英语：定语从句教学案

定语从句
I 概念
定语从句通常是指用来修饰或限制某一名词或代词的从句，其作用相当于形容词。
1.先行词：被定语从句所修饰和限制的名词或代词称之为先行词。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的词。
关系词 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but, than
关系副词 when, where, why
解题思路：找先行词，看先行词在定语从句中充当何种成分，然后确定用何种关系词。
He still lives in the house ______is in the north of the city.
He still lives in the house ______window faces to the south.
He still lives in the house ____there is a piece of furniture.
(先行词the house分别在定语从句中作主语、定语、地点状语。因此分别用which/that; whose; where.)
I’ll never forget the days ______we spent together.
I’ll never forget the days ______we stayed together.
(先行词the days分别在定语从句中作宾语、时间状语。因此分别用which/that; in which/ when.)
The reason ______he gave us was reasonable.
The reason ______he didn’t attend the meeting was that he was ill.
(先行词the reason分别在定语从句中作宾语、原因状语。因此分别用which/that; why.)
This is the only way ______you can find.
I didn’t like the way _____he spoke to his mother.
(先行词the way分别在定语从句中作宾语、方式状语。因此分别用that或省略；in which/that或省略)
那么该如何确定关系词呢？首先看在限制性定语从句中：
一 当先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语/宾补时：

主语 宾语 表语/宾补
人 who; that who; whom; that; / that
物 which, that which; that; /
人和物 that that; /

1) The lady who/that came to our class is from Australia.
2) I visited the country which/that had been bombed by the US-led NATO a month before.
3) He is the person (who/whom/that) I met in the park yesterday.
4) I’ll never forget the years (which/that) I spent with my cousin in Australia?
5) Watch the girl and her dog that are crossing the street.
6) We liked the farmers and their farm (that) we visited yesterday.
7) He is not the man that he used to be.
8) Hong Kong isn’t the city that it used to be.
9) I’m not the fool that you thought me.
注意：
1.先行词指人，在定语从句中作主语时，一般用who或that都可以。但在下列情况下，通常用who，而不用that。
1) 当先行词是people, those, one/ones, anyone/anybody等时
People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.
Those who were either fools or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth.
Anyone/Anybody who breaks the rules is punished.
One who doesn’t work hard will never be happy.
2) He who……用于谚语、格言中
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man不到长城非好汉
He who plays with fire gets burnt.玩火者必自焚
He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.不犯错误的人一事无成

He laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好.
He who hesitates is lost.当断不断,必受其乱
3) 在非限制性定语从句中
Charlie Chaplin, who died in 1977, is considered one of the greatest and funniest actors in the history of the cinema.
4) 在分隔定语从句中
A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German.
教你们德语的老师明天来
5) 一个句子带有两个定语从句，一个用who，另一个用that.
The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard.
在会上受到表扬的那个学生是班长，他谦虚好学
2.在下列情况下,通常用that,而不用who
1) 先行词前面有the first, the last, the only或the same等所修饰时
She is the last man (that) I want to see.
她是我最不愿意见到的人
She is the only person that understands me.
She is the same teacher that was praised the other day.
2) 主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时
Who that has common sense will do such a thing?
Which one of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
3.先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，一般用which或that都可以。
但在下列情况下, 通常用that，而不用which.。
1).先行词被形容词最高级或者序数词所修饰时，通常用that
This is the best article that has been written on the subject.
This is the first composition (that) I have written in English.
2).当先行词是all, any, anything, nothing, everything, much, little 等时，通常用that
I have done all (that) you told me to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
This book contains much/little that is useful.
3).当先行词被all, any, the very, the only, the last 等修饰时，通常用that.
All the books that have been selected are useful ones.
Is there any question that troubles you much?
Corn was not the only food that was taken to Europe.
4).主句是which开头的特殊疑问句时，通常用that.
Which of the books that you have read is the most instructive?
4.在下列情况下，通常用which，而不用that.
1) 介词的宾语
He paid the boy 10 dollars for washing ten windows, most of which had not been cleaned for years.
2) 在非限制性定语从句中，代表前面的名词或整个句子
One of the Charlie Chaplin’s most famous films was “The Gold Rush”, which was made in 1925.
Carol said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
5.当先行词在定语从句中作主语时，关系代词通常不能省略。但是，当定语从句是there be 结构时，可以省略。
We must make full use of the time (that) there is left to us and do as much as I can for the people.
我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事
This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanjing.
这是到南京的最快的一班

车
6.注意下列两种句式的定语从句：
1) It is (high/about) time (that)…过去式
2) It/This/That is/will be the first/second/third…time (that)… 从句的时态用现在完成时
It/This/That was the first/second/third…time (that)… 从句的时态用过去完成时
It is time we went to bed
It is the first time that he has come to meet me at the station.
It will be the second time that I have been there.
It was the first time that he had passed the examination in English.
7.注意避免出现以下几种情况：
1) The storybook (which/that) I have just read it cannot be easily forgotten.
定语从句中不可使用与关系词意义相重复的词。应删除it，因为it与关系代词which/that在意义相重复。
2) Her two daughters who are studying in Beijing.
缺少谓语动词，应去掉who，改为Her two daughters are studying in Beijing.
3) Prices of daily goods are bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.
两个谓语动词，缺少连接词。改为Prices of daily goods (which are) bought through a computer can be lower than store prices.
4) Is this museum they visited last week?
缺少表语，加上the one 使句子成立。改为Is this museum the one they visited last week? /Is this the museum they visited last week?
5) We all like Harry because he is a man whom everybody thinks is pleasant to get along with.
将whom改为who. everybody thinks是插入语。
He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.
二 当先行词在定语从句中作定语时：
指人 whose of whom
指物 of which

1) They study in a classroom whose windows (the windows of which/of which the windows) are broken
2) Do you know the man whose house (the house of whom/of whom the house) was burned down?
2. “介词+whose+宾语” 引导的定语从句。
1) The boss in whose department Mr. King worked called at the hospital.
2) The engineer, from whose doctor we know all the truth, was put in a women’s room.
3) The doctor, with whose help the sick child was saved, is very kind to her patients.
3 在下列情况下，只能用of whom, of which. 而不用whose引导定语从句。
1).定语从句的主语是some, most, many, few, much, little等时.
About 200 people, many of whom were Europeans, worked on the project.
Those foreign engineers, most of whom have never been to China before, are enjoying their work here.
They gave me much ink, little of which is red.
2).定语从句的主语是all, none, both, neither, each等时
She has two sons, both of whom are PLA men.
He gave us many books, none of which was interesting.
3).定语从句的主语是数词时
In Barcelona the Chinese team got 16 gold medals, 12 of which/of which 12 were won by women.
There are forty-five students in our class, two thirds of whom are girls.
4).在定语从句中作表语的定语时
Look! There come a lot of students, of whom Lucy is one.
The sto

ries about the Long March, of which this is one example, are well written.
三 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时：
状语 时间状语 When
地点状语 Where
原因状语 Why
方式状语 in which; that; /
1). My girl friend told me the day on which /when she was born.
2) The bookstore in which/where his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing.
3). The reason for which /why I’m writing to you is to tell you about a party on Saturday.
4). I don’t like the way (in which / that) you speak to her.
注意：
1.when/where=at/in/on which等 why=for which.
2.原因状语其先行词通常是reason，方式状语其先行词通常是way
3.当先行词是situation, point, case, conditions等相当于under which, in which等。表示“在什么情况下，从……中”。
He has got himself into a dangerous situation where he has no control.
The newly-married couple quarreled so much that they reached the point where they had to separate from each other. 这对新婚夫妇吵架吵得这么凶，以至于到了不得不分手的地步
we had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy. 我们必须面对压力很大的情况
四 as的用法:
1.引导限制性定语从句
当先行词被the same, such, so, as所修饰时，关系代词通常用as
1). You have the same opinion as I have.
2). He’s such a funny sort of person as I don’t understand at all
3). Here is so heavy a stone as no one can remove.
4). You will see as many children as come 你将见到所有到来的孩子们
比较：
That is the same bike as I lost.那辆自行车和我丢失的一模一样 (the same…as …泛指同一类)
That is the same bike that I lost.那就是我丢失的那辆自行车 (the same…that…特指同一个)
2.引导非限制性定语从句
as引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，在句子中充当主语或者宾语。可以位于句首、句末或者句中。
As was usual with him, he went out for a walk after dinner. 他又像往常一样，吃完晚饭后出去散步了
He was late for school, as is often the case. 他上学迟到了，这一点对他来说是常有的事
The Beatles, as many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.
你们这样年纪的人大多还记得披头士乐队吧，他们都是利物浦人
3.as和which的区别
as与which引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念时,意思是“这一点”。常常可以通用。
This elephant is like a snake, as/which anybody can see.
但是:
1).as引导非限制性定语从句，代表整个句子的概念，可以位于句首、句末或者句中。而which引导非限制性定语从句只能位于句末。
As is known to us everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
= The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to us everybody.
= The moon, as is known to us everybody, travels round the earth once every month.
2) as引导的非限

制性定语从句，除了具有which的功能外，还多了一层含义：“正如……所（期待/预料/想象/猜测/知道/……）的那样”。
Cyprus, as you know, is an island in the Mediterranean.
He was punished, as I had expected.
3) 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as；反之用which.
She has married again, as was expected.
She has married again, which was unexpected.
4) 定语从句是主谓宾补结构或是否定句时，用which而不用as.
Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy.
Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.
Mr. Smith usually praises his student Rose in public, which she doesn’t like at all.

五 but的用法:
but作关系代词引导定语从句时,用于否定词语之后,相当于who do/does not或that do/does not意思是 “无人/事物不……”.
There is no man but feels pity for starving children.
= There is no man who does not feel pity for starving children 没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的孩子
There is not one of us but wishes to help you.
= There is not one of us that does not wish to help you. 我们没有一个人不想帮助你
六 than的用法:
than作为关系代词，引导的一个带有比较意义的定语从句。
其先行词是more或者more所修饰的词。在从句中做主语、宾语。
Yesterday he ate more than was good for him. 昨天他吃的太多了，对健康没好处。
You spent more money than was intended to be spent. 你花的钱超出了原来的打算
II 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句通常和主句之间用逗号隔开。
主语 指人 who
指物 which
宾语 指人 whom
指物 which
定语 whose
状语 时间状语 when
地点状语 where
Einstein, who cared little for money, made great contributions to modern physics.
The young musician, whom you often talk about, will go abroad for further study.
The museum, which we visited last week, is newly built.
His grandfather was born in 1937, when the Anti-Japanese War broke out.
Galileo lived in the city of Pisa, where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high.
注意:
1. that; why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
先行词在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时，不能省略。指人用whom，指物用which.。
2.限制性定语从句是主句不可缺少的一部分，不用逗号隔开，翻译成 “ ……的”.而非限制性定语从句是对主句的补充说明，常用逗号隔开，翻译成两个简单句。
比较：
Her brother who is a teacher is strict with her.
她那位当老师的哥哥对她要求严格（不止一个哥哥）
Her brother, who is a teacher, is strict with her.
她哥哥是一位老师，对她要求严格（只有一个哥哥）
The journalists who reached Beijing yesterday have already started to work.
昨天到达北京的那些记者们已经开始工作了
（暗示还有更早到达或尚未到达

的记者们）
The journalists, who reached Beijing yesterday, have already started to work.
那些记者们已经开始工作了，他们是昨天到达北京的
3.当先行词是人名、地名等专有名词时，或当先行词是世界上独一无二的事物时，一般用非限制性定语从句。
Abraham Lincoln, who led the United States through these years, was shot on April 14,1865 at a theatre in Washington D. C.
His father, who is a drug-taker, is very weak.
I have been to Mount Everest, which is the highest mountain in the world.
The earth, which we live on, is round.
4.破折号后面和括号里面的定语从句看作是非限制性定语从句
The government----which promised to cut taxes----will be popular.
这个政府将会得人心,它保证要减税
The house (for which he really paid too much money) stands in a large garden.
那房子座落在一个大花园里,那房子他确实买贵了
III 介词+关系词
介词+ whom(人)
which (物)
1这一结构用什么关系词取决于先行词的指代.指人用whom,指物用which..注意不能用who或that,也不能省略.用什么介词取决于定语从句中谓语动词结构及“介词+whom/which”在句中的作用.
He is the man for whom my sister bought a gift. (先行词指人,用whom, 谓语动词是buy sth. for sb.这一习惯搭配.故用for whom)
The two things of/about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.
(先行词指物，用which. 谓语动词是be sure of /about这一习惯搭配.故用of/about which)
2.这一结构中的介词的位置比较灵活.但是“动词+介词”构成的短语动词一般不拆开.
The person (who/whom/that) you should write to is Mr. Ball.
=The person to whom you should write is Mr. Ball.
Nearby were two canoes (which /that) they had come to the island in.
=Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.
The babies (who/whom/that) the nurses are looking after are very healthy.
Is this the book (which/that) she was looking for?
3.where 和when有时用作关系代词相当于which point/place和which time用来充当定语从句中介词的宾语
His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows, from where he could see nothing but trees.
He stood near the north window, from where she could see the whole garden.
I met him ten years ago, since when I haven’t seen anything of him.
4.介词+which+宾语
In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., by which time many people have gone home.
(by which time即by after 5:30 p.m.“到五点三十分以后”)
Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance, in which case I would but stand there.
Water boils at 100C,at which temperature it changes to gas
Jane spent four years in college, during which time she studied medicine.
Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, for which reason he could hardly recognized her at first sight.
I called her by the wrong name,

for which mistake I apologize.
5.“短语介词+which”的结构.
They arrived at a house, in front of which sat a small boy.
Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate with each other.
He was found disappointed at his failure, because of which he was criticized.
四.分隔定语从句
一般说来，定语从句是紧跟在先行词后面作先行词的定语，但有时出于平衡句子结构或强调某个成份的需要而将定语从句与先行词分隔开来。这样的从句称为分隔定语从句。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. (被状语分隔)
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
But the Southern states wanted to set up a country of their own, where they would be free to keep black slaves. (被定语分隔)
What have I said that makes you so angry? 我说了什么，把你气成这个样子？
The days are gone when we used foreign oil. (被谓语分隔)
The film brought the hours back to me when I was taken good care of in that far-away village. (被宾语分隔)
But his enemies, the slave owners in the south and the bankers in big cities, who had grown rich on the work of slaves, could not let Lincoln continue his work. (被同位语分隔)
五.定语从句中的主谓一致
(1).先行词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数以及其形式取决于先行词。
A biologist is a person who has a great knowledge of biology.
I, who am your friend, will try my best to help you.
(2) 在……one of……who/that……的结构中，先行词是of后面的复数名词，定语从句中的谓语动词用复数形式
在……the(only/very)one of……who/that……的结构中，先行词是the(only/very)one,定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式
He is one of the students in our class who were praised by the headmaster yesterday.
他是我班昨天受到校长表扬的学生中的一个
He is the only one of the students in our class who was praised by the headmaster yesterday.
他就是我班昨天唯一受到校长表扬的那个学生
六.定语从句和其他结构的区别
1.定语从句与分词
Who is the comrade that is standing by the door? =Who is the comrade standing by the door?
They built a highway which leads into the mountains. =They built a highway leading into the mountains.
They’re problems that have been left over by history. =They’re problems left over by history.
2.定语从句与并列结构、独立主格结构
A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of whom are women.
= A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, and most of them are women.
=A team of 15 Indian experts are organizing a workforce of 400 Cambodians, most of them women.
3.定语从句与强调句型
Was it the day on which /when you joined the army?
Was it on the day that you joined the army?
如果It is

/was…的后面接的是名词词组，一般是定语从句。
如果It is/was…的后面接的是副词、介词短语，一般是强调句型。
4.定语从句与主语从句
Anyone who leaves (Those who leave) the room last ought to turn off the lights.
=Whoever leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
As is known to us all, Charles Babbage invented the first computer.
=It is known to us all that Charles Babbage invented the first computer.
5.定语从句与宾语从句
1)由what-clause引导的宾语从句
His father’s second wife did all/everything (that) she could (do) to help him.
=His father’s second wife did what she could (do) to help him.
2)介词后面的宾语从句
Kennedy and Johnson, both of whom were murdered in their terms, once co-worked as president and vice-president
It was a matter of who would take the position.
He will shoot at whoever comes near him.
6.定语从句与表语从句
What is worth remembering is the time when we came here
=What is worth remembering is when we came here
This is the place where we met last time =This is where we met last time
Is that the reason why you are late? =Is that why you are late?
This is the way (in which/that) the whole city is fed. =This is how the whole city is fed.
7.定语从句与同位语从句的区别
We heard the news which/that had spread quickly.
We heard the news that our team had won.
引导定语从句的关系词，在定语从句中必须充当句子的成分。
引导同位语从句的that，在同位语从句只起连接作用，不充当句子的成分。that不能省略，也不能用which来代替。
8.定语从句与结果状语从句
He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect
=He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him
Here is so difficult a question as no one can answer
= Here is so difficult a question that no one can answer it.
解题时，看从句中是否缺少成分。缺少成分as，是定语从句；不缺少成分，用that，是结果状语从句。
9定语从句与地点状语从句
After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child.
He found her calculator where she lost it.
Bamboo grows best in places where it is warm and where it rains often.
= Bamboo grows best where it is warm and where it rains often.
解题时，看有没有表示地点的名词作先行词，在从句中充当成分。如果有，是定语从句；如果没有，是地点状语从句。
10定语从句与插入语
1) The navy was planning an expedition to the South Pacific Ocean with the purpose of watching a very unusual event, that is the planet Venus passing between the earth and the sun in 1769.
that is “即,也就是说”。起同位语从句的作用。不能用which is代替。
2) He wears, what is common in his country, a red coat.
= He, as is common in his country, wears a red coat.
= He wears a red coat, which is common in his countr

y.
他穿一件红衣服，这在他的国家是常见的
Her condition is, what worries me, getting worse.
= Her condition, as worries me, is getting worse.
=Her condition is getting worse, which worries me.
what is common in his country /what worries me在句中作插入成分，起评注性状语从句的作用