中南大学英汉语翻译技巧复习资料20120522
供复习用
翻译技巧课后练习
一、回答问题[见绪论]
1.为什么要学习翻译？
2.什么是翻译？
3.翻译的过程是什么？
4.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？
5.翻译的标准是什么？
二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词的影响[见第3章：英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词]
1.After he had a row with his wife at home,he had a row with his mistress on the lake.
2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade.
3.Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health.
4.Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks.
5.You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not playing much attention to the road.
6.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.
7.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic.
三句子翻译练习，注意英译汉时的省译与汉译英时的增译[ [见第四章：英译汉的省译与增译]
1.No man is too old but he may learn.
2.The boy entered the room, his coat wet through.
3.When Danone decided to set up manufacturing operations in Indonesia to locally produce dairy products and milk based drinks, they invited Wahaha to join them.
4.Mr. Li ordered a book and it has just arrived.
5.In winter, additional trains operate directly from Goschenen to Brig on Saturdays and Sundays.
6.She looks like any other little girl in her first year at school: a smart uniform, a happy smile and
a bag of books.
7.While Einstein is supposed to have been so distracted by solving problems that he forgot to put on his socks, Sidis simply did not know how to dress himself properly even by the time he was an adolescent.
四句子翻译练习，注意语态转译[第5章](p98)
1.She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.
2.He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute.
3.Not only politeness but reverence is demanded in church..
4.I felt uneasy for the whole dayas I was aroused from deep sleep by the ringing of the telephone early in the morning.
5.It has been decided that the fund will be distributed to those who need help badly.
6.If there is any confusion or misunderstanding in the application, the patent might not be granted or the inventor might not be fully protected.
7.Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
8.Selenology is founded on the data collected by shuttles.
五句子翻译练习，注意定语从句的处理[第七章定语从句]
1.Our records show that a large group of young people, about 95% of them boys, are computer freaks who live for nothing but the machine.
2.Home workers are people who have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.
3.I have amassed the first-hand data which serve to prove my argument to be tenable.
4.The cook turned pale, and asked the housemaid to shut the door, who asked the tinker, who presented not to hear.
5.They also want the park to attract more venture capital, which was introduced in the Park in 2000.
6.Through this initiative,3,900 children with disabilities have been successfully integrated into regular schools, where they received personalized support..
7.The front garden was a gravel square; four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner, where the y struggle to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.
8.After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
六句子翻译练习，注意长句的分析及翻译[第八章]（取消）
七句子翻译练习，注意英汉思维差异对翻译的影响[第11章英汉翻译中语序的调整]
1.So in 2003, Mr. Li, the CEO of TCL, met with Charles Dehelly, the CEO of Thomson, to discuss
a possible alliance between the two television giants.
2.As the TCL-Thomson alliance was crumbling, Thomson announced it was acquiring an 8% stake in Konka, another Chinese TV manufacturer, and one of TCL’s major competitors.
3. Otto Wagner, the most successful architect in turn-of-the-century Vienna, gained lasting importance as an organizer of large-scale projects.
4.Munch’s other, less personal, problem was the cultural provincialism of the Norwegian environment, but this he soon overcame.
5.Taut’s pavilion, though apparently without direct issue in the immediate postwar years, was a significant early tribute to the idealistic, utopian strain which was to infect twentieth-century architecture, not always with the happiest practical results.
6.He was really the first European artist who was able to make the claim that his art and his life were essentially indivisible(it had only been made previously by certain Chinese and Japanese scholar-painters ).
7.Time magazine of June 17,1996 devoted a great deal of its issue to discussing people who are the most influential in the country in their opinions.
8.But though they do not pose, those quiet places, yet it is through them that the deep, main current of English life has flowed.
9.It was a banquet in London in honour of one of the two or three conspicuously illustrious English military names of this generation.
10.We carry the dead generations within us and pass them on to the future aboard our children; this keeps the people of the past alive long after we have taken them to the churchyard.
八句子翻译练习，注意中英文化差异在翻译中的具体处理[见第十二章英汉文化差异与翻译]
1.There are no birds of this year in last year’s nest.
2.I was not Pygmalion, I was Frankenstein.
3.Prevention is better than cure, so you’d better have your carserviced before you start on such a long journey.
4.He is supposed to be a reformed character, but I would not rely on that too much for I don’t believe a leopard can change his spots.
5.He has a large family, and is poor as a church mouse.
6.It is easy to be wise after the event.
7.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in his nature.
8.It is suggested that the damaged items should be replaced within 15 days after your receipt of the said items.
九篇章翻译练习（P283－P294只考篇章练习中的3、4、6、7篇章P285-287，P288-289）
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧
新四级汉译英段落翻译技巧 新四级汉译英段落翻译解题技巧 ?题型简介?基本要求?翻译技巧 题型简介 ?自2013年12月考次起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分将由原单句汉译英调整文段落汉译英，翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材。 140~160词 基本要求 要求考生以词、句的翻译为基础，扩大到对整体段落的翻译的把握，段落内容相对完整、结构相对独立。翻译时要把整个段落当作一个有机的语篇，注意各句子之间的衔接和段落间的过渡。 翻译技巧 (一) 词的翻译 (二) 句的翻译 (三) 段落翻译 (一) 词的翻译 1. 词义选择 2. 词类转换 3. 词的增补 4. 词的省略 5. 词的替代 1.词义选择 (1)语境词?汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，称之为“语境词”，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。?原文：手机刷新了人与人的关系。?译文：Cell phone have altered the relationship among people. ?分析：“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非是我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refurbish或renovate，翻译为alter或 change更恰当。 (2) 表意模糊的词?原文：这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。?译文：The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society. ?分析：“输送”在句中是一个模糊笼统的词，具体说来是指“培养出”。“人才”笼统，译为qualified graduates比较确切。 (3) 比喻词汇?汉语有许多比喻词汇，表面意义和喻指含义完全不同，英译时应跳出机械对应的思维定式，动态地译出其潜在含义。?原文：老师答应给这几个学生“吃小灶”。?译文：The teacher has promised to give these students special tuition. ?分析：“吃小灶”在这里指的是“个别辅导”。 2.词类转换 (1)动词?名词?英语动词受到形态变化规则的严格限制，大量本应该由动词表达的概念，常需借助于名词，因为名词不受形态规则的束缚，使用相对灵活、方便。?原文：吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。?译文：You"ll be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. ?分析：英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义 advice,agreement,inheritance,knowledge,praise,use等。以上例句借助抽象名词表达了特定的行为动作，译文也显得较为地道。 (2)动词?介词?介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现，而且英语中有些介词本身就是由动词演变来的。汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词来表达。?原文：人们常用剪纸美化环境。?译文：People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. (3)动词?形容词?汉语的一些动词常常用形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词（如dreamful,doubtful,sympathetic 等），这样的译文有时会更地道、标准。?原文：在明朝和清朝时期特别流行。?译文：It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
中南大学英汉语翻译技巧复习资料20120522
供复习用 翻译技巧课后练习 一、回答问题[见绪论] 1.为什么要学习翻译？ 2.什么是翻译？ 3.翻译的过程是什么？ 4.翻译是技能、艺术还是科学？ 5.翻译的标准是什么？ 二句子翻译练习，注意语境对翻译选词的影响[见第3章：英汉词义对比与翻译中根据语境选词] 1.After he had a row with his wife at home,he had a row with his mistress on the lake. 2.Needing some light to see by, the burglar crossed the room with a light step to light the light with the light green shade. 3.Lead as an element that gets into your body is absorbed into the bones and thus does harm to your health. 4.Child enrolment is also affected by household size, birth order, livestock ownership and the ability of the household to absorb economic shocks. 5.You could tell he was absorbed in his conversation, and not playing much attention to the road. 6.As luck would have it, no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. 7.As luck would have it, there was rain on the day of the picnic. 三句子翻译练习，注意英译汉时的省译与汉译英时的增译[ [见第四章：英译汉的省译与增译] 1.No man is too old but he may learn. 2.The boy entered the room, his coat wet through. 3.When Danone decided to set up manufacturing operations in Indonesia to locally produce dairy products and milk based drinks, they invited Wahaha to join them. 4.Mr. Li ordered a book and it has just arrived. 5.In winter, additional trains operate directly from Goschenen to Brig on Saturdays and Sundays. 6.She looks like any other little girl in her first year at school: a smart uniform, a happy smile and a bag of books. 7.While Einstein is supposed to have been so distracted by solving problems that he forgot to put on his socks, Sidis simply did not know how to dress himself properly even by the time he was an adolescent. 四句子翻译练习，注意语态转译[第5章](p98) 1.She told me that her master had dismissed her.No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 2.He was guided in his everyday life by an unshakable conviction that moral values are absolute.
汉译英的几种翻译技巧
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
中南大学《英语》在线考试题及答案
中南大学 《英语（下）》在线考试答案 1. Fifty million public school children in America (1) a new school year. The number (1) 1 are starting (2) 2 weak (3) 3 higher (4) 4 on (5) 5 pay (6) 6 property (7) 7 says (8) 8 per (9) 9 receiving (10) 10 many 2. Let go love There was once a lonely girl who longed so much for love. One day (1) 1 starving (2) 2 cage (3) 3 strong (4) 4 open (5) 5 that (6) 6 flew (7) 7 horror (8) 8 .for (9) 9 softly (10) 10 keep 3. In America schools there is something called Home-coming Day. Many high schools (1) graduation (2) Many weeks before the day (3) To go home to see their family (4) elect or choose (5) The student who is liked most by the others. 4. Full-time university students spend all their time studying. They don’t do other (1) Medical students (2) when they graduate (3) live in a universit (4) work for a living in the daytime and study in the evening (5) whose students send their work by post to their tutor 5. he sent you to a hospital, but all the advanced equipment there shows that there (1) arrange by turns (2) .When you are in a state of subhealth, you should find out the reasons and relax yourself. (3) they have more pressure in life and work (4) keep relaxed (5) we should have meals with less salt and sugar
英汉语篇翻译
Poor Birds 可怜的小鸟 There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree. 在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟，它们共同栖息在一棵大树上，每天过着快乐的生活。这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方，它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。有时，它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论 One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them. 一天，一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。他看到大树上有很多小鸟，于是就在地上撒了些谷物，等着小鸟来吃。然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。 When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net. 被网罩住后，小鸟们都很害怕，想从中逃出去。有些鸟说：“我们
中南大学研究生《学术交流英语》Unit4 课后习题
Unit4 课后习题: 1.Search in Internet to get a conference with different committees. Try to understand the duties of each committee. Organizing Committee/Program Committee: previous conferences，key participants, funding sources, and relevant topics; Selecting session topics and chairs, sort abstracts，organize sessions, and hand off to session chairs; assembling program and creating database of authors with their addresses and titles; to ensure the financial solvency of the meeting. Scientific Committee or Paper Committee: Receiving papers, abstracts and posters. Finance Committee: coffee break sponsors, program schedule sponsors, banquet sponsors, workshop sponsors, etc. Logistics Committee: coordinating all meeting and presentation facilities, food services, registrations, presentation equipment, room accommodations, and general to host conference at the selected facility. Accompanying Persons Committee: Set up programs for the spouses and other accompanying persons. 2.Study the session mode of at least three meetings and translate them into Chinese. Sample D(展览大厅模式) The Exhibitors Wall will be available on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday from 11:30 a.m. to 1:45 p.m. Time will be allocated to companies in one-hour time blocks on a first-come, first-served basis. A company may request one or two hours. Sessions will be scheduled from 11:30 a m. to 12:30 p. m., And from 12:45 p.m. to 1:45p.m.each day. Each one-hour time slot should include time for a Q&A. 会议的参展墙会在周一，周二，周三，周四上午11:30到下午1点45分展览。先到的团体就先开，原则上，每次会议是一个小时，但有些团体可能会要求一两个小时。会议时间是每天的上午11:30到下午12:30，下午12:45到下午1:45，每个时间段包括问答时间。 Sample E(4天会议模式): The four-day conference will include plenary, oral, and poster sessions on research in plasma science and technology and a Prize Address by the recipient of the Plasma Science and Applications Committee Award. Oral sessions will include both invited and contributed papers. Invited papers are allotted 20 minutes for presentation and 10 minutes for questions. Contributed papers are allotted 12 minutes for presentation and 3 minutes for questions. 等离子体科学和技术研究的全体会议，口头和海报会议以及等离子体科学与应用委员会获奖者的颁奖典礼将持续4天。口头会议包括特约论文和贡献论文。特约发言人有20分钟演示文稿时间和10分钟的答问时间。贡献发言人的报告时间是12分钟和问答时间是3分钟。 Sample F(所有发言人模式) All presentations are 12 minutes unless stated otherwise in the meeting program.(8minutes to present; 4 minutes for Q & A). THIS IS THE ABSOLUTE LIMITI! 所有演讲均为12分钟，除非会议节目另有说明。（8分钟演说，4分钟的问答）。所有的演讲都不能超过这个时间！
汉译英翻译技巧
汉译英翻译技巧 一、分清主从(Subordination) 汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，所以在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。句中重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。 1、没有农业，人们就不能生存，社会生产就不能继续下去。 Without agriculture, people cannot exist, neither can social production proceed. 2、他们一听到“反霸”就火冒三丈,这充分暴露了他们那霸权主义的蛮横嘴脸。 The fact that they fly into a rage at a mere mention of the expression - “ anti hegemony ” is enough to reveal their true colours as a domineering hegemonists. 3、有人以为社会主义就了不起，一点缺点也没有，哪有这个事? Some believe that socialism is just perfect, without a single flaw. How can that be true? 4、但是，象我们常说的那样，道路总是曲折的，前途总是光明的。 But as we have often said, while the road ahead is tortuous, the future is bright. 二、选词用字 ( Diction ) 在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。 1、每个民族都有它的长处，不然它为什么能存在？为什么能发展？Every nation has its own strong points. If not, how can it survive? How can it progress? 2、树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。 Foster lofty ideals, set high goals and march forward for the revolution of modernization of science and technology. 3、我国的社会主义建设，需要一个和平的国际环境，需要一个国内安定团结，天下大治的局面。 For its socialist construction, China needs an international environment of peace and a domestic situation of stability, unity and great order. 4、论技术，她那时还不如我，但思想却比我高得多。 Professionally she was then not yet my equal, but ideologically she was head and shoulders above me. 三、增益 ( Ampification ) 汉译英时的“增益”技巧的运用,有时是为了使英美人理解原文的精确含义,有时是为了遵循英语的行文习惯。 1、交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。这样才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only then can you do your work well. (英语行文时人称代词，物主代词用得较多) 2、她挑水，生炉子，洗东西，忙个不停。 Fetching water, building the fire, washing --- she had her hands full every minute. ( 增益为了意译) 3、他们一听说有新任务，就坐不往了。
中南大学网上作业 英语(上)2
(一) 单选题 1. Computer language is(?)on the binary（二进制的）system. (A) claimed (B) based (C) confirmed (D) formed 参考答案： (B) 2. The rain(?) us from playing football. (A) preserved (B) predicted (C) stopped (D) keep 参考答案： (C) 3. The builders have (?) the difficult piece of work they were paid to do. (A) practiced (B) accomplished (C) compared (D) examined 参考答案： (B) 4. I’m delighted(?)your success. (A) to (B) in (C)
with (D) at 参考答案： (D) 5. What(?) does this book come into? (A) category (B) sort (C) class (D) species 参考答案： (A) 6. He (?)the need of practical English. (A) strengthened (B) handled (C) prolonged (D) emphasized 参考答案： (D) 7. The patient(?) badly to the new medicine. (A) responded (B) pointed (C) recovered (D) pressed 参考答案： (A)
汉译英翻译十大技巧
汉译英翻译技巧1：了解中英文区别，避免机械对等翻译 英语和汉语是两种差异比较大的语言。在汉英双语互译时，其差异具体体现为词汇、句式、衔接等方面的差异。因此，对于备考大学英语四级考试的考生，了解中英文两种语言的以下主要区别，对段落汉译英答题很有帮助。 1.汉语重意合，英语重形合。汉语强调意义上紧密结合，主要靠词义手段连接，讲究“意境美”，所以有时候语法是不完整的；英语则注重句法、词汇手段等形式上的紧密结合，讲究“结构美”，强调句式完整和上下文的衔接。因此，汉译英需要通过对汉语句子进行句型变换，使用逻辑衔接词、从句等来显现句中的逻辑关系，从而符合英语的表达习惯。 2.汉语多短句，英语多长句。汉语侧重语义，多用短句、分句来表达；英语多用长句及复合句，其结构通过时态、标点符号及关联词来表达。因此，汉译英往往需要对原文进行合译、增补词汇等。 3.汉语多重复，英语多替代。汉语由于结构较松散，常对名词进行重复，使语义更加清晰，对动词进行重复起增强语气的作用：而英语常使用代词、名词及do，do so或so do，so，as或其他词组来代替重复出现的部分。
4.汉语多用主动，英语多用被动。 5.汉语用词多动词，英语用词多名词和介词。汉语句子多用动词，具有动态性和具体性的特点；英语句子则喜用名词和介词，体现静态性和抽象性的特点。这一不同的特点决定了汉译英过程中常常需要转换词性。 6.汉语句中的定语通常放在所修饰的名词之前，英语中定语的位置却可前可后。因此，汉译英时往往需要调整语序，如汉语中定语过多，英语可使用介词短语、分词、不定式、从句等后置定语以求句子结构上的平衡。 7.汉语重心在后，英语重心在前。在表达多逻辑思维时，汉语一般是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后；英语则往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前。【例1】九寨沟气候宜人，夏季凉爽，冬无寒风。 译文: Jiuzhaigou enjoys a favorable climate which is cool in summer but free from cold wind in winter. 解析：原句含三个汉语短句，但都是对“九赛沟”的描述，存在逻辑上的联系，译文中将第一个短句处理成主句，后两个短句则处理成 which引导的定语从句，既能体现三个句子间的逻辑联
中南大学英语口语考试材料整理
My view on college romance When we are in middle school, the romance between boys and girls is banned by parents and school. On the one hand the adults believe that we are not old enough, on the other hand they think the so called romance will influence teenagers’ study, especially the review to the college entrance examination, so just they ban it without a second thought. But when we are in college, college romance becomes more natural. Mostly college romance begins even when we are not aware of it. People always say college is a place which is full of magical atmosphere of youth, passion and dream. And love is one of these magical atmosphere. So it’s not difficult to understand why so many students fall in love so quickly, naturally and deeply. In some way the college love can be seen as a way to grow up, it’s also a chance to learn how to communicate with and take care of others. When we are lost in love deeply, the feeling of love in the bottom of our hearts will make our life more colorful because we finally know we should do something to make our lover happy. And most of these things, I have to say, have not been done by us before, and it is just this fresh feeling that makes us glad. There are some disadvantages of college romance, too. Some students find love just because they want to get rid of loneliness, so they do not love each other truly and sincerely. As a result of this thought, both of the two may hurt each other in the aspect of emotion when they split up. What’s more, college love calls for lots of money and time, if students can not deal with them in a proper way, then they’ll just mess their life up. In a word, I’m positive about college love as long as it develops naturally and in a healthy way. How to give compliments Giving compliments in life is not as easy as we think, in some way, it is a kind of wisdom which needs lots of knowledge and shills. After my research on this subject, I dare say I can give some useful tips that can help people make it easier to pay compliments. First of all, if someone wants to praise others, no matter what way he uses, he should be genuine. Remember that honesty is one of the precious qualities we ought to be equipped with for good. We should never exaggerate others’ achievements and merits, or we will just fail to give any compliment. In addition to our sincere attitude, we’re supposed to be clear that the language we use to give compliments should be specific and appropriate. For example, instead of saying ”Great job!”, we’d better say ” Great job! I really appreciate the way you work and your ability to deal with difficult problems. Can you introduce some skills to me if you do not mind?”If we give
英汉语篇衔接手段翻译策略及译文连贯性探讨
摘要：连贯作为语篇的一个深层语义特征，在以语篇为单位的翻译活动中显得尤为重要。语篇翻译的过程也可以说是连贯的识别和重构的过程。本文将语篇作为翻译单位，从连贯角度探讨了翻译过程中译者对原语语篇衔接手段的调整及采用的翻译策略。 关键词：衔接手段连贯照应替代 一、引言 传统翻译观以句子为翻译的基本单位，“注重研究源语与目的语之间的异同及言内关系，将翻译过程视为把一种文字材料转换成另一种文字材料，把一种语言产物在保持内容（命题）不变的情况下改变成另一种语言产物的过程”（张美芳、黄国文，2002）。随着篇章语言学的兴起，人们已逐渐摆脱了传统语言学和语法学的束缚，将语言研究的重心由句子转为语篇。大多数语言研究者也不断地将语篇分析延伸到其他领域，这自然也包括翻译领域。李运兴认为“翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句，而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子……有机地组合在一起的语篇。因此建立明确的语篇意识，不论在翻译实践还是在翻译研究中都十分重要。”（李运兴，2001：19） 连贯这一决定语篇语义结构的重要因素，在以语篇为基础的翻译活动中发挥着重要作用。译者在翻译时，首先需要对原文语篇内部的各种衔接手段进行分析，以便在原文与译文之间建立语篇层次上的意义与功能对等（谭键，2002）。译者必须尽可能保全和复现原文语篇的连贯性和完整性，才能使译文语篇结构严谨、行文流畅、语气贯通。因此，在翻译中语篇连贯的实现直接关系到译文的可读性，并决定着译者对翻译策略的选择。 二、英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略 Halliday和Hasan指出，衔接就是把上下文联系起来的机制，它本身是意义概念，是由“衔接是语篇中的一个成分和对解释它起重要作用的其他成分之间的语义词汇语法来实现的， 关系。这一‘其他成分’也必须在语篇中能找到……”（Halliday、Hasan，2004）。Halliday 和Hasan认为，语篇内部的衔接关系通过五种语言形式来实现：指称、省略、替代、连接、词汇。虽然以上五种衔接手段在所有的语篇中都有使用，但是翻译毕竟是对不同语言代码的转换，译者需要根据译语语篇的特点对衔接手段进行调整，以保证译文的连贯性。下面我们从连贯角度来探讨一下英汉语篇衔接手段的翻译策略。 （一）保留原语篇的衔接方式 在不影响译文语篇连贯性和可读性的前提下，将译文中的衔接方式一一对应地译出，可以在最大程度上反映出原语语篇的衔接与连贯特点。 （1）原文：At first，I attributed this new habit to advancing age—I had recently turned 40—and glumly concluded that I was becoming morbid.But why，then，was I finding my secret rite so uplifting？ Finally，after many years of starting the day this way，I have figured out that I am doing it not to obsess about death but to find out about life. 译文：起初，我以为这是因为上了年纪的缘故（当时我刚四十岁），于是我不无悲哀地认为这是一种病态心理。可令我不解的是，为什么我竟对这个秘密的仪式感到如此振奋？我就是以这种方式年复一年地度过清晨那片刻的时光，直到有一天我突然明白过来，我如此喜欢读讣告并非迷恋死亡，而意在探索生命，真正的生命。（Suzanne B.Levine，2004）例（1）原文主要通过一系列的连接词来表示语篇中句与句之间的逻辑关系（以时间为主的叙述顺序夹带着因果和转折关系），译文基本上复制了原文的衔接链，将原文的时间衔接链“at first—after many years—finally”译为：“起初—年复一年地—直到有一天”；在原文中表示因果而非并列关系的“and”被相应地译成“于是”；表示转折关系的“but”译为汉语中相对的转折词“可”。在例（1）中，源语语篇中的衔接手段在汉语中同样适用，因此这
中南大学新视野大学英语第二学期末考试题型及有关背诵翻译答案
2010级第二学期期末考试题型简介 Part one: 作文15分 Part two: 快速阅读10分 Part three: 听力共35分 短对话：8分 长对话：7分（2段长对话） 短文：10分（3篇短文） 复合式听写：10分 Part four: 仔细阅读20分（两篇文章） 注：仔细阅读和快速阅读共30分，其中有一篇文章来自《大学英语综合阅读教程》第二册，屠国元等主编，外语教育与研究出版社，2009年8月。 Part five: 完型填空10分 题型: 同上期末的完型填空。即从本期所学《大学英语新视野读写教程》第二册1-7单元抽取1-2个典型段落，要求学生用课本上的词填空。 考试范围： Unit 1: Para 3 Unit 2: Para 20-21 Unit 3: Para 4 Unit 4: Para 4 Unit 5: Para 5 Unit 6: 1-2 Unit 7: Para 8-9 Part six: 汉译英（10分） 即每课后的汉译英练习，共五句，每句两分。 附： I、完型填空所涉段落： Unit 1: Para 3 A foreigner’s first impression of the US is likely to be that everyone is in a rush –often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, or elbowing others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered precious. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish so they, too, can be served and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be abrupt and people will push past you. You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small exchanges with strangers. Don’t take it personally. This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain appropriate point. Unit 2: Para 20-21 Last summer, I returned to visit Nikolai. He made me tea--- and did the dishes! We talked while sitting on his couch. Missing the Olympic Team the previous year had