Abstract摘要

Abstract

Along with our country’s entering into Aging Society, more and more attentions are paid to life of the older. The population of Chinese older people is absolutely the first in the world. But referring to the present situation, the supply of the aging industry and the aging products can not satisfy the older. Therefore designing and developing the products which not only can satisfy the old people, but also owns good function and quality has become into an opportunity that is chased for by enterprises in competition.

Bathing is not easy for the old people. Because with the increasing age ,the recession of the physical mechanism and infecting with some disease, the old people usually need help to finish their bating. However, how to send the old people to the bathroom and how to help them finish their bathing easily are not easy things to be handled with.

The purpose of designing this product is to solve the problems which confused the old people in their bathing. This design is a kind of bath seat that can satisfy the physical and mental needs of the older. In this subject, according to the present product of bath seat in foreign countries, and considering the old people’s needs, the designer reconsidered the safety, amenity, practicality etc. of the the bath seat and combined with the demands of market, finally making this design finished. Compared with other products, this product has several advantages. In appearance, it adopted the designing and the colors which can satisfy the old people’s physical and mental needs respectively. In function, it shows the designing concept which puts satisfying the old people’s need in first place, especially some designing in detail which obviously presents the cares for the older. And all of these help to achieve the goal of promoting the living standard of the old people.

Key Words: Aging Society; Older Consumers; Bath Seat; Practicality

国外写作APA详细模板

[Title of Paper] [Student Name] [School] [Course/Number] April 13, 2013 [Instructor Name]

Abstract (if needed)[replace] [According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), “An abstract is a brief, comprehensive summary of the contents of the article; it allows readers to survey the contents of an article quickly and, like a title, it enables persons interested in the document to retrieve it from abstracting and indexing databases” (2010, p. 25). The first line of the abstract is not indented. An abstract may range from 150 to 250 words (APA, 2010). Because an abstract is not always required for student papers, adhere to your instructor’s requirements. ]

UPPAAL建模工具教程

Uppaal4.0:Small Tutorial? 16November2009 1Introduction This document is intended to be used by newcomers to Uppaal and veri?cation.Students or engineers with little background in formal methods should be able to use Uppaal for practical purposes after this tutorial. Section2describes Uppaal and Section3is the tutorial itself. 2Uppaal Uppaal is a tool box for validation(via graphical simulation)and veri?cation(via automatic model-checking)of real-time systems.It consists of two main parts:a graphical user interface and a model-checker engine.The user interface is implemented in Java and is executed on the users work station.Version4.0of Uppaal requires that the Java Runtime Environment5or higher is installed on the computer.The engine part is by default executed on the same computer as the user interface,but can also run on a more powerful server. The idea is to model a system using timed automata,simulate it and then verify properties on it.Timed automata are?nite state machines with time(clocks).A system consists of a network of processes that are composed of locations.Transitions between these locations de?ne how the system behaves.The simulation step consists of running the system interactively to check that it works as intended.Then we can ask the veri?er to check reachability properties,i.e.,if a certain state is reachable or not.This is called model-checking and it is basically an exhaustive search that covers all possible dynamic behaviours of the system. More precisely,the engine uses on-the-?y veri?cation combined with a symbolic technique re-ducing the veri?cation problem to that of solving simple constraint systems[YPD94,LPY95].The veri?er checks for simple invariants and reachability properties for e?ciency reasons.Other prop-erties may be checked by using testing automata[JLS96]or the decorated system with debugging information[LPY97]. 3Learning Uppaal Uppaal is based on timed automata,that is?nite state machine with clocks.The clocks are the way to handle time in Uppaal.Time is continuous and the clocks measure time progress.It is allowed to test the value of a clock or to reset it.Time will progress globally at the same pace for the whole system. A system in Uppaal is composed of concurrent processes,each of them modeled as an automa-ton.The automaton has a set of locations.Transitions are used to change location.To control when to take a transition(to“?re”it),it is possible to have a guard and a synchronization.A guard is a condition on the variables and the clocks saying when the transition is enabled.The synchronization mechanism in Uppaal is a hand-shaking synchronization:two processes take a ?This description covers version4.0.7

Java中的abstract方法和abstract类的问题

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子类只能继承它。 java允许实现多个接口。所以一个类可以实现多个接口 抽象类里面可以定义各种类型和访问权限的变量(就像普通类一样)，也可以定义各种访问权限的方法(就像普通类一样)。 但是接口不可以。在接口里面定义的方法默认就是public abstract的，变量默认就是public static final的。(不管你有没有加权限控制符，不加，默认就是这些权限；加错了，权限缩小了，那么就会报错) 其次，从意义上讲，如果继承一个抽象类，那么抽象类和它的子类就有父子关系，即有类的层次关系(这关系到类的设计问题)。 接口，在我看来，是一种契约或者协议，是一层提供给另一层的接口(可以想象成OSI各层之间的关系) 在某一层中有多个类协作实现这个层的功能，通过接口暴露出去。但这些类之间会有层次关系(is a,has a) Q:一个方法加abstract和不加abstract有什么区别？就是说不加有什么关系？加了又会怎样？ A:一方法要是加abstract，那么这个方法就是抽象的，须由子类去实现 抽象方法必须在抽象类当中，也就是说，一个类只要有一个方法是抽象的，那么这个类就必须是抽象类 抽象类里面的方法不一定要抽象的，也可以全都不是抽象的 抽象类不能实例化！ 所以可以想到，当你不想让你的类被别人实例化，只想这个类的子类可以实例化，那么只要将这个类声明为abstract的就可以了

学术论文写作的要点范文

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论文的Abstract写法

文摘要求 对于科技期刊的文章，论文的 abstract 主要由三部分组成，即：研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。 文摘只有写得正确，写的好，才能起到帮助读者了解原文的作用。因此必须对文献进行认真的主题分析， 找出文献的主题概念， 正确地组织好这些主题内容， 简明准确完整地写出文摘来。 文摘长度一般不超过 150 words 。少数情况下允许例外，视原始文献而定。在不遗漏主题概念的前提下，文摘应尽量简洁。 （一）.缩短文摘方法: 1.取消不必要的字句：如 ”t is reported here ”、 “new ”、 “ mainly ” 也尽量不要。 2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化; 3. 取消或减少背景信息（ Background Information ）; 4. 不说无用的话，如“本文所谈的有关研究工作是对过去老工艺的一个极大的改进” ， “本工作首次实现了 …” “经检索尚未发现与本文类似的文献”等词句切不可进入文摘; 5. 作者在文献中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘； 6. 文摘第一句应避免与题目（Title ）重复。 7. 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如： （二）.文体风格 1. 文摘叙述要完整，清楚，简明； 2. 尽量用短句子并避免句形单调； 3. 用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论； 如 “The structure of dislocation cores in GaP was investigated by weak-beam electron microscopy. The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partials with separations of 80 edge and screw cases respectively. The results show that... __________________________________ ” 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况下，要少用 of 句型。 例如： 用 Thick ness of plastic sheets was measured. 不用 Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made. 注意冠词用法，不要误用，滥用或随便省略冠词。 避免使用一长串形容词或名词来修饰名词，可以将这些词分成几个前置短语，用连字符连接名词 组，作为单位形容词（一个形容词） 。 如应用 The chlorine-containing propylene-based polymer of high meld index. 代替 The chlorine containing high melt index propylene based polymer. 尽量用主动语态代替被动语态； 尽量用简短、词义清楚并为人熟知的词; 10?慎用行话和俗语; " Exte nsive in vestigati ons show that 'The author discusses ” This paper concerned with …”；一些不必要的修饰词，如“ in detail ”、“ briefly ±10 and 40 ±10 A in the pure 能用名词做定语不要用动名词做定 语， 例如：用 measurement accuracy 用 experimental results 能用形容词做定语就不要用名词做定语。 不用 measuri ng accuracy 不用 experime nt results 例女口 用 measurement accuracy 不用 accuracy of measureme nt 用 camera curtain shutter 不用 curta in shutter of camera 用 equipment structure 不用 structure of equipme nt 5. 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词形式; 6 . 8. 9.

英文论文模板

A4 Paper Size Format for RFIT (Title in 18-point Times font) 1st Author1,2, 2nd Author2, 3rd Author1,2 (List authors on this line using 12 point Times font) 1Name of first affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country 2Name of second affiliation, City, State/Region, Mail/Zip Code, Country (authors' affiliation(s) listed here in 12 point Times font) Email: contact.author@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/289169012.html, Abstract — Use 9 point Times New Roman Bold font for the abstract. Set your line spacing to be 10 points rather than single space. Indent the first line by 0.125 inches and type the word "Abstract" in 9 point Times New Roman Bold Italic. This should be followed by two spaces, a long dash (option / shift / minus), two spaces, and then the first word of your abstract (as shown above). Please try to keep the length of your abstract to 100 words or less. Times font is an acceptable substitute for Times New Roman font. After the abstract, you should list a few key words from the IEEE approved “Index Terms” LIST that describe your paper. The index terms are used by automated IEEE search engines to quickly locate your paper. Typically, you should list about 5 to 7 key words, in alphabetical order, using 9 point Times New Roman Bold font. An example is shown next. Index Terms — Ceramics, coaxial resonators, delay filters, delay-lines, power amplifiers. I. I NTRODUCTION Please read through this entire template before you start using it to create your paper! This will save you and the RFIT Committee considerable time, and improve your chances for acceptance. The following information is provided to help you prepare the Initial Submission as well as the Final Paper for submission to RFIT. (Many authors submit the same paper for the initial as well as the final submission. This is a common practice. See item #4 below.) A contributor should remember that: 1) Deadlines are absolute, don't even ask! 2) Summaries may not exceed four pages, including all figures, tables, references, etc. Additionally, there is a size limit on the electronic version of all Summaries. In Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF), submissions may not exceed 1 Megabyte. 3) Acceptance rates have historically run at approx-imately 50%. There is not sufficient room within the Technical Program to accept all submissions. 4) Many submitters with previous experience realize that, if their submission is accepted, they will be required to submit a version of their Final Paper to be published in the Symposium Digest. As the Digest paper will be similar in length to the Summary, many contributors opt to prepare their Summary in the format required for the Digest. This template contains the instructions for the proper preparation of such a document. 5) Although not required, you are encouraged to employ this format. This document is being made available as a template for your convenience. If you elect not to use this template, please remember that you must still adhere to the general guidelines embodied in this document concerning, but not limited to, font size, margin size, page limits, file size, etc. (Note: Starting in 2004, Index Terms are required.) II. O VERVIEW OF THE D IGEST F ORMAT We are requesting that you follow these guidelines as closely as possible so that the Digest has a professional look and resembles the MTT Transactions. All paragraphs of text, including the abstract, figure captions, and refer-ences, should be justified at the left and the right edges. For the Title use 18-point Times (Roman) font. Its paragraph description should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacing before and 6-point spacing after (Format --> Paragraph --> Indents and Spacing). The font description for the Author List and Authors' Affiliation(s) should be 12-point Times. The paragraph descriptions should be set so that the line spacing is single with 6-point spacings before and after. Use an additional line spacing of 12 points before the beginning of the double column section, as shown above. III. D ETAILED T EXT F ORMATTING Using 210 x 297-mm (8.27 x 11.69-inch) A4 paper, the top and bottom margins are 31.75-mm (1.25 inches), and the left and right margins are 19-mm (0.75 inches). Except for Title, Authors and Affiliations, use a double column format. The column width is 83-mm (3.27 inches) and the column spacing is 5.8-mm (0.23 inch). Each major section begins with a Heading in 10 point Times font centered within the column and numbered using Roman numerals (except for A CKNOWLEDGEMENT and R EFERENCES), followed by a period, a single space, and the title using an initial capital letter for each word. The remaining letters are in SMALL CAPITALS. The paragraph description of the section heading line should be set for 18 points before, 6 points after, and the line spacing should be set to exactly 12 points.

语言学中的研究方法

第34卷第6期 唐山师范学院学报 2012年11月 Vol.34 No.6 Journal of Tangshan Teachers College Nov. 2012 ────────── 收稿日期：2012-03-25 作者简介：申丽红（1975-），女，河北邯郸人，博士研究生，讲师，研究方向为理论语言学及语言教学。 -24- 语言学中的研究方法 申丽红1,2 （1. 中国传媒大学 文学院，北京 100021；2. 河北联合大学 外国语学院，河北 唐山 063000） 摘 要：语言学作为社会科学和自然科学的交叉学科，近年来有了长足的发展。各家学者秉承不同的语言学理论，采用不同的研究方法对语言进行了多方位的研究。本文从语言学理论的不同发展阶段对语言学研究方法做一梳理。 关键词：语言学；定量研究；定性研究 中图分类号： H 0-05 文献标识码： A 文章编号：1009-9115(2012)06-0024-03 Some Research Methods of Linguistics SHEN Li-hong 1,2 (1. College of Liberal Arts, The Communication University of China, Beijing 100021, China; 2. College of Foreign Languages, Hebei United University, Tangshan 063000, China) Abstract: Linguistics, as a cross-discipline between natural and social science, has developed well in recent years. Different scholars did some researches on language with different theories and from different angles. A summary about the research methods of linguistics is made. Key Words: linguistics; quantitative research; qualitative research 语言是人类特有的宝贵财产，是人类社会生活的重要组成部分。随着社会发展，文明进步，人们开始从不同角度探索语言的奥秘，以揭示形形色色的言语背后所隐藏的规律，从而形成了林林总总的语言学流派和语言学理论。 任何一门学科的研究方法对于一门学科的发展都是至关重要的。在语言学发展的不同阶段，不同的语言学流派以不同的哲学基础建立起自己的理论框架后，因其学科发展的不同时期以及不同的研究目的而选用不同的研究方法来进行语言学相关研究。 一、语言学发展简史 西方的语言学研究自古希腊始，希腊著名的哲学家苏格拉底（Socrates, BC 470-BC 399），柏拉图（ Plato, BC 429-BC 347）和亚里士多德（Aristotle, BC 384- BC322）等通过对语言的辩论奠定了语言研究的哲学基础。此后语言学在西方历经中世纪、文艺复兴以及19世纪历史比较语言学的发展，随着一些人类学家、哲学家等相继加入语言学研究，语言学学科迅速发展。他们详细研究了语言的分类， 语言中的音变等，为现代语言学的诞生奠定了坚实的基础。 20世纪初，瑞士语言学家索绪尔提出的普通语言学理论使语言学真正成为了一门科学的学科。此后的布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派以及美国的结构主义学派基本上秉承了结构主义的衣钵，对语言的结构、音位等进行了详细的描写和切分。 20世纪50年代，乔姆斯基（Noam Chomsky ）提出了转换生成语法（Transformational-Generative Grammar ）。转换生成语法彻底颠覆了传统的结构主义语法，推动语言学研究进入当代语言学时期。乔姆斯基认为人类获得语言的过程无论采用“白板说”还是“刺激-反应”论都不足以说明问题，以此提出了“先天性假设”（innateness hypothesis ）。他认为人类的大脑先天被内置了一套“普遍语法”（universal grammar ）或“语言普遍现象”（linguistic universals ）。这种普遍语法在后天经验的触发下而形成各种各样的“个别语法”（particular grammar ）。语言学家的任务就是运用数学的运算原理，运用各种规则逐步推导以

Abstract Writing (论文摘要写作精简版)

Writing: Abstract WHAT IS AN ABSTRACT 1. The Definition of an Abstract 1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation; 2) the methods used; 3) the most important results; 4) conclusion or recommendation. 2. Features of Abstracts Brevity Accuracy Specificity Objectivity Informativeness Independency CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS 1.Indicative Abstracts https://www.sodocs.net/doc/289169012.html,rmative Abstracts https://www.sodocs.net/doc/289169012.html,rmative-indicative Abstracts 4.Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstracts FUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTS A Screening Device of Documents: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about. A Self-contained Text: We’ll know the information it contains, without seeing the article . A Helpful Preview: It "frames" the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come. To Facilitate Indexing: It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people. STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTRACTS 1. The Length of Abstracts 1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract. 2) Do not confuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comment or evaluation. 3) Give information only once. 4) Do not repeat the information given in the title. 5) Do not include any facts or ideas that are not in the text. 6) For informative abstracts, include enough data to support the conclusions. 7) If reference to procedure is essential, try to restrict it to identification of method or process. 8) State results, conclusions, or findings in clear concise fashion. 9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract) 2. Verbs and Tenses Used in Abstracts 1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather than passive verbs. 2) Present tense: background information, existing facts, what is in the paper and conclusion. 3) Past tense /present perfect tense: completed research, methodology or major activities results. 3. Words Used in Abstracts 1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words. 2) Synthesize or rephrase the information into clear, concise statements. 3) Avoid using jargon. 4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts 1) Use third person sentences. 2) Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure. 3) Use complete sentences. 4) The first sentence should present the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writer's focus should be presented in the second sentence. The balance of the article is a summary of the important points of each section, including methods, procedures, results and conclusions. 5) Good abstracts are sure to include a variety of pat phrases: a. Background Information (Research has shown... It has been proposed... Another proposed property... The search is on for... One of the promising new...) b. Statement of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify... The experiment was designed to determine...) e. Statement of Procedure (To investigate this .... A group of 10 specimens / subjects ... Measurements

TOPSIS方法研究讲解

TOPSIS分析方法研究 摘要 本文主要介绍了TOPSIS分析方法理论及其主要思想，运用数学理论，对其算法进行了详细的分析，并指出原始方法存在的优缺点；在此基础上提出了一种改进的TOPSIS分析方法，给出具体求权重的方法，突出其客观公正性.本文还分析了TOPSIS方法逆序产生的原因及其改进的方法，突出其实用性，推广其应用范围. 关键词TOPSIS法; 改进的TOPSIS; 权重；逆序

TOPSIS ANALYSIS METHOD ABSTRACT This paper describes a method of theory—TOPSIS, and its main idea. Using mathematical theory, its algorithm for a detailed analysis and noted the advantages and disadvantages of the original methods. On this base ,an improved TOPSIS method is given, and specific for weight, in order to highlight its objective impartiality. The paper also analyzes the causes of TOPSIS Reverse and its improved methods, highlight its practicality and the promotion of its use. Keywords TOPSIS method; Improved TOPSIS; weight; Reverse

英语 论文 Abstract

摘要的分类 1．陈述性摘要(descriptive abstract) 只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容 Sample 1 Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed. Sample 2 To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world. 2．资料性/信息性摘要(informative abstract) 除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果Sample 3 This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability. Sample 4 In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinese