成本管理外文翻译

1.In the business activities of enterprises, the logistics is infiltrated into various business activities of the activities. Logistics cost is to use the amount of the logistics activities of the evaluation of the actual situation. Modern logistics cost refers to the supply of raw materials from the beginning has been to include delivery of goods will reach consumers in the hands of all logistics costs. The logistics cost was not included in the financial accounting system, manufacturers will be used to charge the cost of logistics product cost and commercial enterprises put the cost of the commodity distribution and logistics costs mixed. Therefore, whether it is manufacturing enterprises or commercial enterprises, in accordance with not only difficult to complete the connotation of logistics costs to calculate logistics costs, and even the production area or have been separated from the circulation areas of logistics costs, we can not separate true calculated and reflected.

2.Whether the enterprise logistics or logistics enterprises, the logistics of its own to optimize the allocation of resources, and how to implement the management and decision-making, with a view to using the least possible cost and to maximize the benefits they are facing one of the most important issues. Logistics be seen as a manufacturing enterprise is the last best hope to reduce costs and improve efficiency levels.

3.Total cost of logistics enterprises

The logistics costs can be classified managers to provide more

decision-making on the details of the impact, but the logistics enterprises in accordance with the functional activities to the different organizations, such as order processing, and transportation, and accounts of the majority of enterprises to adopt cost , logistics costs can not be shown separately, therefore, the logistics costs of the task is arduous.

4.Business Logistics refers to the cost of procurement, sales, production and logistics costs related activities combined. Logistics is the total cost of the logistics operation of the enterprise management an important indicator of how not to reduce the level of services under the premise of reducing the total cost of logistics enterprises is a business objective.

5.Transport costs: transportation costs refers to the raw materials and finished products in all transport costs caused by the activities, including direct transport costs and management costs. To reduce the total cost of logistics need to strictly control the expenditure in the transport, the transport of strengthening economic accounting.

6.Inventory holding costs: Generally speaking, the stock can be accounted for manufacturers of more than 20% of assets. Inventory holding costs of some fuzzy concept of distinction, it is difficult to determine, therefore, present many companies only to the current bank interest rate multiplied by the value of inventory with a number of other costs, as inventory holding costs. In fact, inventory holding costs, including the amount of funds used inventory costs, inventory costs, inventory costs and the risk of price adjustment losses.

7.Warehousing costs: Most warehousing costs do not change with the change in inventory levels, but with the number of storage locations and variable. Warehouse storage costs include rent, storage depreciation, equipment depreciation, cost of loading and unloading of goods packaging materials costs and management fees.

8.Volume Cost: Volume costs include production preparation costs, material handling costs, and accelerate plans for operating costs and loss of productivity because of changing products, such as lead.

9.Out losses: out because it is not cost refers to meet customer orders or demand caused by the sale of loss of profits.

10.Order processing and information costs: Order processing is under orders from customers start to the customer's receipt of the goods so far this process all receipts processing, order processing and related activities of the cost of order processing costs. IT costs and logistics management refers to the operation of the cost of IT. Including software depreciation, maintenance, and management costs.

11.Procurement costs: that the procurement cost components associated with the procurement of raw materials logistics costs. Including the cost of purchase orders, procurement planning for the management of costs, procurement management, and so on.

12.Other management costs: Other costs include management and logistics management and operation of relevant personnel management fees.

13.Single logistics activities will inevitably lead to lower costs of the rest of the cost increase, handled properly, it could even lead to the increase in the total cost. The total cost of logistics for integrated logistics management is the key to use of the total cost analysis can be effective management and real sense of the lower cost.

14.Logistics is the total cost of operation of the logistics business management major indicators, but the total cost of logistics itself and does not reflect the quality of logistics enterprises. The total cost of logistics through statistical analysis, so that enterprises can understand from the perspective of overall situation of their own logistics operation status quo, clearly present the key bottlenecks, as well as the breakthrough point, to propose solutions approach to improve the business performance of the overall operation.

15Logistics Cost Management and Control

16Business is an important goal for the smallest investment income for the largest. And the realization of this goal is the best way of managing the cost, logistics cost control is to limit the cost budget, the actual cost will limit with the target cost comparison, the difference between correct and improve the economic benefits of logistics activities.

17Generally cost of the logistics can be controlled productivity standards, standard cost and budget performance test methods such as logistics. Strategic Cost Management is a comprehensive and feasibility of combining the management of technology, so that enterprises in the product planning and design stage will be to create concern that the cost of products, strategic cost management is the most crucial factor target cost.

18Operating cost base (Activity-Based Costing, or ABC) is a strategic cost management, operating cost method from the baseline and RSKaplan R. Cooper in the 20th century to the late 1980s, the so-called ABC method, in accordance with the Operating How many of the consumption of resources allocated to the cost of operations, in accordance with the product to the number of operations to the cost-sharing products. ABC method can be improved by optimizing operating chain, reduce operating consumption, improve quality of operations, and throughout the operating life cycle of strategic cost management.

19To benchmark the cost method is not only the cost of a more advanced method of calculating operating costs through strategic cost management for enterprise management, logistics for the implementation of process reengineering, performance evaluation to provide cost information, as well as enterprises to further improve cost control and strategic planning

decision-making and a more favorable basis and standards.

20

Based on the analysis of enterprise logistics costs, reduce logistics costs of basic channels as follows:

Through efficiency of the distribution companies to reduce logistics costs of the distribution of efficiency, reduce the number of transport, improving loading rate and reasonable arrangement with plans to choose the best means of transportation, thereby reducing distribution costs.

21Logistics Outsourcing of logistics enterprises reduce costs, lower cost of the investment companies to outsource logistics to specialized third-party logistics companies, can shorten the transit time of goods and reduce the cost of goods turnover and losses. Qualified enterprises can use third-party logistics companies直供on line to achieve zero inventory, and reduce costs.

22With the modernization of information management systems to control and reduce logistics cost management in the traditional manual mode, the corporate cost control by many factors, not often can not be realized all aspects of the optimal control. On the one hand, enterprises will adopt various information systems logistics operations or business can accurately handle, expeditious conduct of the other through the information system of data collection, forecasting analysis, logistics costs can be controlled the possibility.

23

Strengthen the management of enterprise workers awareness of the cost of the work to reduce costs from the expansion of the logistics management of the various departments and enterprises, and product development, production and sale of the entire life cycle, logistics cost management, and enable employees with long-term development "strategy Cost consciousness. "

24

On the whole process of realization of the commodities, supply chain management to the production enterprises, third-party logistics enterprises, and sales enterprise, consumer composed of the whole supply chain and systematized, and achieve logistics integration, the entire supply chain maximum benefits, thereby effectively reducing the cost of logistics enterprises.

企业成本控制外文翻译文献

企业成本控制外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

译文： 在价值链的成本控制下减少费用和获得更多的利润 摘要： 根据基于价值链的成本管理理念和基于价值的重要因素是必要的。首先，必须有足够的资源，必须创造了有利的价值投资，同时还需要基于客户价值活动链，以确定他们的成本管理优势的价值链。其次，消耗的资源必须尽量减少，使最小的运营成本价值链和确保成本优势是基于最大商业价值或利润，这是一种成本控制系统内部整个视图的创建和供应的具实践，它也是一种成本控制制度基于价值链，包括足够的控制和必要的资源投资价值的观点，创建和保持消费的资源到合理的水平，具有价值的观点主要对象的第一个因素是构造有利的价值链，从创造顾客价值开始；第二个因素是加强有利的价值链，从供应或生产客户价值开始。因此它是一个新型的理念，去探索成本控制从整个视图的创建和供应的商品更盈利企业获得可持续的竞争优势。 关键词：成本控制，价值链，收益，支出，收入，成本会计 1、介绍 根据价值链理论，企业的目的是创造最大的顾客价值；和企业的竞争优势在于尽可能提供尽可能多的价值给他们的客户，作为低成本可能的。这要求企业必须首先考虑他们是否能为顾客创造价值，和然后考虑在很长一段时间内如何创造它。然而，竞争一直以“商品”（或“产品”）作为最直接的载体，因此，传统的成本控制方法主要集中在对“产品”和生产流程的过程。很显然，这不能解决企业的问题，企业是否或如何能为客户创造价值。换句话说，这至少不能从根本上解决它。 因此，企业必须首先投入足够的资源，以便他们能够创建客户值取向，然后提供它以最少的资源费用。所以在整个视图中对价值创造和提供整体的观点来控制成本，它可以为客户提供完美的动力和操作运行机制运行成本的控制，也可以从根本上彻底克服了传统的成本控制方法的缺点，解决了无法控制的创造和供应不足的真正价值。基于此，本文试图从创作的整体观讨论成本控制提供价值并探讨实现良性循环的策略，也就是说，“创造价值投资成本供应价值创造价值”。 2、成本及其控制的基于价值链理念 2.1基于价值链的成本观念 根据价值链理论，如果企业是要被客户接受，它必须创造和提供能满足其客户的价值。因此，成本（价值或资源支付费用）这不离为创造和提供顾客价值的活动，其活动的价值链。因此，我们应该从价值链角度看成本的重要。

企业环境成本会计外文翻译

企业环境成本会计外文翻译 ACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES 1．ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMES Since its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systems are separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002). As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basis for the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998). Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies. Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These are environmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – but does not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the implementation of ECA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration

物流成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文翻译 原文 Logistics costs and controlling Abstract Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002). Logistic costs are defined differently in companies. In many cases, the reported logistic costs of companies even within the same business differ more than justified by their operations. Some companies do not count interest and depreciation on inventories as logistic costs. Others include the distribution costs of their suppliers or the purchasing costs. In some cases, even the purchase value of the procured goods is included in the logistic costs (Baumgarten et al. 1993; Gudehus and Kotzab 2004; Weber 2002).

环境会计方面的外文文献汇总

EVOLUTION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT PROGRAM J. H. Maday T. L. Kuusinen October 1991 Presented at the Environmental Auditing Conference October 22-23, 1991 Seattle, Washington Work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-ACO6-76RLO 1830 Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352

DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States。Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. Evolution of an Environmental Audit Program Joseph H. Maday, Jr. (ASQC-CQA) Technical Group Leader - Quality Verification Department and Tapio Kuusinen Senior Research Scientist Environmental Policy and Compliance Group Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, Washington 99352

成本控制【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 Cost Control Material Source:Encyclopedia of business,2 and ed. Author:Anthony, Robet N 1 Cost Control Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of peripheral activities, mass layoffs, or outsourcing, cost control strategies were seen as necessary to preserve—or boost—corporate profits and to maintain—or gain—a competitive advantage. The objective was often to be the low-cost producer in a given industry, which would typically allow the company to take a greater profit per unit of sales than its competitors at a given price level. Some cost control proponents believe that such strategic cost-cutting must be planned carefully, as not all cost reduction techniques yield the same benefits. In a notable late 1990s example, chief executive Albert J. Dunlap, nicknamed "Chainsaw Al" because of his penchant for deep cost cutting at the companies he headed, failed to restore the ailing small appliance maker Sunbeam Corporation to profitability despite his drastic cost reduction tactics. Dunlap laid off thousands of workers and sold off business units, but made little contribution to Sunbeam's competitive position or share price in his two years as CEO. Consequently, in 1998 Sunbeam's board fired Dunlap, having lost confidence in his "one-trick" approach to management. A complex business requires frequent information about operations in order to plan for the future, to control present activities, and to evaluate the past performance of managers, employees, and related business segments. To be successful,

会计专业外文文献翻译--中小企业环境成本会计的实施

IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED COMPANIES 1．ENVIRONMENTAL COST ACCOUNTING IN SMES Since its inception some 30 years ago, Environmental Cost Accounting (ECA) has reached a stage of development where individual ECA systems are separated from the core accounting system based an assessment of environmental costs with (see Fichter et al., 1997, Letmathe and Wagner , 2002). As environmental costs are commonly assessed as overhead costs, neither the older concepts of full costs accounting nor the relatively recent one of direct costing appear to represent an appropriate basis for the implementation of ECA. Similar to developments in conventional accounting, the theoretical and conceptual sphere of ECA has focused on process-based accounting since the 1990s (see Hallay and Pfriem, 1992, Fischer and Blasius, 1995, BMU/UBA, 1996, Heller et al., 1995, Letmathe, 1998, Spengler and H.hre, 1998). Taking available concepts of ECA into consideration, process-based concepts seem the best option regarding the establishment of ECA (see Heupel and Wendisch , 2002). These concepts, however, have to be continuously revised to ensure that they work well when applied in small and medium-sized companies. Based on the framework for Environmental Management Accounting presented in Burritt et al. (2002), our concept of ECA focuses on two main groups of environmentally related impacts. These are environmentally induced financial effects and company-related effects on environmental systems (see Burritt and Schaltegger, 2000, p.58). Each of these impacts relate to specific categories of financial and environmental information. The environmentally induced financial effects are represented by monetary environmental information and the effects on environmental systems are represented by physical environmental information. Conventional accounting deals with both – monetary as well as physical units – but does not focus on environmental impact as such. To arrive at a practical solution to the implementation of ECA in a company’s existing accounting system, and to comply with the problem of distinguishing between monetary and physical aspects, an integrated concept is required. As physical information is often the basis for the monetary information (e.g. kilograms of a raw material are the basis for the monetary valuation of raw material consumption), the integration

成本控制和成本管理战略【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 Cost-Containment and Cost-Management Strategies Material Source: Author: Alan f. Goldberg ,William P. Fleming The leadership and boards of trustees of all healthcare organizations are the ultimate stewards of the limited resources available to best meet community needs. The strategic planning process leads the organization down a clear path of setting priorities, making choices, and taking action. The day a new cancer center opens or the latest technology arrives is an exciting one for the community. After the ribbon cutting, these new programs become the responsibility of the hospital's service line directors or clinical managers. Their staffing is based on projections and other assumptions that may or may not be on point but have a direct impact on the operations and finances of the organization. As part of normal decision making for a hospital's new initiatives, a payer mix and revenue stream were predicted. Now two significant environmental events have made projections more uncertain and put aggressive cost management on center stage: the economic downturn and payment reform. The economic downturn affecting hospitals began in the fall of 2008. Its broad impact on the organization was described by Goldberg and Petasnick (2010): With credit markets drying up, unemployment rising, consumer confidence eroding, and employee morale shaken, healthcare system executives had their hands full. The combined result of the turmoil made the old adage "cash is king" truer than ever. As consumers pulled back and individuals lost health insurance, hospitals experienced losses in volume for elective, nonemergent healthcare. Financial operating results suffered. Meanwhile, losses in investment values eliminated the safety net reserves created by nonoperating income. Many hospitals and healthcare systems were forced to consider or enact layoffs and postpone or cancel capital-intensive projects. All were required to rethink their strategic plans. Because of the economic downturn and high unemployment, which led to income declines and individuals losing job-based healthcare coverage, Medicaid enrollment is projected to increase 10.5 percent in fiscal 2010.

工程管理专业外文翻译--项目成本控制剖析(可编辑修改word版)

项目成本控制 1施工企业成本控制原则 施工企业的成本控制是以施工项目成本控制为中心，施工项目成本控制原则是企业成本管理的基础和核心，施工企业项目经理部在对项目施工过程进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则。 1.1成本最低化原则。施工项目成本控制的根本目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，促进不断降低施工项目成本，以达到可能实现最低的目标成本的要求。在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。一方面挖掘各种降低成本的能力，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可能达到合理的最低成本水平。 1.2全面成本控制原则。全面成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。项目成本的全员控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应防止成本控制人人有责，人人不管。项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目施工进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。 1.3动态控制原则。施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动 态控制。因为施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确定成本目标、编制成本计划、制订成本控制的方案，为今后的成本控制作好准备。而竣工阶段的成本控制，由于成本盈亏已基本定局，即使发生了偏差，也已来不及纠正。 1.4目标管理原则。目标管理的内容包括：目标的设定和分解，目标的责任到位和执行，检查目标的执行结果，评价目标和修正目标，形成目标管理的计划、实施、检查、处理循环，即 PDCA 循环。 1.5责、权、利相结的原则。在项目施工过程中，项目经理部各部门、各班组在肩负成本控制责任的同时，享有成本控制的权力，同时项目经理要对各部门、各班组在成本控制中的业绩进行定期的检查和考评，实行有奖有罚。只有真正做好责、权、利相结合的成本控制，才能收到预期的效果。

Costcontrol成本控制外文翻译

Reference for business,Encyclopedia of Business.2nd ed,Cos Des Cost control Roger J. Binder Abstract Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. Control of the business entity, then, is essentially a managerial and supervisory function. Control consists of those actions necessary to assure that the entity's resources and operations are focused on attaining established objectives, goals and plans. Control, exercised continuously, flags potential problems so that crises may be prevented. It also standardizes the quality and quantity of output, and provides managers with objective information about employee performance. Management compares actual performance to predetermined standards and takes action when necessary to correct variances from the standards. Keywords: Cost control；Applications；Control reports；Standards；Strategic Cost control, also known as cost management or cost containment, is a broad set of cost accounting methods and management techniques with the common goal of improving business cost-efficiency by reducing costs, or at least restricting their rate of growth. Businesses use cost control methods to monitor, evaluate, and ultimately enhance the efficiency of specific areas, such as departments, divisions, or product lines, within their operations. During the 1990s cost control initiatives received paramount attention from corporate America. Often taking the form of corporate restructuring, divestment of

基于物质流成本会计的企业环境成本管理研究

基于物质流成本会计的企业环境成本管理研究在生态文明建设的背景下,环境问题已经受到国家和公众的关注和重视。企业作为国民经济的主体,从自然界获取能源资源的同时需要承担更多的环境责任和社会责任。尤其造纸企业,在生产过程中产生大量的废弃物需要处理,这无形中增加了企业为治理环境所付出的环境成本。所以企业为了处理好环境和经济的关系,迫切的需要加强环境成本管理。 本文以物质流成本会计为突破口,为企业提供环境成本管理,降低企业的环 境成本,节约资源、能源,减少污染物的排放,实现企业的可持续发展。论文运用理论分析和案例分析的方法,从物质流成本会计的角度研究企业的环境成本管理。本文首先对环境成本管理和物质流成本会计的文献和相关概念进行阐述,并且重点介绍了物质流成本会计核算的原理、环境成本的定义及构成和核算过程。以及对环境成本表的编制进行说明,最后对环境成本核算结果分析方法和环境成本管理的改善思路给予阐述。 其次,以真实造纸企业---景兴纸业为例,分析景兴纸业环境成本管理的现状,然后通过运用物质流成本会计进行环境成本的核算,编制景兴纸业的环境成本表,弥补景兴纸业环境成本信息的不足。对环境成本的核算结果进行对比分析、趋势分析和物质流损失成本分析,得出景兴纸业环境成本形成的原因,找到企业在环 境成本管理中存在的薄弱环节。最后,对景兴纸业环境成本管理进行改善需求分析,提出改善环境成本管理的具体措施,帮助企业降低资源、能源的消耗,减少环境污染,在一定程度上降低企业的环境成本。基于物质流成本会计在企业环境成本管理中的运用,明晰了企业的环境成本信息,了解环境成本形成的原因,为企业找到了环境成本管理的薄弱环节,降低了企业的环境成本,为造纸行业的环境成 本管理提供了帮助和建议。

(餐饮管理)餐饮业成本控制方案

餐饮业成本控制方案 成本控制是餐饮管理的主要内容之一，对餐厅餐厅的经营具有决定性意义。 一、成本控制的重要性 1．餐饮成本控制关系到产品的规格，质量和销售价格，因产品的售价是以食品成本和规定的毛利率来计算的，成本的高低直接影响其售价，因此搞好成本控制是餐饮工作的必需。 2．成本控制有利于满足宾客需要并维护宾客的利益。宾客到餐厅就餐，不仅希望能够享受到精美的菜点和热情的款待，更希望餐饮产品物美价廉，而为保证这一点，就必须进行成本控制。 3．成本控制直接关系到餐厅以至于整个餐厅的营业收入和利润。餐厅在满足宾客的餐饮需求的同时，还担负着为餐厅提供盈利的任务。如果成本失控，就会影响餐厅的经营成果，甚至造成不应有的亏损。因为，为保证餐厅的既得利益，就必须加强成本控制。 4．成本控制可以改善餐厅的经营管理。成本控制的关键取决于餐厅的经营管理水平，经营管理水平越高，成本控制就越好，反之就会产生成本失控现象。因此，搞好成本控制也既改善了餐

厅的经营管理。 二、成本控制 餐饮成本，包括食品原料成本、劳动力成本和设备折旧费用。而餐饮成本控制主要是控制原料成本，原料成本随着营业收入的变化而变化。营业收入增加，原料成本也随之增加，营业收入降低，原料成本也随之减少，如果没有营业收人，也就没有成本可言。 而劳动力成本和设备的折旧费用等等，不随营业收入的变化而变化，因此在这里只介绍食品、酒水的成本控制。 (一)食品成本控制 在餐厅的营业收入中，除去成本即为毛利。食品成本与营业收入之比，或减去毛利率，就是食品成本率，用公式表示为：食品成本率=食品成本/营业收入×100% 或：食品成本率=1-毛利率 所以说，在确定毛利率的同时也就决定了食品成本率。餐厅的食品成本率一旦确定，餐饮管理人员就应以此为依据，努力控制食品成本。 餐厅的业务活动从食品原料的采购，验收、库存，发放、粗加工、切配，烹饪、服务到收款，其经营环节较多，且每一环节都会影响到食品成本。因此，餐厅必须加强餐饮产品生产，服务，销售全过程的成本控制。

外文翻译两篇(成本核算)

成本核算过程中的问题及策略 1.成本核算过程中存在的问题 1.1成本核算不精确 成本核算就是把产品的成本数据提供给企业的决策层，让决策层根据现实的真实情况进行分析定位，假设成本核算出现了较严重的错误，可想而知，将对企业未来的收益会产生致命的打击。但是，现实情况是，一些企业在进行成本核算很模糊，在没有保证企业的预期收益时就对产品进行了不合理的市场定价。 2.企业对成本核算没有足够的重视 成本核算对企业经营利润有着重要影响。在企业的正常经营情况下，企业的财务对成本核算出现错误的概率越小，对企业利润核算越精确。但是，企业要进行成本核算的工作量大、流程复杂；技术性较强，要求也比较苛刻；所以，企业财务人员在进行成本核算的过程中，牵涉的人比较多，这些诸多因素都使成本核算成为一项不太简单的实践操作工作。在企业的成本核算中，很多企业的财务人员对企业的成本核算不太重视，在核算过程中，出现了微小的误差，觉得没有太大的关系，造成企业利润核算的不正确。 1.3没有采用适合企业自身发展的成本核算方法 在市场经济条件下，每个企业都有每个企业独特的特点，应该针对各个企业的生产经营特点，选择合适的成本核算方法。但是，现阶段，一部分企业在明确成本核算对象之后没有选择一个科学的、切合企业实际的成本核算方法对企业成本进行科学核算。这种现象在中小型企业尤其普遍。 2.加强企业成本核算管理途径 2.1提高企业管理者的成本管理意识 在现代的经济形势下，只有企业的领导者和全体员工对成本控制有了足够的重视，才可以使成本核算的工作在企业顺利全面展开。但是在当今知识经济时代，企业财务管理者没有意识到成本核算和控制在企业经济管理中的重要性，只进行简单的算账、报账，对支出的成本详细计算，对自身成本不进行认真核算；只重视产品售后的核算，不重视产品售出和售出中的控制；只依靠会计人员的数据报表，不关注市场的发展动态；那么只会导致他们对成本核算方法改进的忽视，让企业的成本核算管理工作越来越差。因此，要提高企业全体人员的成本意识，改

信息系统和成本控制 文献翻译

原文： Information systems and cost control The purpose of this paper is to consider how the key concepts of management information systems might be integrated with accounting concepts relating to the managerial process of cost control to form a coherent module for a business school curriculum. Perhaps the best place to start is with some definitions. Cost control, as seen by the writers of cost accounting texts, is the set of processes by which management secures and monitors adherence to cost standards. It is thus narrower than cost management, which encompasses both cost adherence and cost reduction and, according to some, includes actions which direct an organization away from activities which have low benefit-to-cost ratios. There is much less agreement about the definition of management information systems. The information systems field draws from many disciplines ., computer science, management science, organizational behavior, and even accounting -- and information systems texts and courses usually include discussions of concepts and issues from these other disciplines. Many HIS definitions focus on the computer hardware and software which are important components of most formal systems, Other definitions take a broader perspective and focus on the task which the HIS is to accomplish. EIN and SEGEV for example, suggest this definition: A management information system is a system for collecting, storing, retrieving, and processing information that is used, or desired, by one or more managers in the performance of their duties. This definition sounds strangely like many common definitions of managerial accounting, which may be why we prefer it. It also has the advantage of allowing us to consider the broad range of issues which are important to understanding information systems, not just the physical elements from which they are built. In our discussion, however, we shall try to limit our attention to those issues