board et al. (1990) reported that the yield increases associated with narrow rows may be greater due to late planting dates rather than optimum dates. Demand for fresh water is globally steadily in-creasing as the demand for industrial and domestic water supplies increases with population. This growing demand for fresh water necessitates that the agricultural sector should move from a scenario of water supply management to water demand management. An adequate water supply is the major factor limiting soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield throughout the world. Rainfall and soil moisture mediated the effect of row spacing on soybean yield, and yield tended to increase as row spacing decreased in years of average rainfall, the differences being not significant. Water loss, due to evapotranspiration, was also significantly greater in the row position than in the interrow position (Timlin et al. 2001). Crop management can strongly influence yields when water is not limited (Ritchie and Basso 2008). Wheat-legume rotation systems with additional N input in the wheat phase not only can maintain sustainable production system, but also are more efficient in utilizing limited rainfall (Pala et al. 2007).

Plant and row spacing effects on soil water and yield of rainfed summer soybean in the northern China

X.B. Zhou, G.M. Yang, S.J. Sun, Y.H. Chen

Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an, P.R. China

ABSTRACT

Productivity and water resource-use e?ciency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture,especially in high-de-mand water resource crops such as soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The aims of this research were to compare planting pattern in soybean, evaluating soil moisture content (SMC), yield and water use e?ciency (WUE). A 2-year ?eld experiment(2006–2007) was carried out in the north of China. The summer soybean(cv.Ludou4)experiment consisted of 5 planting patterns under the same plant population density (3.09 × 105plant/ha), and row spacing (cm) × plant spacing (cm) was 18 × 18 cm (A), 27 × 12 cm (B), 36 × 9 cm (C), 45 × 7.2 cm (D), 54 × 6 cm (E). The re-sults showed that SMC and soil storage water (SSW) decreased with evapotranspiration (ETa) increments after re-productive growth stage, and there were remarkable di?erences between treatments with decreasing rainfall.SMC curve characteristics in the 0–90 cm soil pro?le were related to rain;the scope changes of shallow SMC were higher than those of deep SMC. The study revealed that yield and WUE had a negative correlation with row spacing,and they were statistically greater in narrow rows, which approximated equidistant plant spacings, compared to wider rows (P < 0.05). The study also indicates that enhanced productivity and WUE of rainfed summer soybean can be achieved via row spacing reduction and plant spacing widening under uniform planting density.

Keywords: summer soybean; planting pattern; soil water content; yield; water use e?ciency

Supported by the National Key Technology R and D Program, Project No. 2006BAD02A09, and by the Outstanding Young Teacher Domestic Visiting Scholar Project of Shandong Province Colleges and Universities in the Year 2009.

Previous work on WUE (water use efficiency) primarily dealt with crops grown under water limited conditions and usually did not consider relationship between crop row spacing and WUE (Lehrsch et al. 1994, Graterol et al. 1996, Bowers et al. 2000, Lobato et al. 2009). Increase of WUE is imperative for supplying adequate crop in an environment where future water supplies are ex-pected to decrease. The objective of this study was to derive information on WUE and soil water, which can vary greatly with row spacing of soybean under rainfed agriculture.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental design and weather data col-lection. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an (36°09'N, 117°09'E) in northern China. This site is a representative of the main summer soybean growing region of Huanghuaihai Plain in China. The soil samples at the experi-mental site were obtained using a 50 mm diam-eter core from the depths of 0 to 60 cm in each treatment. The soil was a silt loam with the av-erage soil organic matter (SOM) of 16.3 g/kg, N 92.98 mg/kg, P 34.77 mg/kg, K 95.45 mg/kg, and pH of 6.9. Additionally, some physical properties of the soil are given in Table 1. The experiments were established during the growing seasons (from June to September) in 2006 and 2007. As a part of the continuous winter wheat-summer soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation experiment, after winter wheat plants were hand harvested and the stubble removed, summer soybean (cv. Ludou 4) was hand planted on June 12, 2006 and June 13, 2007. The experiment consisted of 5 planting patterns under the same plant population density (3.09 × 105 plant/ha), and row spacing (cm) × plant spacing (cm) was 18 × 18 cm (A), 27 × 12 cm (B), 36 × 9 cm (C), 45 × 7.2 cm (D), 54 × 6 cm (E). Each experiment plot was 3.5 × 6 m in size, and every two plots were separated by a buffer zone 2.0 m wide to reduce mutual effects. Each combination had three replications with a randomized block design. The crops were harvested on September 26, 2006 and September 25, 2007. Other cultural practices were similar to those generally used for non-irrigated summer soybean in the Huanghuaihai Plain, although monthly rainfall data (Table 2) were inadequate to enable water supply from rainfall to be matched with crop ontogeny.

Weather data were collected at the Taian Agrometeorological Experimental Station, 500 m from the experimental site. Monthly rain-fall during the summer soybean growing seasons (June–September) is given in Table 2. The long-term average (from 1971 to 2005) rainfall and temperature were 700.5 mm and 12.8°C, and rain-fall was about 520 mm from June to September. The frost-free period was 192 days. Soil water depletion by soybeans was generally confined to soil profile in a depth less than 90 cm (Alessi and Power 1982); therefore, neutron moisture meter access-tubes (one per treatment-replicate) were installed between the rows at each location to a depth of 1.2 m prior to sowing. Soil volumet-ric water content (SWC) was monitored every 10 days throughout the summer soybean grow-ing season at 10-cm depth intervals from 20 to 90 cm using a local field-calibrated CNC503B (DR) Neutron Moisture Probe (Super Energy Nuclear Technology Ltd., Beijing). Water content of the top 20 cm profile of the soil was also determined with portable time domain reflectometry CS620 (TDR) system (Campbell Scientific Australia Pty. Ltd., Townsville), which was used to correct neutron probe data at this depth for all the tubes.

Table 1. Some selected physical properties of the experimental site

Soil depth (cm)Bulk density

(g/cm3)

Field capacity

(V. %)

Wilting coefficient

(V. %)

Available water

(mm)

0–20 1.4836.47.234.80

20–40 1.4938.37.536.44

40–60 1.5341.28.237.22 Average 1.5038.67.736.15

Table 2. Monthly rainfall during 2006–2007 growth

seasons of summer soybean (mm)

Growth season

Month

Total 6789

2006130.5142.1152.015.3439.9 2007203.4120.4186.029.3539.1

Computation and statistical analyses. The ETa for each treatment was computed from planting patterns and climate data from Tai’an Agrometeorological Experimental Station in the area using the following equations:

ETa = ?W + R – SI – Q(1) where: ?W is change of soil water stored (mm), R is rainfall (mm), SI is deep percolation (mm), Q is surface run-off (mm). SI was estimated using the approach proposed by Gong and Li (1995).

SI = ?W – FK(2) where: FK is field capacity.

?W = ∑(??i × Zi) (3) where: ??i is change in soil volumetric water content (m3/m3) and Zi is depth of the soil layer (mm).

Q= (R – 0.2S)2/(R + 0.8S) (4) where: S is potential maximum retention after runoff begins (mm) (Bosznay 1989).

S = (25400/CN) –254 (5) where: CN is runoff curve number.

WUE = Y/ETa(6) where: Y is grain yield (kg/ha) of summer soybean, ETa is total seasonal evapotranspiration.

The statistical significance of different plant and row spacing on yield and water related data was inferred from significance difference tests using analysis of variance accounting for block effects. The least significant difference (LSD, P = 0.05) was used to test for differences in plant-ing patterns (Mishra et al. 2001).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The soil water content (SWC) for different plant and row spacing is shown in Figure 1. Although little difference is shown between treatments within years, there are striking differences between the years themselves. The high SWC average value at the 0–90 cm soil layer in the 2007 growing season might have been affected with 99.2 mm of rain-fall, higher than that in the 2006 growing season; similarly, in 2007, there were similar changes in different soil layers, and the range of SWC fluc-tuations in the upper layer (0–30 cm) was greater compared to deeper layer (60–90 cm) following each row spacing. In the 2006 growing season, there were low SWC values of different soil lay-

Figure 1. Dynamic change of soil water content (0–90 cm) under different plant and row spacings of summer soybean in 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. Error bars are standard deviation

Time (Y–M–D)

ers on June 24; the SWC of treatments decreased with an increase in the soil depth. However, it increased with a decrease in the soil depth since August 14, and reached peak values on July 5, August 4 and September 3. In the 2007 grow-ing season, the high SWC of treatments on June 25 may have been caused by 66.2 mm of rainfall on June 18–23; subsequently, the SWC decreased with decreasing rainfall; the peak values of the SWC in 0–30 cm soil layer on August 3 and September 2 were related to the rainfall of 124.7 and 28.1 mm of from July 14 to August 2 and from 30 to 31 August, respectively.

In the 2006–2007 growing seasons, the SWC aver-age value of D treatment was the highest at 0–30 cm soil layer. In low rainfall period, there were evident differences in SWC of different treatments; in the 2006 growing season, the SWC of D treatment was by 20.7% higher than that of C treatment on August 24; in the 2007 growing season, the SWC of D treatment was by 12.8% higher than that of E treatment on July 14. In the 2006 growing season, the maximum differences of the SWC in 30–60 cm and 60–90 cm soil layers appeared on July 5. A treatment was by 25.5% and 68.1% higher than B treatment, respectively; the SWC of 60–90 cm soil layer had a gradually stable trend after August 14. In the 2007 growing season, the SWC of different treatments in 30–90 cm soil layer was similar.The SWC of di?erent growth stages under dif-ferent planting patterns in 2006 and 2007 growing seasons is shown in Figure 2. The results show that in the 2006 growing season, the SWC of di?erent treatments had a ‘Z’ curve trend at the ?owering stage (on July 25), pod stage (on August 14) and grain-?lling stage (on September 3),and the in?ection point of the curve appeared in 40 cm soil layer and 60–80 cm soil layer (Figure 2a). In the same soil lay-ers, the SWC of the ?owering stage was lower than that of the pod stage and grain-?lling stage.The SWC at the 30–60 cm level was 35–40% in 2007 vs. only 25–30% in 2006, and it appeared that the plants were more drought-stressed in 2006 than in 2007. At di?erent growth stages,there were no evident dif-ferences in the SWC in 0–60 cm soil layer between A treatment and other treatments. At the ?owering stage, the SWC of A treatment was the highest in 60–90 cm soil layer. At the pod stage, the SWC of B was by 17.8% lower than that of A treatment in the depth of 90 cm. The SWC of C treatment was me-dium at reproductive phase. At the ?owering stage,the SWC of D and E treatments was high in 0–40 cm soil layer, but it decreased in 40–60 cm soil layer; in 70–90 cm soil layer, the SWC of D and E treatments at the grain-?lling stage were by 21.4%and 19.4%higher compared to ?owering stage,respectively.In the 2007 growing season, the SWC of 10–20 cm soil layer at pod stage (on August 13) and grain-?ll-Figure 2. Dynamic changes of soil water in different growth stages under different plant and row spacings in (a)

2006 and (b) 2007. Error bars are standard deviation

01530456075901015202530354010152025303540

101520253035

40

0153045607590

Soil water content (%)

(a)

(b)

S o i l d e p t h (c m )

Flowering stage

Pod stage

Grain–?lling stage

ing stage (on September 2) was higher than that of the ?owering stage (on July 24)(Figure 2b).During whole stages, the order of the SWC average values at the 0–90 cm was A > B ≈ C ≈ D > E, but there were no signi?cant di?erences recorded (P < 0.05). Especially the SWC pro?les during ?owering and pod formation stages (the most drought-prone periods for soybean) look very similar across treatments, suggesting that the di?erences in plant arrangement had little effect on water uptake patterns.

Changes of soil storage water (SSW) in summer soybean field during 2006 and 2007 are given in Figure 3. In the 2006–2007 growing seasons, the order of the SSW average values for different treat-ments were D > A > C > E > B, and were 278.6, 278.4, 270.1, 267.4, 266.2 mm (in 2006) and 298.5, 295.3, 293.3, 291.5, 291.2 mm (in 2007), respectively; yet, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05). In the 2006 growing seasons, the SSW showed obvious pre- and post-rainfall changes; before pod stage, the SSW of A treatment was the highest, of C and D treatments were medium, of B and E treatments were lower; from grain-filling stage to mature stage (after August 14), the SSW of D treatment was the highest, of A and E treatments were medium, of B and C treatments were lower. The maximum dif-ference of the SSW appeared on July 5; A treatment was by 20.6% higher than that of B treatment. In the 2007 growing seasons, the SSW of D treatment was comparatively high since July 4, and those of the other treatments showed no evident differences during the stages; the SSW of different treatments showed a descending trend with the advance of the growth stages, which may be relative to less rainfall in September and increased water consumption in the middle and late period of crop growth.

Plant and row spacing had obvious effects on yield and WUE in the course of this study on summer soybean (Table 3). There were negligible (and in most cases, non-significant) differences in eva-potranspiration (ETa) among the treatments. Yields in 2007 were about 50% greater than in 2006. In this study, significantly negative correlation between yield and row spacing was observed; the correlation coefficient in 2006 and 2007 (r ) was –0.9257 and –0.9251, respectively (P < 0.05). Yields of A and B treatments were significantly higher than that of E treatment, but no significant differences were recorded among C, D and E treatments (P < 0.05). Yields of the A and B treatments were higher by 36.9% and 35.4% in 2006, and by 19.1% and 21.5% in 2007 than that of E treatment, respectively.

Table 3. ETa, yield, WUE, TDM and HI in field under different plant and row spacings of summer soybean

Treatment ETa (mm)Yield (kg/ha)WUE (kg/ha/mm)TDM (kg/ha)HI

2006200720062007200620072006200720062007A 312.59a *428.55b 1600a 2615a 5.12a 5.90a 6377a 7756a 0.25a 0.34a B 309.55a 435.29a 1583a 2668a 5.12a 5.92a 5681ab 7752a 0.28a 0.34a C 301.31a 437.16a 1551ab 2340ab 5.15a 5.17ab 6235a 7169ab 0.25a 0.33ab D 319.65a 435.15a 1362ab

2265b 4.26b 5.03b 5638ab 7111b 0.24a 0.32ab E

306.12a

436.07a

1169b 2196b

3.82c

4.87b

4837b

7504ab

0.24a

0.29b

*values followed by the letter in the same column do not differ significantly using LSD 0.05

Figure 3. Changes of soil storage water (0–90 cm) in summer soybean field during whole stages of 2006 and 2007. Error bars are standard deviation

S o i l s t o r a g e w a t e r (m m )

Time (Y–M–D)

There was a significantly negative correlation between WUE and row spacing; the correlation coefficient (r) in 2006 and 2007 was –0.8874 and –0.9382, respectively (P < 0.05). WUE of A and B treatments were significantly higher than those of D and E treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). The total dry matter (TDM) was the highest at A treatment. In the 2007 growing seasons, crop harvest index (HI) of A and B treatments were significantly higher than that of E treatment (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between HI and yield, and the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.6288 in 2006 and 0.8434 in 2007 (P < 0.05). The study indicated that enhanced productivity and WUE of rainfed summer soybean can be achieved by reducing row spacing and widening plant spac-ing under uniform planting density.

In the 2006 growing season, the SWC values were low at early stage of growth (on June 24) and decreased with an increase in the soil depth; it was affected by 149.8 mm of rainfall during the winter wheat growing seasons (October–June in 2005/2006), out of which 55.2 mm fell between June 1–24, and most of it on June 13–14 then. With less rainfall, the differences in the SWC of shallow (0–30 cm) and deep layer (60–90 cm) were stable. However, similar SWC profiles across treatments within the years indicated that changes in plant arrangement were of no benefit for extracting more water under drought conditions. At the same growing season, the SSW showed a descending trend with ETa increasing after August.

Due to annual and seasonal rainfall di?erences, changes of the SWC curve of di?erent growth stages di?ered from related reports(Yu et al.2006).In the 2006 growing season, the SWC of the ?owering stage was low and the results showed that soil evaporation was the main way of ETa at early stage of growth; the SWC of deep layer was reduced with the increase of crop ETa since pod stage. In the 2007 growing season, the SWC average value of A treatment was high; the results showed that uniform distribution could e?ectively inhibit soil water evaporation when rainfall was able to meet the water requirements of crop. In the 2006–2007 growing seasons, the SSW of D treatment was comparatively high in the middle and late period of soybean growth, which was prob-ably a result of the e?ect of plants spacing within rows on reducing soil evaporation; it decreased water requirement of a single plant at late growth stage as inter-plant competition inhibited plant growth at early stage of growth.

Increased pod number resulting from greater light interception and crop growth rate during the early reproductive period is mainly responsible for nar-row-row yield increases (Board and Harville 1996). Grain yield increase in response to narrow rows was closely related to the improvement in light in-terception during the critical period for grain set (Andrade et al. 2002). Generally, soybean yield de-clined as clipping timing was delayed and as clipping frequency increased in narrow rows (Singer 2001). The objective of our study was to study the e?ect of plant and row spacing on soil water and yield of rainfed summer soybean under the same planting density. WUE of D and E treatments were signi?cantly lower than those of A and B treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). It is more likely that the greater WUE of A and B were caused by the narrow-row treatments; they had greater early-season light interception which accelerated crop growth rate resulting in higher yields. Greater yields with equivalent levels of water extraction consequently resulted in greater WUE. The di?erences in WUE were therefore almost entirely related to di?erences in seed yield,and it is likely that the observed di?erences in seed yield were caused by di?erences in HI(Lawn1982,1983). Thus greater WUE in narrow rows was a symptom. The di?erences in HI may have re?ected treatment di?erences in the timing of water stress relative to crop ontogeny. The results indicated that D and E treatments showed obvious inter-plant competi-tion. There were signi?cantly negative correlations between WUE and row spacing, and signi?cantly positive correlations between WUE and yield (P < 0.05), which is similar to Ethredge et al. (1989) and Holshouser and Whittaker (2002). The narrow rows (≤ 40 cm) should be used to optimize yields from the Early Soybean Production System plantings in the midsouthern USA (Bowers et al. 2000). The study found that seed yield and WUE were statistically greater in narrow rows (row spacing ≤ 27 cm), with approximate equidistant plant spacing, compared to wider rows (row spacing ≥ 36 cm).

The study over 2 years has shown that high yields and WUE of summer soybean can be achieved in the northern China by reducing row spacing and widening plant spacing under uniform planting density. Similar SWC values across treatments within years indicate that changes in plant ar-rangement of summer soybean are of no benefit for extracting more water under rainfed agriculture. During whole stages, the SWC average value at the 0–90 cm had no significant differences (P < 0.05), suggesting that differences in plant arrangement have little effect on water uptake patterns. The conclusion of the study is that row spacing ≤ 27 cm is high optimum.

REFERENCES

Alessi J., Power J.F. (1982): Effects of plant and row spacing on dryland soybean yield and water-use efficiency. Agronomy Journal, 74: 851–854.

Andrade F.H., Calvino P., Cirilo A., Barbieri P. (2002): Yield re-sponses to narrow rows depend on increased radiation inter-ception. Agronomy Journal, 94: 975–980.

Board J.E., Harville B.G. (1996): Growth dynamics during the vegetative period affects yield of narrow-row, late-planted soybean. Agronomy Journal, 88: 567–572.

Board J.E., Harville B.G., Saxton A.M. (1990): Narrow-row seed-yield enhancement in determinate soybean. Agronomy Journal, 82: 64–68.

Bosznay M. (1989): Generalization of SCS curve number method. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 155: 139–144.

Bowers G.R., Rabb J.L., Ashlock L.O., Santin J.B. (2000): Row spacing in the early soybean production system. Agronomy Journal, 92: 524–531.

Brant V., Necká? K., Pivec J., Duchoslav M., Holec J., Fuksa P., Venclová V. (2009): Competition of some summer catch crops and volunteer cereals in the areas with limited precipitation. Plant, Soil and Environment, 55: 17–24.

Ethredge W.J., Ashley D.A., Woodruff J.M. (1989): Row spac-ing and plant population on yield components of soybean. Agronomy Journal, 81: 947–951.

Gong Y.S., Li B.G. (1995): Using field water balance model to estimate the percolation of soil water. Advanced Water Sci-ences, 6: 16–21. (In Chinese)

Graterol Y.E., Elmore R.W., Eisenhauer D.E. (1996): Narrow-row planting systems for furrow-irrigated soybean. Journal of Pro-duction Agriculture, 9: 546–553.

Holshouser D.L., Whittaker J.P. (2002): Plant population and row-spacing effects on early soybean production systems in the Mid-Atlantic USA. Agronomy Journal, 94: 603–611. Lawn R.J. (1982): Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south eastern Queensland III: Dry matter production, yield and water use efficiency. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 33: 511–https://www.sodocs.net/doc/592258990.html,wn R.J. (1983): Response of four grain legumes to water stress in south east Queensland IV. Interaction with sowing arrangement. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 34: 661–669. Lehrsch G.A., Whisler F.D., Buehring N.W. (1994): Cropping system influences on extractable water for mono-and dou-ble-cropped soybean. Agricultural Water Management, 26: 13–25.

Lobato A.K.S., Costa R.C.L., Oliveira Neto C.F., Santos Filho B.G., Gon?alves-Vidigal M.C., Vidigal Filho P.S., Silva C.R., Cruz F.J.R., Carvalho P.M.P., Santos P.C.M., Gonela A. (2009): Consequences of the water deficit on water relations and sym-biosis in Vigna unguiculata cultivars. Plant, Soil and Environ-ment, 55: 139–145.

Mishra H.S., Rathore T.R., Savita U.S. (2001): Water-use efficiency of irrigated winter maize under cool weather conditions of India. Irrigation Science, 21: 27–33.

Oriade C.A., Dillon C.R., Vories E.D., Bohanan M.E. (1997): An economic analysis of alternative cropping and row spacing systems for soybean production. Journal of Production Agri-culture, 10: 619–624.

Pala M., Ryan J., Zhang H., Singh M., Harris H.C. (2007): Water-use efficiency of wheat-based rotation systems in a Mediter-ranean environment. Agricultural Water Management, 93: 136–144.

Ritchie J.T., Basso B. (2008): Water use efficiency is not con-stant when crop water supply is adequate or fixed: the role of agronomic management. European Journal of Agronomy, 28: 273–281.

Singer J.W. (2001): Soybean light interception and yield response to row spacing and biomass removal. Crop Science, 41: 424–429.

Timlin D., Pachepsky Y., Reddy V.R. (2001): Soil water dynamics in row and interrow positions in soybean (Glycine max L.). Plant and Soil, 237: 25–35.

Yu S.Z., Chen Y.H., Li Q.Q., Zhou X.B., Fang Q.X., Wang J.S., Liu E.M., Luo Y. (2006): Feasible study on water-saving effect of wheat-maize rotation pattern. Acta Ecology Sinica, 26: 2523–2531. (In Chinese)

Received on April 5, 2009

Corresponding author:

Dr. Yu Hai Chen, Agronomy College of Shandong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, 271018 Tai’an, P.R. China

e-mail: yhchen@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/592258990.html,

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

七年级上册英语期末试卷及答案

初一英语学年度第一学期期终试卷 （考试时间：100分钟；满分：120分）得分 _________ 1. Please _________ look at the blackboard. A. not B. don’t to C. don’t D. no 2. There _________ any money on the floor. A. are B. is C. isn’t D. aren’t 3. Let me help you _________ the box. A. to finds B. to see C. look D. find 4. I can’t speak _________ English. What’s that _________ English? A. /, of B. in, in C. /, in D. the, / 5. Are Lily and Lucy in _________ class? No, they are in _________ classes. A. the same, the different B. a same, a different C. same, different D. the same, different 6. Jim likes _________ TV after school. A. watch B. watches C. to watch D. to see 7. The clothes are green. I want to _________. A. colour it red B. colour it to red C. colour them red D. colour them to red 8. _________ young man in a black shirt is _________ good worker. A. The, the B. The, a C. An, a D. An, the 9. It’s 7 o’clock. It’s time for _________. A. get to school B. go to school C. school D. schools 10. These books are Miss Li’s. Please give _________ A. her tem B. them to her C. it to her D. her it. 11. Mr Smith is forty, but he _________ very old. A. look B. looks like C. looks D. look like 12. This isn’t _________ skirt. _________ is on the clothes line. A. my, My B. his, His C. her……Her D. your……Yours 13. _________ is your bike? The green one. A. Where B. Which C. What D. What colour 14. Who’s the girl _________ green. Is she your sister? A. on B. in C. in the D. in a

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二） 二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

人教版七年级上册英语期末试题

人教版七年级上册英语期末试题 骄戒躁，平复心情，按部就班，不急不慢，如鱼得水，马到成功!祝你七年级英语期末考试成功!下面是为大家精心整理的人教版七年级上册英语期末试题，仅供参考。 人教版七年级上英语期末试题(满分120分考试时间100分钟) 一、听力(共20小题;每小题1分，满分20分) A)听对话回答问题，将正确选项填涂在答题卡相应位置。(读两遍) 1. What does the girl often do at weekends? A. B. C. 2. What will May buy for her mother? A. B. C. 3. What does Bob like to have for breakfast? A. B. C. 4. How does Millie go to the museum? A. B. C. 5. When was Lisa born? A. On January 1st. B. On April 1st. C. On October 1st. 6. How many syllables does the word you hear include?

A. One syllable. B. Two syllables. C. Three syllables. 7. Why does the girl NOT lend the boy a pen? A. Because she is using (使用) the pen. B. Because she doesn t want to help the boy. C. Because she only has a pencil. 8. Who is the letter from? A. It s from America. B. It s from Millie. C. It s from Li Lei. 9. Who are the two speakers(说话者)? A. A farmer and a worker. B. A brother and a sister. C. A teacher and a student. 10. How long does Amy practise volleyball every day? A. An ho ur. B. Half an hour. C. One and a half hours. B)听对话和短文回答问题, 将正确选项填涂在答题卡相应位置。(读两遍) 听第1段材料，回答第11-12小题。 11. What are Sandy s favourite vegetables? A. Tomatoes. B. Potatoes. C. Carrots. 12. How often does Sandy eat them? A. Four times a week. B. Five times a week. C. Every day. 听第2段材料, 完成信息表第13-15小题。 A Happy Sunday Meet 13

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法： 定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸 或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

人教版七年级英语上册期末试卷(一)及答案

2015-2016学年度第一学期期末测试卷（一） 七年级英语试卷 一、单项选择（每空1分，共15 分） ( ) 1.He has _______ egg and ________ hamburger. A.an; an B. a; a C. an; a D. a; an ( )2.---_________﹗Where is my cup? ---_________ ,I don’t know. A.Excuse me; Yes B. Yes, Sorry C. Excuse me; Sorry D. Sorry; Yes ( ) 3.Sorry, this is not ______ eraser. Please ask __________. A. his; his B. my; his C. his, me D. my; him ( ) 4. ---How much _________ this bag? ---___________eight dollars. A. be; It’s B. am; They’re C .is; It’s D. are; They’re ( ) 5.Thank you _______ the photo _______ your family. A. for; for B. for; of C. of; of D. for; to ( ) 6. September is the_______ month of the year. A. nineth B. tenth C. nine D. ninth ( ) 7. ―Your hat is very nice. ―______. A. You are right B. That's right C. You are welcome D. Thank you ( )8. I found a set of in the classroom. A. key B. keys C. a key D. an key ( )9. —Is this pencil? —Yes. The pen is, too. A. your; my B. yours; mine C. your; mine D. yours; my ( ) 10. ---_________ your father _________ eating meat? A. Do; like B. Does; like C. Do; likes D. Are; like ( ) 11. This is my dress. That one is. A. Mary’s B. my sister C. mother D. Mary ( )12、I don’t like this TV program. It’s _____. A. fun B. difficult C. boring D. relaxing ( )13. Jim likes sports,he only watches them on TV. A. and B. but C. or D. with ( )14．If you need my help, you can me__________ 63271567． A. at B. by C. in D. to ( )15．__________is your backpack? It’s red and yellow． A．What B．Where C．What color D．Why

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法 首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。 下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句 例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。 Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

人教版七年级英语上册期末考试试题

七年级英语期末考试试题 第一卷选择题（50分） I．单项选择。（每小题1分，计15分） ( )1. This is _________ alarm clock. A. a B. an C. the D. / ( )2. We don’t like_________. A. broccoli B. broccolis C. a broccoli D. broccolies ( )3. _________. Is this your pen? A. Sorry B. Hello C. Excuse me D. Hi ( )4. Do you have two ________? A. tennis racket B. tennis rackets C. tennis’ racket D. tennis’ rackets ( )5. He _________ his homework at school. A. doesn’t do B. don’t does C. isn’t do D. does not ( )6. ________this your guitar? A. Am B. Is C. Are D. Do ( ) 7. Let’s _________ now. A. go to home B. to go home C. go home D. to go to ( ) 8. How much are these shoes? _________ twenty dollars. A. Are B. There C. They’re D. Their ( ) 9. My father usually________ a shower _________the morning. A. take; in B. takes; in C. take; on D. takes; at ( )10. ________you play the violin? A. Are B. Can C. Is D. When ( )11 ---This is my sister Ann. ---Is _____ a student? A. she B. he C. her D. his ( )12. I ________ two baseballs and my friend ________five baseballs. A. have; have B. have; has C. has; have D. has; has ( ) 13. ---Is that your book? ---Yes, ________. A. it is B. it isn’t C. it’s D. this is ( )14. Miss Wei often helps us ________ our English. A. at B. in C. of D. with ( )15. I want __________ the music club. A. join B. to join C. joins D. be join II．从A、B、C、D中选择最恰当的选项填进文章中去，你会读到一个有意思的故 事。（15分）

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。 如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如： 我不喜欢他说话的态度。 正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。 一、in a way的用法 表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。 二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。 三、by the way的用法

人教版七年级上册英语期末测试题及答案

2012年人教版七年级初一上册英语期末测试题 一、听力（25分） A）根据所听到的内容，选择正确的选项。（听一遍）（5分） 1. A. a coat B. a doll C. a boat D. a ball 2. A. 8 students B. 18 students C. 80 students D. 10 students] 3. A. see B. same C. son D. some 4. A. line B. right C. like D. light 5. A. all B. four C. of D. or B）根据所听到的内容，选择正确的答语。（听二遍）（5分） 6. A. Y ou are all right B. I’m all right. C. That’s all right. 7. A. It’s an English car. B. It’s green. C. It’s a nice car. 8. A. Thank you. B. Y ou’re welcome. C. Y ou are wrong. 9. A. I’m Li Ping B. It’s me C. This is my teacher 10. A. Come on. B. This way, please. C. See you. C）根据所听到的对话，选择正确的选项。（听二遍）（5分） 11. A. on his bike B. under the tree C. behind the door 12. A. at 7:30 B. at 7:15 C. at 6:45 13. A. It’s red. B. It’s blue. C. It’s yellow. 14. A. Jim is. B. David is. C. Lucy is. 15. A. in Shanghai. B. near Shanghai C. in Jiangsu. D）根据所听到的内容，选择意思相近的一次。（听二遍）（5分） 16. A. Let’s go to school. B. I can spell my name. C. We must have lunch. 17. A. Tim and Tom are in the same row. B. Tim is in Row 3 and Tom is in Row 4. C. Tim and Tom are in different rows. 18. A. I don’t know her. B. I don’t know her cat. C. I don’t know her cat’s name. 19. A. Tom is in a black coat. B. Tom is in a black hat. C. Tom’s cat is black. 20. A. I like purple very much. B. I don’t like purple. C. Y ou like purple very much. E）根据所听到短文内容，选择正确的答案。（听三遍）（5分） 21. Our classroom is ________. A. old B. small C. new 22. What’s on my desk? ________. A. a football B. some English books C. a picture 23. _______ desk has a football under it. A. Mine B. Li Ming’s C. Wa ng Tao’s 24. Where is Wang Tao’s desk? It’s ________. A. behind my desk B. beside my desk C. beside Li Ming’s desk

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一） 有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析： 一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句 以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

七年级上册英语期末考试试题及答案

七年级英语期末质量检测试题 时间:60分钟姓名：________ 成绩等级：________ 一、听力部分 A听句子，找出与句子相匹配的图片。 ( ) 1. A B C ( ) 2. A B C ( ) 3. A B C ( ) 4.

A B C ( ) 5. A B C B. 你将听到五个对话，每个对话均有一个问题，根据对话内容选择正确答案。 ( ) 6. Q: What do elephants eat? A. Meat B. Plants C. Cakes ( ) 7. Q: What do you eat at the Chinese birthday dinner? A. Ice-cream B. Noodles C. Rice ( ) 8. Q: What is Tony doing now? A. Standing on the playground and singing B. Sitting in the front and talking to students C. Standing on the Great Wall and talking to his mother ( ) 9. Q: What’s the mother doing? A. Cooking the dinner B. Cleaning the house and putting the things away C. Washing the clothes ( )10. Q: Who’s birthday present is it? A. Betty’s B. Betty’s father C. Daming’s C. 听下面一段短文，根据短文内容填入所缺单词。 Daming’s grandparents like to stay healthy, so everyday they get some 11_________ in a park near their home. They sometimes wear T-shirts. Daming’s mother like chocolate, but she doesn’t often buy 12_________ because it isn’t very healthy. She likes going shopping and always buys expensive 13_________. She has got 11 silk scarves, 20 dresses and a lot of shoes. She 14_________ a lot of money. Now can you 15_________ a present for them? 二．单项选择

人教版英语七年级上册期末试卷

人教版七年级英语上册期末考试试题（含答案）楼德镇中学试题库2010-10-04 11:29:59 阅读378 评论2 字号：大中小订阅 七年级英语期末考试试题 第一卷选择题（50分） I．单项选择。（每小题1分，计15分） ( )1. This is _________ alarm clock. A. a B. an C. the D. / ( )2. We don’t like_________. A. broccoli B. broccolis C. a broccoli D. broccolies ( )3. _________. Is this your pen? A. Sorry B. Hello C. Excuse me D. Hi ( )4. Do you have two ________? A. tennis racket B. tennis rackets C. tennis’ racket D. tennis’ rackets ( )5. He _________ his homework at school. A. doesn’t do B. don’t does C. isn’t do D. does not ( )6. ________this your guitar? A. Am B. Is C. Are D. Do ( ) 7. Let’s _________ now. A. go to home B. to go home C. go home D. to go to ( ) 8. How much are these shoes? _________ twenty dollars.

way 的用法

way 的用法 【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。 【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

七年级上册期末英语试卷及答案

七年级上册期末英语试卷及答案 第一部分选择题（80分） 一、听力测试（本大题共20小题，每小题1分，计20分） A) 听下面10段对话。每段对话后有1个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出选项。每段对话读两遍。 1. What does Millie like to do after class? A. B. C. 2．What is Simon's favourite festival? A. B. C. 3.Which is made of cotton? A. B. C. 4. Where are they now? A. B. C. 5. What’s Tom’s father like? A. Fat. B. Short. C. Thin. 6. What does the boy want to be when he grows up? A. A doctor. B. A player. C. A teacher. 7. How much does the woman need to pay? A. Seven yuan. B. Twenty-three yuan. C. Sixteen yuan. 8. How long is the shopping mall open? A.10 hours. B. 12 hours. C. 11 hours.

9. Where are they? A. In a fast food shop. B. In the hospital. C. In the school. 10. How does the boy usually go to school? A. By bike. B. On foot. C. By bus. B）听对话和短文回答问题,听两遍。 你将听到一段对话和两篇短文, 各听两遍。听每段对话或短文前, 你将有时间阅读相关小题, 每小题5秒钟；听完后, 每小题你还有5秒钟的时间选出你认为最合适的备选答案。 听下面一段对话，回答第11—12小题。 11. What does the woman want to buy? A. A blouse. B. A bag C. A sweater 12. What colour does the woman take at last? A. Blue B. Black C. Green 听一段独白，回答第13-15小题。 Tommy's 13 At 14 in the morning He gets up. At 9：00 He helps Sandy with English. At 12：00 He has lunch with his parents. At 3：00 in the afternoon He plays football with his 15 . At 10：30 in the evening He goes to bed. 13. A. Monday B. Saturday C. Sunday 14. A. 6：00 B. 6：30 C. 7：00

七年级上册英语期末测试卷(含答案)

一. 单项填空（共20小题，计20分） （）1、—When is Tom’s birthday —___________ birthday is May 6th. A. My B. Your C. His D. Her （）2、I like these pants. ___________ nice. A. It’s B. That’s C. You’re D. They’re （）3、___________ Lili and Yaoyao have lunch at school A. Do B. Does C. Is D. Are 。 （）4、—Joy, can you sing for the school concert —Sorry, I can’t. ___________ I can play the piano. A. And B. So C. But D. Or （）5、—When do you have . —We have it ___________ Monday and Friday. A. in B. on C. at D. for （）6、—I like that red T-shirt. ___________ is it —It’s fifteen dollars. . A. How old B. How many C. How much D. How long （）7、—What’s your sister’s favorite ___________ —Red. A. movie B. fruit C. food D. color （）8、A lot of people don’t play sports. They only ___________ them on TV. A. look B. watch C. read D. see （）9、—Where are the socks ` —___________ A. They’re on the bed. B. They’re $ 5. C. I’ll take them. D. I can’t find them. （）10、—Can she speak Chinese —___________ A. Yes, she does. B. No, she doesn’t. C. Yes, she is. D. No, she can’t. （）11、This is a picture of family. A. Jim B. Jim’s C. Jims ’ （）12、Her birthday is February. A. in B. on C. at （）13、 What color your shoes？ Blue. A. is, It’s B. is, Is C. are, They’re （）14、Let’s go soccer ball with the boys. A. to playing B. and playing C. and play （）15、We need a lot of every day. A. vegetables B. meats C. broccolis （）16、 are the pants？ They’re 50 dollars. A. How B. How much C. Where （）17、He likes but he doesn’t like. A. ice creams, banana B. bananas, apple C.. bananas, apples （）18、The baby is only ten . A. month old B. months years old C. months old （）19、 Look! Some broccoli in the box. Some apples in the bag. A. are, are B. is, is C.. is, are （）20、“f” and“u” are in the word “fun”. A. An, a B. An, an C. A, a * 二、完形填空（10小题，共10分） Dear Annie， Thank you for your letter．I'm glad you like your school． I go to school from Monday to Friday．We have four 31 in the morning and two in the afternoon．We have 32 to do after class．33 Monday and Thursday afternoon we 34 sports．On Tuesday afternoon 35 of us have 36 singing class．And on Thursday afternoon some have a 37 class．On Friday afternoon we practice(练习) 38 English．My Chinese friends would like 39 with me in English．They think I am like an English teacher．Isn't it great？ On Saturdays and Sundays I don't go to school．Very often I go to the parks and have a good time 40 my family there ( )31．A．classes B．lesson C．class ( )32．A．anything B．any things C．many things ( )33．A．To B．In C．On ( )34．A．has B．have C．having ( )35．A．any B．one C．some ( )36．A．a B．an C．the ( )37．A．draw B．draws C．drawing ( )38．A．speak B．speaks C．speaking ( )39．A．talk B．talks C．to talk ( )40．A．for B．with C．at 三、阅读技能(共20小题，计40分) A) 阅读短文，判断正误。（5小题，计10分） My name is Li Hong. I study at Middle School. At school I have a friend. His name is Jim. We get up at six in the morning. We go school at seven ten. Classes begin at seven thirty. We have four lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. After school we play games. We often play football. We go home at about five. We do our homework in the evening. We go to bed（上床睡觉）at about nine fifty. （）41. Li Hong and Jim are friends.