英语专八人文知识英语国家概况趣味记忆

英语国家概况
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
英国的历史分四部分: 1.The Origins of a Nation 2.The Shaping of the Nation 3.Transition to the Mordern Age 4.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 1 取关键词Origins的字头O 2 取关键词Shaping的字头S 3 取关键词Mordern的字头M 4 取关键词Empire的字头E 连起来就是OSME=O+S+ME=O(哦),S(是)ME(我)! 接着每个部分的标题串在一起,用一句话来记忆.要好好记住每句话里所包括的每个字母代 表的是什么标题.可以看几遍这个情景对话,熟悉了之后可以不费吹灰之力就能记住整个英 国历史的线索.有了这条线,你再把主要的记忆点,象珠子一样地穿起来,这样回忆就非常容 易了.可谓既见树木,又见森林.一切尽在掌握. History of UK (---O.S.M.E---) 哦（O） ，是（S）我（ME） O: Early settlers -> Roman Britain -> Anglo-Saxons -> the Viking and Danish Invations -> the Norman Conquest O（哦） ：eravidan=era(时代)+vida(维达,女名)+n(诺曼征服) 句子： （老公看着一本英语国家概况在那里自言自语）哦，原来英国的新时代是伟大的维 达小姐实现诺曼征服之后开始的。 S: Norman Rule -> the Great Charter -> the Hundred Years' War with France -> the Blackdeath and the peasant uprising S(是)：ng（拼音：ng=嗯）+hb(hubby丈夫，的缩写)[N+G+H+B] 句子： （老婆在看电视，漫不经心地说）是的，嗯, 老公。 M: the English Reformation -> Elizabeth I -> the English Renaissance -> James I -> Charles I -> the Civil War -> the commonwealth -> the Glorius Revolution M(我): reelrejam cha cw cw revolution = re+el+re+jam+cha+cw+cw+revolution reel（卷轴）re（又）jam(果酱) cha(茶)cw+cw (与wc厕所相反)revolution(革命，旋转) 句子： （老公一边看书一边倒着果酱，突然果酱洒了）不好了，我（ME的第一个字母M） 的卷轴又洒满果酱了，赶快拿点茶去WC洗洗，啊？怎么两个WC都写反了(CW+CW)，快
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旋转回来！ E(我): Two parties (Whigs and Tories) -> Agricultural changes -> the Industrial Revolution -> the Chartist Movement -> Trade unions and the Labour Party -> Colonial Expansion -> in the two World Wars E：TAICHA TCW=T+A+I+CHA+T+C+W 句子： （老婆赶紧跑过来说） 我 （ME的第二个字母E） 的天啊， 这什么厕所呀， 简直太 （TAI） 差（CHA）了嘛，我踢（T）这个该死的CW！
Chapter 1 Land and People
第一部分：Different Names for Britain and its Parts 1. 选择题/ 简答题： The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2.选择题/ 简答题：
The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones. 不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain ：England, Scotland and Wales 3.简答题： Why do people tend to use "England" and "English" when they mean "Britain" and "British"? England is the largest, most populous and generally speaking the richest section. So people tend to use ―England‖ and ―English‖ when they mean ―Britain‖ and ―British‖. 4.名词解释： the Commonwealth of Nations 或 the British Commonwealth The Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special powers. 英联邦是一个由许多独立国家组成的自由组织，这些国家都是大不列颠国以前的殖民地，成员国都是出 于经济原因结合在一起的并有固定的贸易往来。英联邦没有什么特权。 (1931: British Empire was replaced by the British Common-wealth or the Commonwealth of Nations (1931: 二次世界大战削弱了英国，帝国虽大，依旧散矣。 。[1931])
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第二部分：Geographical Features 1.选择题/ 简答题： Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. 2. 选择题/ 简答题： Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and North Sea in the east. 3.名词解释/ 简答题： The English Channel between England and France is quite narrow and the narrowest part is called the Straits of Dover, which is only 33 km across. 非常狭窄的英吉利海峡位于英国和法国之间，最窄的部分只有33公里，叫做多佛海峡。 (这么狭窄的海峡，鸽子[Dove]扇扇 [33 km] 翅膀就飞过去了。) 4.名词解释：Chunnel Chunnel stands for channel and tunnel which was cut under the Straits of Dover. With it England and France join together by road. The ―Chunnel‖ was open to traffic in May 1994. ("Chunnel": 英吉利海峡隧道(铁路) May 1994 通车。 （英吉利海峡隧道通车的时候车上载了无数的五月 [May] 花，一[1]路瓢香，久久[99]不能消逝[4] 。 ） 5. 选择题/ 简答题： The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The east and southeast are mostly lowlands. (这种地理特点和我国基本一样，好记吧。西部北部高，东部东南低。) 6. 选择题/ 简答题： England: 130,000平方公里 （英格兰经常下雨，所以英格兰人经常站在雨伞[13]下东张西望[万] ，哈哈。
这样就记住了英格兰的面积了。 ）
The Pennines are the principal mountain chain. 奔宁山脉是主要的山系 The highest peak of England is Scafell , in the Lake District in north-west England. 英格兰的最高峰是Scafell, 位于英格兰西北部的大湖区。 (Pennines(奔宁山脉)是主要的山脉，英格兰最高峰Scafell(978m)在Lake District. (笨[奔宁] 啊，爬那么高，不怕[Scare]掉[fell]进湖[Lake District] 里去啊，喝酒[9]压惊，心里还是七上八下 [78]。) 7.识记要点： Ben Nevis (1343m), the highest mountain in Britain is located in Scotland. 位于苏格兰的本尼威斯山是大不列颠的最高山。 (书[苏格兰] 本[Ben]好高好大，像座山，拿[Ne] 在手里很费事[vis]，读的时候要一想[13]再想，使[4] 劲想 [3]) 8. 选择题/ 简答题： There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands , and the southern Uplands. 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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苏格兰从地理上被分为三部分：北部的高地，中部低地和南部高原。 9. 选择题： Snowdonia in the northwest is the highest mountain in Wales. The capital of Wales is Cardiff. 威尔士的最高的山是位于西北部的Snowdonia山脉，威尔士的首府是卡迪夫。 (Wales: 以pasture牧场为主，所以叫Wales，喂二食，就是喂草给两种动物吃，牛和羊。哈哈。
最高峰是Snowdonia (1085m)首府是Cardiff
(威尔士遍地牛羊，牧羊的时候是开着车[car]满地[di]乎乎[ff]乱跑，远处白茫茫的羊群，乍一看还以为下
雪[snow] 了,其实是逗你[donia]玩儿呢。看这么多的羊群，要有十[10]八[8]般武[5]艺才行啊。)
10. Northern Ireland: Belfast is the capital of Northern Ireland. 第三部分：Rivers and Lakes 1. Rivers in Britain do not freeze in winter. * East coast rivers: Tweed / Tyne / Tee / Thames (4 "T" 谐音：退堂提堂) West coast rivers: Clyde / Mersey / Severn (顺着西岸的河流直下，7[Severn] 个客人来到[Clyde]沙漠西部 [Mersey]) 2. The longest river is the Severn River which is only 338 km long 不列颠最长的河流是塞汾河，长338千米。 (7[Severn] 条河流里面最长的一条。河面上飘着两把雨伞，[33]一只叭[8]儿狗拼命游在雨伞的后面。) 3. The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River (336km). 大不列颠的第二大长河是泰吾士河，长336公里，也是最重要的河 (就因为比Severn少2米，所以排名第二。) 4. 识记要点： Oxford is also on the Thames. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland. 5. 选择题： The largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.
英国最大的湖，不过却在北爱尔兰。 （Lough Neagh 的缩写LN,多像爱尔兰的“LAN”啊）
6. 选择题/简答题： The Lake District is one of the popular tourist attractions in Britain. It is well known for its wild and beautiful scenery and 15 lakes. the Lake District and the Lake Poets：湖区是19世纪三个Lake诗人的故乡，William Wordsworth / Samuel Taylor Coleridge / Robert Southey (想象湖面上芦苇[William]随风摇摆，虾苗[Samuel]们在悠闲地啃着白色
的大萝卜[Rober] 。真是如诗如画啊。)
第四部分：Climate 1. 识记要点： Though it seems that people are always complaining about the weather in Britain because it is rainy and so changeable and unpredictable, the climate in Britain is in fact a favorable one. 2. 简答题： 请简要描述英国的气候状况。 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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It has a favourable maritime climate-winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. 3. 简答题： 影响英国气候的三个主要因素：[风水流（风水轮流转）] (1) The surrounding waters 大不列颠岛周围的海域 (2) The prevailing south-west winds 盛行的西南风 (3) The North Atlantic Drift 北大西洋暖流 4. 简答题： 英国气候有那些特点？为什么会有这些特点？ Since Britain‘s climate is of the maritime type, it is characterised by cool temperatures, frequent cloudy days and rainstorms. 5. 识记要点： Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. 6. 识记要点： The average annual rainfall in Britain: over 1000mm. 7. 识记要点： As a result of the rainfall distribution in Britain there is a water surplus in the north and west, and a water deficit in the south and east. 7. 识记要点： Most cities in Britain have introduced ―Clean air zones‖ , whereby factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel. 英国的很多城市都有―洁净空气区‖，在这些地区工厂和家庭只能燃烧无烟燃料。 第五部分 The People 1. 识记要点： 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural 2. 识记要点： There is a great concentration of population in England. 3. 选择题/简答题： The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 4. 选择题： The Celts came to Britain after 700 BC. Later they were conquered by the Romans. 5. 选择题/简答题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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The Germanic conquerors give England it‘s name ―Angle‖ land. 6. 选择题/ 简答题： It was from the union of Norman conquerors and the defeated Anglo-Saxons that the English people and English language were born. 正是由于诺曼征服者与被击败的盎格鲁—撒克逊人的结合，英国人和英语诞生了。 7. 识记要点： The English have many differences in regional speech. The chief division is between southern England and northern England. Generally speaking southerners speak the type of English closer to BBC English. 8. 名词解释：Cockney (伦敦东区人) A Cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells--the bells of the church of St. Mary LeBow in east London. 9. 选择题： Regional speech is usually "broader" in northern England than that of southern England. 10. 选择题： The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons. The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and proud of their past. 11. 选择题/ 简答题： Welsh is an ancient Celtic language. It was given equality with English for all official use in Wales in 1965. 12. 名词解释: Eisteddfodau 或 The National Eisteddfod （想象和谐音：威尔士人爱吃的食物 [Eisteddfod]是诗歌，音乐和唱歌。 ） The National Eisteddfod is the great event of the year in Welsh, on these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive. 此节日是威尔士人一年中重大的节日，在这些时候威尔士人会用威尔士语举行诗歌，音乐，唱歌的各种 比赛，以这种方式来保留威尔士语和威尔士文化。 13.选择题： Scots are pround that the English never conqured them. 14. 选择题： Many Scottish names begin with M‘, Mc or Mac, which means "son of" in Gealic, the old Celtic language of the Scots. 15. 识记要点/课后第十题答案： Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants (新教徒) were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics (天 主教徒) , who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. The British Government and Government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland.
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本章重点课后题： 1. What are the differences between Britain and the British Isles, Great Britain, England, the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth? -----The British Isles, Great Britain and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country, while the official name is the United Kingdom, but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. 3. Whereabouts in Great Britain are mostly highland and lowland? -----The north and west of Britain are mainly highland, while the east and south-east are mostly lowlands. 4. Dose Britain have a favourable climate? Why? -----Yes, it has a favourable climate. Because it has a maritime type of climate--winter is mild, not too cold, and summer is cool, not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature, too. 7. What are the three natural zones in Scotland? -----The three natural zones in Scotland are: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands and the southern Uplands. 8. What is the difference between the ancestors of the English and Scots, Welsh and Irish? -----The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000 BC—1066) 本章概要： (1) 最早的不列颠居民 (5000BC--55BC) (2) 罗马人的入侵 (55BC--410AD) (3) 盎格鲁· 撒克逊人的入侵 (446--871) (4) 丹麦人的入侵 (5) 1066 年的诺曼征服 第一部分：Early Settlers (from 5000BC—55BC) 1. 选择题： The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians (古代伊比利亚人). 伊比利亚人是人们所知道的最早的英国的定居者。 2.识记要点： At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland. These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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crouching positions in individual graves.
(beaker: 大口杯) [Key words: pottery making / bronze tools / hill
forts / custom of individual burial. ] (想象：2000 个人拿着大口杯，大口大口喝酒，喝醉了就冲到山上的堡
垒[fort] 使劲地用青铜砸烂了许多陶器，满山都是哐哐巨响。)
3. 简答题： The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gaels （盖尔人） ; the second wave were the Brythons （布立吞人） ; third wave were the Belgae（比利其人）, the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes. [想象：你打开（凯尔特）啤酒盖（盖尔人） ，把啤酒泼在一块巨大的布（布立吞人）上，这块布被（Bel）
一只鸡(gae)从中间飞过去穿了好大一个窟窿。]
4. 选择题： The Celts‘ religion was Druidism. （其实这个单词的谐音是“注意敌人” ，凯尔特人就是注意敌人才取得胜
利，凯旋而归。 ）
凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊教。 第二部分：Roman Britain (55BC—410AD) 1. 选择题/简答题： British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. 英国有记录的历史开始于罗马人的入侵。 2. Attention: 在记 Roman Britain 这部分内容时，可以和诺曼征服 (Norman Conquest)相结合来理解，这两个事件都在 英国历史上有划时代的意义， 英国有记录的历史开始于罗马人的入侵，而 1066 年的诺曼征服是英国历 史上最有影响的事件(The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history.) 3. 简答题： Julius Caesar, the great Roman general, invaded Britain for the first time in 55BC, partly to gather information about the island and partly to punish the Belgae who had helped their fellow tribesmen in their fight against the conquering Romans in Gaul （高卢）, the land that is now France. 伟大的罗马将军裘历斯恺撒，于公元前 55 年第一次入侵英国。部分原因是为了获取当时这个无名岛的信 息，部分原因是为了惩罚比利其人。在高卢，即现在的法国，比利其人帮助同部落人抵抗入侵的罗马人。 4. 选择题： The successful invasion did not take place until nearly a century later, in AD43, headed by the Emperor Claudius. (在一个多云的阴天里，[cloudy] Claudius 爬上了不列颠一个巨大的石山[43]，敲着锣[罗马]
大声宣布“我占领不列颠了！)
直到一个世纪之后的公元 43 年，克劳狄大帝终于成功地占领了不列颠。 5. 课后第二题： Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited? ----- For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation. But it was never a total occupation for two reasons. First, some parts of the country resisted 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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Secondly， Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of the Roman Empire. Thirdly, The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 6. 识记要点： Picts -- a tribe of Scotland，so called because of their ―painted faces‖. [pict=picture->painted face] 7. 选择题/简答题： The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. 8.Boadicea (or Boudicca): Queen of the Iceni of East Anglia, attempted to drive the Romans from Britain in AD61. She succeeded in destroying the capital of the Romans, Londinium, before being defeated. (谐音+想象：
卜 阿 姨 [Boadicea] 爱 稀 泥 [Iceni] ， 六 一 [AD61] 儿 童 节 那 天 ， 用 稀 泥 消 灭 了 几 千 头 罗 马 人 蓝 色 的 牛
[Londinium=London]) 9. the Hadrian‘s Wall and Antonine Wall: The Romans built two great walls to keep the Picts. One was Hadrian ‘s Wall running from Carlisle to Newcastle, the other was Antonine Wall linking the estuaries of the Forth and the Clyde. 第三部分：The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 1. 选择题/简答题： In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. (5 世纪中期，日尔曼的猪[Jutes] 吹着萨克斯[Saxons]扮成天使[Angles]入侵不列颠) 5 世纪中叶，朱特人，撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠，这是三支日耳曼部落。 2. 名词解释： The seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy. (Hepta=七。字头记忆： knee sw[i]m, I 象一顶皇冠，想象头戴 7 顶皇冠用膝
盖游泳)
这七个主要王国: 肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚,和诺森伯利亚被和称为七王国. 3. 识记要点： When the Northumbrians submitted to him and took him for their master in 829, Egbert actually became an overlord of all the English. (想象：几千个北方人[Nor] 竖起大拇指[thumb], 几千只叭儿狗[829]汪汪叫着，
突然，一个巨大的鸟蛋[Eg] 里飞出一只大鸟[bird->bert]，所有人欢呼，大王。overlord, overlord.[霸王])
----- Father of Great Britain: Egbert 4. 识记要点： The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. The names of Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from Teutonic gods.分别是战神，天神，风暴之神与和平之神。 5. 简答题： In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew‘s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. 公元 597 年,教皇格里高利一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的副院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰, 其使命是使异 教徒的英国人皈依基督教. 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 公元 579 年圣奥古斯丁成为坎特伯雷大主教. （这是书里的错误吧，我上网查过应该是 602 年。 ） 6. 课后第五题： What contributions did the early Anglo-Saxons make to the English state? ----- The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. They divided the country into shires; They devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system; They also established the manorial system; They created the Witan to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. ( Witan=council or meeting of the wisemen.) (县城里的农民全跑到庄园里开会了。) 第四部分：The Viking and Danish Invasions 1. 识记要点： The Danes gained control of the north and the east of England (―the Danelaw‖) 丹麦人控制了英格兰北部和西部（叫―丹麦法区） 。 2. 名词解释：Alfred the Great (Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖) 课后第七题： What do you know about king Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of "Alfred the Great"? ----- Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖ as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. He also reorganized the fyrd, the Saxon army, making it more efficient. A learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title ―Alfred the Great‖. 第五部分：The Norman Conquest 1. 识记要点： King Edward -- the Confessor 2. 课后第八题： Why did the William the Conqueror invade England after Edward‘s death? ----- It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, Duke of Normandy, but when Edward died, the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 3. 课后第九题： What were the consequences of the Norman Conquest? The Norman Conquest of 1066 is one of the best-known events in English history. It brought about many consequences. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 本章重点课后题： 2. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited? -----Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. The Romans built many towns, roads, temples and buildings. They made good use of Britain‘s natural resources. They also br ought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. However, although Britain became part of the Roman Empire, Roman influence upon Britain was very limited. The Romans treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. They never intermarried. The Roman had no influence on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 7. What do you know about king Alfred? What makes him worthy of the title of "Alfred the Great"? -----Alfred is known as ―the father of the British navy‖ as he founded a strong fleet which first beat the Danes at sea, then protected the coasts and encouraged trade. A learned man himself, he encouraged leaning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. This, as well as his admirable work with the army and the navy, makes him worthy of his title ―Alfred the Great‖.
Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation (1066--1381)
本章概要： 1. 诺曼王朝在英国的统治 -- 威廉一世的统治 -- 亨利二世的改革 2.《大宪章》运动（其意义和实质） 议会的开端 3. 英法百年战争 （圣女贞德） 4. 黑死病和 1381 年农民起义 -- 罗拉德派 -- 1381 年农民起义的意义 第一部分：Norman Rule (1066--1381) 1. 选择题： Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. 在威廉统治之下，英格兰的封建制度得到完全确立。 2.识记要点： At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs, unfree peasants who were little better than slaves. 在封建等级底层的是农奴----和奴隶差不多的没有自由的农民。 3.简答题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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威廉统治时期封建制度的特殊特征是什么？ ----- One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners, took the oath of allegiance for the land they held, not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king. 英国封建制度一个独有的特色就是所有的土地拥有者，都要为手中的土地，不仅要宣誓效忠于直接领主， 而且要效忠于国王。 4. 选择题： William replaced the Witan, the council of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, with the Grand Council. 5. 简答题： Why did William send his clerks to compile the property record known as the Domesday Book? 威廉为什么派他的官员汇总了《末日审判书》？ ----- In order to have a reliable record of all his lands, his tenants and their possessions and to discover how much they could be called upon to pay by way of taxes, William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book. 为了可靠地记录所有的土地，佃户和他们的财产并查明他们能交多少税，威廉派官员写了一本财产清册， 称为《末日审判书》 。 6. 简答题： Why was the property record known as the Domesday Book under the rule of William? 这个财产记录为什么被称为《末日审判书》？ ----- The property record was known as Domesday Book because it seemed to the English not unlike the Book of Doom to be used by the greatest feudal lord of all on Judgment Day. 这本财产清册之所以叫做《末日审判书》是因为对英国人来说这本土地清册无疑就是最后审判日那天上 帝所用的《末日书》 。 7. 名词解释：Domesday Book 8. 简答题： What do you know about William‘s policy to the church? 威廉对教会的政策是什么？ ----- William‘s policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his control, but at the same time to uphold its power. 威廉对教会的政策是完全控制的同时，赞成它拥有权利。 9. 选择题/简答题： William II, known as William Rufus because of his red complexion 。 威廉二世因其红润的面色而被称为―红脸威廉‖。 10. 选择题： Henry, founder of the Angevin dynasty, usually known as the Plantagenet dynasty, became king (Henry II) and went on to rule for 35 years. 11. 选择题/简答题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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Henry II was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. 亨利二世是金雀花王朝的第一位国王。 12. 课后第三题： How did King Henry II reform the courts and the law? (亨利二世六一儿童节陪婶婶上教堂。六：六个巡回审判区/一：一部普通法/陪审团/教堂：改革教会滥用
职权的问题。)
-----1.Henry II greatly strengthened the king’s Court and extended its judicial work, He divided the country into six circuits (a circuit is a county consisting of several towns ) and appointed itinerant justices (traveling judges) to each of them. 亨利二世极大地加强了国王法庭的权利，并扩大其司法工作。他还把国家分为六个巡回审判区，并任命 巡回法官。 2.In Henry II‘s reign a common law was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor. 亨利二世统治时期逐步建立起来了一部普通法，代替了原来庄园的一些惯例。 3.In Henry‘s day the jury system was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trails by battle. 亨利二世统治时期陪审团制度最终取代了古老的英格兰的神明裁判法（用水或火进行）和古诺曼的靠战 争决定的裁判法。 4.As part of his legal reforms, Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king‘s courts instead of in the Bishop‘s courts. 作为法律改革的一部分，亨利二世想要改革存在于教会中的一些滥用职权的问题，要求所有被指控犯有 刑事罪的神职人员必须在国王法庭受审而不是在教会法庭受审 13. 简答题： What caused the quarrel between King Henry and Thomas Becket? 是什么引起亨利二世和班克特之间冲突的？ -----It was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. 正是由于神职人员所享有的这些特权致使亨利国王卷入了与坎特伯雷大主教托马斯班克特之间的冲突。 14. 简答题： Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet, his best known work is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket‘s tomb. 乔叟是一位英国诗人，他最著名的代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》 ，该书描写的是一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷祭 拜托马斯班别特墓地的事情。 15.选择题/简答题： Becket‘s martyrdom has been the subject of several dramas, by far the most noteworthy of which is T.S.Eliot‘s Murder in the Cathedral (1935) 班别特的殉教的悲剧已被作为许多戏剧的主题，到现在为止最值得一提的是艾略特的《教堂谋杀案》 。 第二部分：The Great Charter and the Beginning of Parliament 1. 识记要点： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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The baron‘s charter, or Magna Carta as it came to be known, was presented by a delegation of their class t o the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215.（记 1215：一[1]只天鹅[2] 在一[1]本大宪章上翩翩起舞[5] 。 ） 1215 年夏天，贵族代表团把他们的宪章—就是后来众所周知的大宪章递交给了国王和他的顾问们。 2. 论述题： （非重点） What were the contents of the Great Charter? -----Magna Carta had altogether 63 clauses, of which the most important matters were these: No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived of his property except by the law of the land; the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges, and there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；教会拥有权利 和选举自由；伦敦和其他城市应保留其古老的权利和特权；全国应统一度量衡。 3. 论述题： （重点） What was the significance of Magna Carta? ----- Magna Carta was regarded as the foundation of English liberties, it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king. 大宪章被认为是英国自由的基础，它陈述的是国王和贵族之间的封建关系和法律关系，保证了教会的自 由，限制了国王的权利。 3. 简答题：(重点) What do you know about the spirit of the Magna Carta? -----The spirit of Magna Carta was the limitation of the powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land. 大宪章的实质是限制王权，置王权于封建法律约束下。 Henry III：Son of King John. Simon de Montfort: The barons, under Simon de Montfort, Henry III‘s brother-in-law, rebelled. They forced the king and his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of Oxford. Provisions of Oxford: The two main clauses of the Provisions of Oxford: Henry should appoint a new Grand Council of 24 members, half of whom were to be nominated by the barons themselves; and the King should have a permanent body of 15 nobles and bishops to advise him, without whose authority the king could not act. The Lords and the Commons: In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council to meet at Westminster. Each county was asked to send two knights and each town to send two representatives to the Great Council. The Great Council developed later into the Lords and the Common known as a parliament. 4. 选择题： Under Edward I, Henry III‘s son, Wales was conquered and came under the English Crown. 在亨利三世的儿子爱德华一世的统治下，征服了威尔士。 5. 简答题： Edward I presented his new-born son to the Welsh people as Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.
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第三部分：The Hundred Years’ War with France 1. 名词解释： Joan of Arc ----- Joan of Arc was a naitonal heroine of France during th e Hundred Years‘ War. She successfully led the French to drive the English out of France. 2.选择题： By 1453 Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. Causes of the war: The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. P36 The battle of Argencourt: Henry V won the victory and was recognized to the French throne in 1420. Consequences of the war: The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries; had they remained, the superior size and the wealth of France would have hindered the development of a separate English national identity, while French national identity was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 第四部分：The Black Death and the Peasant Uprising 1. 名词解释：Black Death ----- Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic diseases spread by rat fleas. It spread Europe in the 14th century, particularly in 1347—1350. It had reduced England‘s population from four million to two million by the end of the 14th century. 黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病。14 世纪传播到欧洲，1347—1350 年疫 情尤为严重。英国的人口在 14 世纪末从 400 万锐减至 200 万。 2. 简答题： The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague, much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labor. 黑死病对经济造成了很深远的影响，鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。 3. 选择题： In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 4. 名词解释：The Lollards The Lollards refers to the poor priests and itinerant preachers who were John Wyclif‘s followers, who went about preaching the equality of men before God, the most famous one being John Ball. 罗拉德派是指那些穷牧师和巡回布道者，他们都是约翰威克里夫的信徒，他们四处讲道，宣扬上帝面前 人人平等，其中最著名的是约翰布尔。 5. 简答题： What was the significance of the Peasant Uprising of 1381? ----- Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381 was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. The uprising dealt a telling blow to villeinage, and a whole new class of yeomen farmers emerged, paving the way for the development of capitalism. 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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本章重点课后题： 3. How did King Henry II reform the courts and the law? ----- Henry II greatly strengthened the king‘s Court and extended its judicial work, He divided the country into six circuits (a circuit is a county consisting of several towns ) and appointed itinerant justices (traveling judges) to each of them. In Henry II‘s reign a common law was gradually established in place of the customs of the manor. In Henry‘s day the jury system was at last replacing old English ordeals by fire and water and old Norman trails by battle. As part of his legal reforms, Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in Church government, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the king‘s courts instead of in the Bishop‘s courts. Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age (1455—1688) 本章概要： 1. 玫瑰战争（1455--1485） --- 名词解释：The Wars of Roses --- 战争的本质 --- 战争的结果 2. 亨利八世和宗教改革 3. 伊丽莎白一世的宗教与海外贸易 4. 英国的文艺复兴 --- 名词解释：The English Renaissance --- 文艺复兴的特点 --- 代表人物 5. 查理一世和议会之间的斗争 --- 名词解释：the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 --- the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 的结果 6. 内战 --- 内战爆发的原因 --- 内战爆发的结果 7. 光荣革命 --- 光荣革命爆发的原因 --- 光荣革命爆发的结果 第一部分：Transition to the Modern Age（1455—1485） 1. 名词解释：The Wars of Roses ----- The Wars of Roses refer to these battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white. They were the two branches of the Plantagenet family. 玫瑰战争指由红玫瑰代表的兰开斯特家族与白玫瑰象征的约克家族之间的战争 ,它们是金雀花王朝的两 个大的家族. （金雀花开两枝，地[land->Lancaster]上红，月[York] 上白， 疑似[14]号角呜呜[55]吹，征
战已有 30 年。 ）
2. 论述题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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玫瑰战争的结果： Although the War of the Roses were waged intermittently for thirty years, ordinary people were little affected and went about their business as usual. From these wars feudalism received its death blow. No less than 80 nobles of royal blood were killed in the wars. The great medieval nobility was much weakened and discredited. The king’s power now became supreme. 尽管玫瑰战争持续了三十年,但普通民众所受影响甚微,他们照常从事各自营生.但封建制度却受到了至命 打击.不少于 80 名皇室血统的贵族阵亡,中世纪贵族势力大大削弱.国王的权利至高无上. 3. 选择题： 都铎王朝（Tudor）的第一个国王是亨利七世(Henry VII)。 第二部分：The English Reformation 1. 识记重点： Henry VIII, son of Henry VII, is usually remembered as the English king who had six wives one after another. 人们对亨利八世记忆最深的是他先后有六个妻子。 2. 简答题： Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the Church. There were 3 main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money. 最重要的是亨利八世负责进行教会的宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要方面：改革教会的渴望；人们痛恨 教职人员的威望和财富；亨利需要钱。 3. 选择题： The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. 改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。 4. 简答题： Henry VIII dissolved all of England‘s monasteries and nunneries because they were much more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings 亨利八世解散了英国所有的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。 5. 选择题： Henry VIII was followed by his children Edward VI, Mary Tudor, and Elizabeth I. Real religious change came in his son Edward‘s time. 6. 简答题： Why was Mary Tudor called ―bloody Mary‖? 为什么玛利都铎被称为―血腥玛利‖？ ----- Because during the time at her reign, many people were persecuted for their Protestant religious views, At lest 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics, So people call her ―Bloody Mary‖ 因为在她的统治时期许多人因新教观点被处死，至少有 300 名新教教徒被当作异教徒烧死。 7. 选择题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 (亨利八世后面跟着一只眼睛“EYE”, E=Edward VI; Y=Mary; E=Elizaberth I)
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Mary is also remembered as the monarch who lost the French port of Calais, the last British possession on the Continent. 人们记住玛利还因为她是丢失法国港口加莱的君主，加莱本是英国在欧洲大陆的最后属地。 8. 识记要点： The reign of Elizabeth I, a Protestant Queen, was greeted with relief and a high tide of nationalism. England has been Protestant ever since. 伊利莎白一世是信奉新教的女王，她的统治因宗教缓解和高涨的民族主义浪潮而受欢迎。从此，英国一 直是新教国家。 第三部分：Elizabeth I (1558--1603) 1. 选择题： Elizabeth was 25 when she came to the throne. She reigned England, Wales and Ireland for 45 years. Elizabeth‘s reign was a time of confident English nationalism and of great achievements in literature and other arts, in exploration and in battle. 2. 简答题： Why does Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament? 为什么伊丽莎白能够与议会很好的合作？ ----- Generally speaking, Elizabeth was able to work with Parliament. This was because the Puritans in the House of Commons were still loyal to the Queen; besides, Elizabeth avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court. 总的来说，伊丽莎白能与议会合作，这是因为下议院中的清教徒仍忠于女王；此外伊丽莎白在皇宫内厉 行节约避免向议会要钱。 3. 选择题/简答题： Elizabeth‘s religious reform was a compromise of views. 伊丽莎白的宗教改革是各种观点的妥协。 Elizabeth‘s religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics. 伊丽莎白的宗教和解定位既不被极端的新教徒所接受，也不被虔诚的天主教徒所接受。 4. 选择题： The defeat of the Spanish Aramada the following year (1588) put an end to Catholic conspiracies against Elizabeth. 1588 年，西班牙无敌舰队的大败彻底结束了针对伊丽莎白的天主教阴谋活动。 5. 选择题： The destruction of the Spanish Armada showed England‘s superiority as a naval power. 西班牙无敌舰队的灭亡表明英国海上强国的优势。 6. 选择题： 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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King James VI of Scotland was also James I of England, where he was the first of the Stuarts to take the throne. 苏格兰国王詹姆斯六世，也是英国国王詹姆斯一世，他是英国斯图亚特王朝的首位君主。 第四部分：The English Renaissance 1. 名词解释：the Renaissance ----- Renaissance was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. The word is from French, meaning ―rebirth‖. Renaissance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change. 文艺复兴是欧洲历史上古典文学和艺术形式的重新兴起。 此词出自法语，意为―重生‖。文艺复兴处于中 世纪向现代的过渡时期，文艺复兴时期是取得重大成就和变化的时期。 2. 选择题： The Renaissance began in northern Italy in the early 14th century, and was typified by the universal genius of Leonardo Da Vinci. 文艺复兴始于 14 世纪初的意大利北部，代表人物是全才莱奥纳多· 达芬奇。 3. 简答题： In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485. 英国的文艺复兴通常被认为开始于 1485 年都铎家族的继位。 4. 简答题： The English Renaissance had 5 characteristics: (1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics. (2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe. (3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating foreign influences without being subjected by them. (4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than philosophical and scholarly. (5) The Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England. 5. 选择题/简答题： The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its finest exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare. （莎士比亚的课 [Christopher]本[Ben Jonson] ） 6. 选择题： Marlowe greatly influenced the early works of Shakespeare. (马和骆驼走在沙漠上，对沙的影响当然大了) 马洛对莎士比亚早期的作品影响很大。 7. 名词解释：William Shakespeare ----- William Shakespeare, a dramatist and poet, is generally regarded as the greatest writer in the English 爱思英语学习网 爱思英语 - 中国最受欢迎的英语学习网站 -
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language. He wrote 37 plays, including the following: (1) Historical Plays; (2) Comedies; (3) Tragedies. 第五部分：James I (1603—1625) and the Parliament 1. 简答题： Why did the Puritans increasingly suspect James I of being a secret Catholic? 为什么清教徒们怀疑詹姆斯一世是秘密天主教徒？ ----- The Puritans increasingly suspected James of being a secret Catholic because of his pro-Spanish foreign policy and his son‘s Spanish marriage alliance. 由于国王的亲西班牙外交政策以及他儿子与西班牙的联姻，他们越来越怀疑他是秘密天主教徒。 2. 名词解释：the Gunpowder Plot of 1605
（天主教的一流动物[1605]发动了火药阴谋案）
----- The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic conspiracies. On November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houses of Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars. 3. The results of the Gunpowder Plot of 1605: ----- The immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his fellow-conspirators and the imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The long-term result has been an annual celebration on November 5, when a bonfire is lit to burn a guy and a firework display is arranged. 4. 选择题： A new translation of the Bible into English , known thereafter as the King James or Authorized Version was published in 1611 5. 选择题/简答题： In 1620 a small group of these Puritans, numbering 201, called the Pilgrim Fathers, sailed from Plymouth in the Mayflower, and founded New Plymouth in America, Britain‘s first settlement in the New World.
（201 个英国人装在一朵有一艘船那么大的五月花里，一溜[16]烟钻进了美国的天鹅洞[20]。 ）
第六部分：Charles I and the Parliament (此部分内容没有被列入考核目标，见书后附录“考试大纲”P16。 最好还是看看) 第七部分：The Civil Wars 1. 简答题： How did the Civil War break out? （记 1642：一[1]棵柳[6]树下四[4] 只小鹅[2]为了火腿[ham]发动了内战） ----- It was very reluctantly that the Parliament concluded that the only way it could impress its views on such a king would be to defeat him in a battle, and then impose legal conditions upon him before allowing him to reign again. This idea was important until 1645. On August 22, 1642 in a field near Nottingham King Charles raised his standard beneath a glowering sky, and bade all his supporters to join him. Thus the First Civil War began. 2. 选择题： The King‘s men were called Cavaliers, and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads because of their short haircuts.
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