曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观)第五版测试题库_第35章
Chapter 35
The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
TRUE/FALSE
1. In the long run, the natural rate of unemployment depends primarily on the growth rate of the money supply. ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Natural rate of unemployment
MSC: Definitional
2. In the long run, the inflation rate depends primarily on the growth rate of the money supply..
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation MSC: Definitional
3. Short-run outcomes in the economy can be expressed in terms of output and the price level, or in terms of
unemployment and inflation.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve | Aggregate demand and supply
MSC: Applicative
4. Other things the same, an increase in aggregate demand reduces unemployment and raises inflation in the
short run.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope
MSC: Applicative
5. A given short-run Phillips curve shows that an increase in the inflation rate will be accompanied by a lower
unemployment rate in the short run.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope
MSC: Interpretive
6. The short-run Phillips curve indicates that expansionary monetary policy will temporarily raise the
unemployment rate above its natural rate.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope
MSC: Definitional
7. The logic behind the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment is that high aggregate demand puts upward
pressure on wages and prices while raising output.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope
MSC: Analytical
8. Unexpectedly high inflation reduces unemployment in the short run, but as inflation expectations adjust the
unemployment rate returns to its natural rate.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope | Short-run Phillips curve shifts
MSC: Analytical
9. Fiscal policy cannot be used to move the economy along the short-run Phillips curve.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope | Fiscal policy
MSC: Applicative
10. If the Fed were to increase the money supply, inflation would increase and unemployment would decrease in
the short run.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
2312
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2313 11. Friedman and Phelps believed that the natural rate of unemployment was constant.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
12. The long-run Phillips curve is consistent with monetary neutrality implied by the classical dichotomy.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve | Classical dichotomy
MSC: Interpretive
13. The short-run Phillips curve is based on the classical dichotomy.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Classical dichotomy
MSC: Interpretive
14. The classical notion of monetary neutrality is consistent both with a vertical long-run aggregate-supply curve
and with a vertical long-run Phillips curve.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Long-run aggregate supply | Long-run Phillips curve | Classical dichotomy
MSC: Interpretive
15. Although monetary policy cannot reduce the natural rate of unemployment, other types of government policies
can.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-2
TOP: Natural rate of unemployment MSC: Definitional
16. A policy change that reduces the natural rate of unemployment shifts both the long-run aggregate-supply curve
and the long-run Phillips curve left.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-2
TOP: Long-run Phillips curve | Long-run aggregate supply MSC: Applicative
17. An increase in the natural rate of unemployment shifts the long-run Phillips curve to the right.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Long-run Phillips curve | Natural rate of unemployment MSC: Analytical
18. In the long run people come to expect whatever inflation rate the Fed chooses to produce, so unemployment
returns to its natural rate.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
19. The analysis of Friedman and Phelps argues that an expected change in inflation has no impact on the
unemployment rate.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve shifts
MSC: Analytical
20. In the Friedman-Phelps analysis, when inflation is less than expected, the unemployment rate is less than the
natural rate.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve slope
MSC: Applicative
21. According to the Friedman-Phelps analysis, in the long run actual inflation equals expected inflation and
unemployment is at its natural rate.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Applicative
2314 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
22. An increase in inflation expectations shifts the short-run Phillips curve right and has no effect on the long-run
Phillips curve.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Short-run Phillips curve shifts MSC: Applicative
23. A decrease in government expenditures serves as an example of an adverse supply shock.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 35-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Supply shocks
MSC: Interpretive
24. An adverse supply shock shifts the short-run Phillips curve right and the short-run aggregate-supply curve left. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Supply shocks
MSC: Applicative
25. In most of the 1970s, the Fed's policy created expectations of high inflation.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: US inflation MSC: Definitional
26. The proliferation of Internet usage serves as an example of a favorable supply shock.
ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Supply shocks
MSC: Interpretive
27. A decrease in the growth rate of the money supply eventually causes the short-run Phillips curve to shift right. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 35-3 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve shifts | Contractionary policy MSC: Analytical
28. The sacrifice ratio is the percentage point increase in the unemployment rate created in the process of reducing
inflation by one percentage point.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Sacrifice ratio
MSC: Definitional
29. A low sacrifice ratio would make a central bank less willing to reduce the inflation rate.
ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Sacrifice ratio
MSC: Interpretive
30. Proponents of rational expectations argue that failing to account for peoples' revised inflation expectations led
to estimates of the sacrifice ratio that were too high.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Rational expectations | Sacrifice ratio
MSC: Definitional
31. The sacrifice ratio of the Volcker disinflation was larger than previous estimates had predicted.
ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Volcker disinflation | Sacrifice ratio
MSC: Definitional
32. U.S. monetary policy in the early 1980s reduced the inflation rate by more than half.
ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Volcker disinflation
MSC: Definitional
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2315 SHORT ANSWER
1. In the long run what primarily determines the natural rate of unemployment? In the long run what primarily
determines the inflation rate? How does this relate to the classical dichotomy?
ANS:
In the long run the natural rate of unemployment is primarily determined by labor market factors including government policy concerning minimum wages and unemployment benefits. In the long run inflation is primarily determined by money supply growth. These determinants are consistent with the classical dichotomy which states that real and nominal variables are determined independently.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Inflation | Natural rate of unemployment | Classical dichotomy
MSC: Definitional
2. Are the effects of an increase in aggregate demand in the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model
consistent with the Phillips curve? Explain.
ANS:
Consider what happens when the aggregate-demand curve shifts. For example, suppose there is an increase in aggregate demand. The aggregate demand and supply model shows that prices and output will rise. Rising prices mean that there is inflation. Rising output means falling unemployment. Thus, a shift in the aggregate-demand curve along the aggregate-supply curve corresponds to a movement along the Phillips curve.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve shifts
MSC: Analytical
3. The Phillips curve and the short-run aggregate supply curve are closely related, yet one slopes downward and
the other slopes upward. Discuss.
ANS:
The Phillips curve shows the relation between inflation and unemployment. The short-run aggregate-supply curve shows the relation between the price level and output. When aggregate demand increases, the price level and output rise. The rising price level means that inflation has increased. The rising level of output means that firms will hire more workers so that the unemployment rate falls. Thus, the model implies that inflation and unemployment are inversely related as the Phillips curve indicates. Real GDP and the unemployment rate move in the opposite direction. So it is consistent to have an upward sloping aggregate supply curve with output on the horizontal axis and a downward sloping Phillips curve with unemployment on the horizontal axis.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Short-run aggregate supply MSC: Analytical
4. Explain the connection between the vertical long-run aggregate supply curve and the vertical long-run Phillips
curve.
ANS:
Both reflect the classical dichotomy. The vertical long-run aggregate supply curve says that, in the long run, the economy will be at its natural rate of output, and that this is the same no matter what the price level. The natural rate of output depends on the natural rate of unemployment. The vertical Phillips curve says that, in the long run, the economy will be at the natural rate of unemployment (corresponding with the natural rate of output), and that this is the same no matter what the inflation rate. Both curves are consistent with the classical dichotomy that says real variables are not affected by nominal variables.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve | Long-run aggregate supply MSC: Analytical
5. Suppose that the Fed unexpectedly pursues contractionary monetary policy. What will happen to
unemployment in the short run? What will happen to unemployment in the long run? Justify your answer using the Phillips curves.
ANS:
In the short run, unemployment will rise, because, contractionary policy reduces actual inflation and so moves the economy down along the Phillips curve. In the long run, the economy will return to its natural rate of unemployment as a reduction in expected inflation shifts the short-run Philip curve shifts left.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve | Contractionary policy MSC: Analytical
2316 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
6. What did Friedman and Phelps predict would happen if policymakers tried to move the economy upward
along the Phillips curve? Did the behavior of the economy in the late 1960s and the 1970s prove them wrong? ANS:
Friedman and Phelps predicted that, over time, people would come to expect higher inflation, so the short-run Phillips curve would shift right. When this happened, unemployment would go back to its natural rate, but inflation would be higher. The behavior of the economy in the late 1960s and the 1970’s was consistent with their theory. Inflation rose but unemployment did not remain low.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
7. Some countries have inflation around or in excess of 8 percent. Suppose that the sacrifice ratio is 2.5. What is
the cost of reducing inflation from 8 percent to 2 percent? In your answer, define the sacrifice ratio and
explain how you found the cost of inflation reduction.
ANS:
The sacrifice ratio gives the annual percentage decline in output required to reduce the inflation rate 1 percentage point. The sacrifice ratio is 2.5 so if a country with 8 percent inflation wants to reduce it to 2 percent it will have a reduction in output equal to 2.5 times 6 percent = 15 percent of annual output.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Sacrifice ratio MSC: Applicative
8. Why does a downward-sloping Phillips curve imply a positive sacrifice ratio?
ANS:
A downward-sloping Phillips curve implies that as a government acts to decrease inflation, unemployment increases. Increased unemployment leads to lower output. So the Phillips curve implies that inflation reduction requires a short-run decrease in output, as does a positive sacrifice ratio.
DIF: 2 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Sacrifice ratio | Short-run Phillips curve slope MSC: Analytical
9. Suppose that the economy is at an inflation rate such that unemployment is above the natural rate. How does
the economy return to the natural rate of unemployment if this lower inflation rate persists? Use sticky-wage theory to explain your answer.
ANS:
If unemployment is above its natural rate, then actual inflation is less than expected inflation. According to
sticky-wage theory, when inflation is less than expected, prices will have risen less than nominal wages which are based on expected inflation. Because prices have risen less than nominal wages, firms will choose to reduce production and lay off or fire workers. Eventually workers and firms will have lower inflation expectations and the nominal wage will adjust to a level consistent with lower inflation expectations which will encourage firms to raise production. This increase in production causes unemployment to fall and shifts the short-run Philips curve to the left and the unemployment rate will return to it natural rate.
DIF: 3 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run equilibrium | Sticky-wages MSC: Analytical
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2317 10. Some economists argue suddenly reducing money supply growth is a costly way to reduce inflation and that it
may not work. For example, if a government cuts money growth but makes no real fiscal reforms, people will expect the government will eventually need to expand the money supply to pay for its expenditures. Thus, the promise to fight inflation will not be credible. Explain why credibility is important to a reduction in the
inflation rate.
ANS:
If people believe that the government really will honor its promise to reduce inflation, than inflation expectations fall. This change in expectations shifts the short-run Phillips curve left so that at any actual inflation rate the unemployment rate will be lower. If the government reduces money supply growth and at the same time people reduce their inflation expectations, unemployment will rise by less than if people maintain their inflation expectations.
The same argument can be made using the following equation.
Unemployment rate = natural rate of unemployment - a(actual inflation - expected inflation)
Suppose the government reduces actual inflation. If expected inflation is unchanged, then the unemployment rate rises by more than if people revise their expectations of inflation downward.
DIF: 3 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Credibility MSC: Analytical
11. Some countries have had relatively high inflation and relatively high unemployment for long periods of time.
Is this consistent with the Phillips curve? Defend your answer.
ANS:
They are consistent with the long-run Phillips curve. In the long run the natural rate of unemployment is determined by factors other than inflation. For example, the natural rate of unemployment will be higher in a country with a higher minimum wage and more generous unemployment compensation. In the long run, inflation depends on the growth rate of the money supply. So, it is possible for a country with a Phillips curve that is farther to the right to also have greater money supply growth and higher inflation.
DIF: 3 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve | Natural rate of unemployment | Inflation expectations
MSC: Analytical
2318 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
12. Suppose that the Prime Minister and Parliament of Veridian are disappointed with the high inflation rates
under the current system where the Veridian Ministry of Finance is in charge of the money supply. They make reforms to lower inflation from its current rate of 8%. Suppose further that the public is confident that with the reforms in place that inflation will fall to 2%. Also suppose that those in control of the money supply actually conduct monetary policy so that the actual inflation rate is 4%. Using long-run and short-run Phillips curves and assuming the natural rate of unemployment is 6%, show the initial long run equilibrium of Veridian and label it “A”. Assuming that the government had actually set inflation at 2% and that the public believed this, label the long-run equilibrium “B”. Now, suppose that inflation expectations fell to 2% and that the
government unexpectedly created inflation of 4%. Show the short-run equilibrium and label it “C”. If the money supply continues to grow at a rate consistent with 4% inflation, show where the economy ends up and label that point “D”.
ANS:
Veridian Phillips Curves
DIF: 3 REF: 35-4 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve shifts | Long-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
Sec00-The Short-Run Trade-off Between Inflation and Unemployment-Introduction MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Closely watched indicators such as the inflation rate and unemployment are released each month by the
a.Bureau of the Budget.
b.Bureau of Labor Statistics.
c.Department of the Treasury.
d.President's Council of Economic Advisors.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Bureau of Labor Statistics
MSC: Definitional
2. The misery index is calculated as the
a.inflation rate plus the unemployment rate.
b.unemployment rate minus the inflation rate.
c.actual inflation rate minus the expected inflation rate.
d.natural unemployment rate times the inflation rate
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Misery index
MSC: Definitional
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2319
3. The misery index is supposed to measure the
a.social cost of unemployment.
b.health of the economy.
c.lost output associated with a particular unemployment rate.
d.short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Misery index
MSC: Definitional
4. The misery index is supposed to measure the
a.social cost of unemployment.
b.health of the economy.
c.lost output associated with a particular unemployment rate.
d.short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Misery index
MSC: Definitional
5. One determinant of the natural rate of unemployment is the
a.rate of growth of the money supply.
b.minimum wage rate.
c.expected inflation rate.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Natural rate of unemployment
MSC: Definitional
6. In the long run,
a.the natural rate of unemployment depends primarily on the level of aggregate demand.
b.inflation depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate.
c.there is a tradeoff between the inflation rate and the natural rate of unemployment.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Unemployment and inflation
MSC: Interpretive
7. One determinant of the long-run average unemployment rate is the
a.market power of unions, while the inflation rate depends primarily upon government spending.
b.minimum wage, while the inflation rate depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate.
c.rate of growth of the money supply, while the inflation rate depends primarily upon the market
power of unions.
d.existence of efficiency wages, while the inflation rate depends primarily upon the extent to which
firms are competitive.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Unemployment and inflation
MSC: Interpretive
8. In the long run,
a.the natural rate of unemployment depends primarily on the level of aggregate demand.
b.inflation depends primarily upon the money supply growth rate.
c.there is a tradeoff between the inflation rate and the natural rate of unemployment.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Unemployment and inflation
MSC: Interpretive
2320 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
9. In the long run inflation
a.and unemployment are primarily determined by labor market factors.
b.and unemployment are primarily determined by the rate of money supply growth.
c.is primarily determined by the rate of money supply growth while unemployment is primarily
determined by labor market factors.
d.is primarily determined by labor market factors while unemployment is primarily determined by the
rate of money supply growth.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Unemployment and inflation
MSC: Definitional
10. In the short run
a.unemployment and inflation are positively related. In the long run they are largely unrelated
problems.
b.and in the long run inflation and unemployment are positively related.
c.unemployment and inflation are negatively relate
d. In the long run they are largely unrelated
problems.
d.and in the long run inflation and unemployment are negatively related.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 35-0 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
Sec01-The Short-Run Trade-off Between inflation and Unemployment-The Phillips Curve
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The short-run relationship between inflation and unemployment is often called
a.the Classical Dichotomy.
b.Money Neutrality.
c.the Phillips curve.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
2. Phillips found a negative relation between
a.output and unemployment.
b.output and employment.
c.wage inflation and unemployment.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
3. The economist A.W. Phillips published a famous article in 1958 in which he showed a
a.negative correlation between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation.
b.positive correlation between the rate of unemployment and the rate of inflation.
c.negative correlation between the rate of unemployment and the rate of interest.
d.positive correlation between the rate of unemployment and the rate of interest
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2321
4. Phillips found a
a.positive relation between unemployment and inflation in the United Kingdom.
b.positive relation between unemployment and inflation in the United States.
c.negative relation between unemployment and inflation in the United States.
d.negative relation between unemployment and inflation in the United Kingdom.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
5. A. W. Phillips' findings were based on data
a.from 1861-1957 for the United Kingdom.
b.from 1861-1957 for the United States.
c.mostly from the post-World War II period in the United Kingdom.
d.mostly from the post-World War II period in the United States.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
6. In his famous article published in an economics journal in 1958, A.W. Phillips
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0c1258218.html,ed data for the United States to show a negative relationship between the rate of change of the
U.S. consumer price index and the U.S. unemployment rate.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0c1258218.html,ed data for the United States to show a negative relationship between the rate of change of wages
in the U.S. and the U.S. unemployment rate.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0c1258218.html,ed data for the United Kingdom to show a negative relationship between the rate of change of the
U.K. consumer price index and the U.K. unemployment rate.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/0c1258218.html,ed data for the United Kingdom to show a negative relationship between the rate of change of
wages in the U.K. and the U.K. unemployment rate.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
7. A.W. Phillips’s discovery of a particular relationship between unemployment and inflation for the United
Kingdom
a.could not be extended to other countries, despite many researchers’ attempts to provide that
extension.
b.was quickly extended to other countries by researchers.
c.was extended to only one other country — the United States.
d.was harshly criticized by the American economists Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow on the
grounds that Phillips’s study was fundamentally flawed.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
8. Samuelson and Solow argued that when unemployment is high, there is
a.upward pressures on wages and prices.
b.upward pressures on wages and downward pressures on prices.
c.upward pressures on prices and downward pressures on wages.
d.downward pressures on wages and prices.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
2322 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
9. Samuelson and Solow reasoned that when aggregate demand was high, unemployment was
a.low, so there was upward pressure on wages and prices.
b.low, so there was downward pressure on wages and prices.
c.high, so there was upward pressure on wages and prices.
d.high, so there was downward pressure on wages and prices.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
10. Samuelson and Solow reasoned that when aggregate demand was low, unemployment was
a.high, so there was upward pressure on wages and prices.
b.high, so there was downward pressure on wages and prices.
c.low, so there was upward pressure on wages and prices.
d.low, so there was downward pressure on wages and prices.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
11. Samuelson and Solow believed that the Phillips curve
a.implied that low unemployment was associated with low inflation.
b.indicated that the aggregate supply and aggregate demand model was incorrect.
c.offered policymakers a menu of possible economic outcomes from which to choose.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
12. According to the Phillips curve, policymakers could reduce both inflation and unemployment by
a.increasing the money supply.
b.increasing government expenditures.
c.raising taxes.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
13. According to the Phillips curve, policymakers would reduce inflation but raise unemployment if they
a.decreased the money supply.
b.increased government expenditures.
c.decreased taxes.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
14. The short-run Phillips curve shows the combinations of
a.unemployment and inflation that arise in the short run as aggregate demand shifts the economy
along the short-run aggregate supply curve.
b.unemployment and inflation that arise in the short run as short-run aggregate supply shifts the
economy along the aggregate demand curve.
c.real GDP and the price level that arise in the short run as short-run aggregate supply shifts the
economy along the aggregate demand curve.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2323
15. As aggregate demand shifts right along the aggregate supply curve,
a.inflation and unemployment are higher.
b.inflation is higher and unemployment is lower.
c.unemployment is higher and inflation is lower.
d.unemployment and inflation are lower.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
16. There is a
a.short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
b.short-run tradeoff between the actual unemployment rate and the natural rate of unemployment.
c.long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
d.long-run tradeoff between the actual unemployment rate and the natural rate of unemployment.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
17. In the short run, policy that changes aggregate demand changes
a.both unemployment and the price level.
b.neither unemployment nor the price level.
c.only unemployment.
d.only the price level.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run equilibrium
MSC: Applicative
18. If policymakers decrease aggregate demand, then in the short run the price level
a.falls and unemployment rises.
b.and unemployment fall.
c.and unemployment rise.
d.rises and unemployment falls.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Contractionary policy
MSC: Analytical
19. If policymakers increase aggregate demand, then in the short run the price level
a.falls and unemployment rises.
b.and unemployment fall.
c.and unemployment rise.
d.rises and unemployment falls.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Analytical
20. Unemployment would decrease and prices increase if
a.aggregate demand shifted right.
b.aggregate demand shifted left.
c.aggregate supply shifted right.
d.aggregate supply shifted left.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Applicative
2324 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
21. If the government raises government expenditures, then in the short run prices
a.rise and unemployment falls.
b.fall and unemployment rises.
c.and unemployment rise.
d.and unemployment fall.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Analytical
22. If the central bank decreases the money supply, then in the short run prices
a.rise and unemployment falls.
b.fall and unemployment rises.
c.and unemployment rise.
d.and unemployment fall.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Contractionary policy
MSC: Analytical
23. If the central bank increases the money supply, then in the short run prices
a.rise and unemployment falls.
b.fall and unemployment rises.
c.and unemployment rise.
d.and unemployment fall.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Analytical
24. If the central bank increases the money supply, in the short run, output
a.rises so unemployment rises.
b.rises so unemployment falls.
c.falls so unemployment rises.
d.falls so unemployment falls.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Analytical
25. If a central bank increases the money supply, then
a.prices, output, and unemployment rise.
b.prices and output rise and unemployment falls.
c.prices rise and output and unemployment fall.
d.prices fall and output and unemployment ris
e.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Expansionary policy
MSC: Analytical
26. Suppose that the money supply increases. In the short run, this increases prices according to
a.both the short-run Phillips curve and the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
b.neither the short-run Phillips curve nor the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
c.the short-run Phillips curve, but not the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
d.the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model but not the short-run Phillips curv
e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve | Aggregate demand and supply MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2325
27. Suppose that the money supply increases. In the short run this decreases unemployment according to
a.both the short-run Phillips curve and the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
b.neither the short-run Phillips curve nor the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model.
c.the short-run Phillips curve, but not the aggregate demand and supply model.
d.the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model, but not the short-run Phillips curv
e.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Aggregate demand and supply MSC: Interpretive
28. In the long run, policy that changes aggregate demand changes
a.both unemployment and the price level.
b.neither unemployment nor the price level.
c.only unemployment.
d.only the price level.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run aggregate supply | Expansionary policy
MSC: Applicative
29. If policymakers expand aggregate demand, then in the long run
a.prices will be higher and unemployment will be lower.
b.prices will be higher and unemployment will be unchanged.
c.prices and unemployment will be unchange
d.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Long-run aggregate supply | Expansionary policy MSC: Analytical
30. If policymakers decrease aggregate demand, then in the long run
a.prices will be lower and unemployment will be higher.
b.prices will be lower and unemployment will be unchanged.
c.prices and unemployment will be unchange
d.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Long-run aggregate supply | Contractionary policy MSC: Analytical
31. In 2001, Congress and President Bush instituted tax cuts. According to the short-run Phillips curve, in the
short run this change should have
a.reduced inflation and unemployment.
b.raised inflation and unemployment.
c.reduce inflation and raised unemployment.
d.raised inflation and reduced unemployment.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Applicative
32. According to the short-run Phillips curve, if the central bank increases the money supply, then
a.inflation and unemployment will both fall.
b.inflation and unemployment will both rise.
c.inflation will fall and unemployment will rise.
d.inflation will rise and unemployment will fall.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Expansionary policy MSC: Applicative
33. The economy will move to a point on the short-run Phillips curve where unemployment is lower if
a.the inflation rate decreases.
b.the government increases its expenditures.
c.the Fed decreases the money supply.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
2326 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
34. If the short-run Phillips curve were stable, which of the following would be unusual?
a. an increase in government spending and a fall in unemployment
b. an increase in inflation and a decrease in output
c. a decrease in the inflation rate and a rise in the unemployment rate
d. a decrease in the money supply and a rise in the unemployment rat
e.
ANS: B
DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
35. Which of the following would we not expect if government policy moved the economy up along a given
short-run Phillips curve?
a. Paul reads in the newspaper that the central bank recently raised the money supply.
b. Louisa gets fewer job offers
c. Joey makes larger increases in the prices at his health food store.
d. Jessica's nominal wage increase is larger.
ANS: B
DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
36. The government of Tsiratenom considers two policies. Policy A would shift AD right by 200 units while
policy B would shift AD right by 300 units. According to the short-run Phillips curve policy A will lead a. to a lower unemployment rate and a lower inflation rate than policy B. b. to a lower unemployment rate and a higher inflation rate than policy B. c. to a higher unemployment rate and lower inflation rate than policy B. d. to a higher unemployment rate and higher inflation rate than policy B.
ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Analytical
Figure 35-1. The left-hand graph shows a short-run aggregate-supply (SRAS) curve and two aggregate-demand
(AD) curves. On the right-hand diagram, U represents the unemployment rate.
115
130
10%
37. Refer to Figure 35-1. What is measured along the horizontal axis of the left-hand graph?
a. the wage rate
b. the inflation rate
c. employment
d. output
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Aggregate demand and supply
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2327
38. Refer to Figure 35-1.What is measured along the vertical axis of the right-hand graph?
a.the interest rate
b.the inflation rate
c.the wage rate
d.the growth rate of the nominal money supply
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
39. Refer to Figure 35-1.Assuming the price level in the previous year was 100, point F on the right-hand
graph corresponds to
a.point A on the left-hand graph.
b.point B on the left-hand graph.
c.point C on the left-hand graph.
d.point D on the left-hand graph.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Applicative
40. Refer to Figure 35-1.Assuming the price level in the previous year was 100, point G on the right-hand
graph corresponds to
a.point A on the left-hand graph.
b.point B on the left-hand graph.
c.point C on the left-hand graph.
d.point D on the left-hand graph.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Applicative
41. Refer to Figure 35-1.Suppose points F and G on the right-hand graph represent two possible outcomes for
an imaginary economy in the year 2012, and those two points correspond to points B and C, respectively, on the left-hand graph. Then it is apparent that the price index equaled
a.130 in 2011.
b.115 in 2011.
c.110 in 2011.
d.100 in 2011.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Applicative
42. Refer to Figure 35-1.Suppose points F and G on the right-hand graph represent two possible outcomes for
an imaginary economy in the year 2012, and those two points correspond to points B and C, respectively, on the left-hand graph. Also suppose we know that the price index equaled 120 in 2011. Then the numbers 115 and 130 on the vertical axis of the left-hand graph would have to be replaced by
a.155 and 175, respectively.
b.138 and 156, respectively.
c.137.5 and 154.75, respectively.
d.135 and 150, respectively.
ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Applicative
2328 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
43. Refer to Figure 35-1.The curve that is depicted on the right-hand graph offers policymakers a “menu” of
combinations
a.that applies both in the short run and in the long run.
b.that is relevant to choices involving fiscal policy, but not to choices involving monetary policy.
c.of inflation and unemployment.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-1 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Short-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
Figure 35-2
Use the pair of diagrams below to answer the following questions.
44. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, an increase in the money supply
growth rate moves the economy to
a. A and 1
b. B and 2
c. C and 3
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
45. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, an increase in government
expenditures moves the economy to
a. B and 2.
b. B and 3.
c. B and 3.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
46. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, a decrease in taxes moves the
economy to
a. D and 2.
b. D and 3.
c.back to C and 1.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2329 47. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, a decrease in aggregate demand
moves the economy to
a. A and 2.
b. D and 3.
c. E and 3.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
48. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, a decrease in the money supply
moves the economy to
a. E and 1.
b. D and 2.
c. D and 3.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Short-run Phillips curve | Aggregate demand and supply MSC: Analytical
49. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, a decrease in government
expenditures moves the economy to
a. D and 2
b. D and 3.
c. E and 3.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
50. Refer to Figure 35-2. If the economy starts at C and 1, then in the short run, an increase in taxes moves the
economy to
a. B and 2.
b. D and 3.
c. E and 2.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 35-1
TOP: Aggregate demand and supply | Short-run Phillips curve MSC: Analytical
Sec02-The Short-Run Trade-off Between Inflation and Unemployment-Shifts in the Phillips Curve the Role of Expectations
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In 1968, economist Milton Friedman published a paper criticizing the Phillips curve on the grounds that
a.it seemed to work for wages but not for inflation.
b.monetary policy was ineffective in combating inflation.
c.the Phillips curve did not apply in the long run.
d.Phillips had made errors in collecting his data.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
2330 Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment
2. In the late 1960s, economist Edmund Phelps published a paper that
a.argued that there was no long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
b.disproved Friedman's claim that monetary policy was effective in controlling inflation.
c.showed the optimal point on the Phillips curve was at an unemployment rate of 5 percent and an
inflation rate of 2 percent.
d.argued that the Phillips curve was stable and that it would not shift.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
3. In the late 1960s, Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps argued that
a.the trade-off between inflation and unemployment did not apply in the long run This claim is
consistent with monetary neutrality in the long run.
b.the trade-off between inflation and unemployment did not apply in the long run. This claim is
inconsistent with monetary neutrality in the long run.
c.the trade-off between inflation and unemployment applied in both the short run and the long run.
This claim is consistent with monetary neutrality in the long run.
d.the trade-off between inflation and unemployment applied in both the short run and the long run.
This claim is inconsistent with monetary neutrality in the long run.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
4. Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps argued in the late 1960s that in the long run the Phillips curve is
a.downward-sloping, which implies that monetary and fiscal policies can influence the level of
unemployment in the long run.
b.downward-sloping, which implies that monetary and fiscal policies cannot influence the rate of
inflation in the long run.
c.vertical, which implies that monetary and fiscal policies cannot influence the level of
unemployment in the long run.
d.vertical, which implies that monetary and fiscal policies cannot influence the rate of inflation in the
long run.
ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
5. Friedman and Phelps argued
a.that in the long run, monetary growth did not influence those factors that determine the economy's
unemployment rate.
b.that the Phillips curve could be exploited in the long run by using monetary, but not fiscal policy.
c.that the short-run Phillips curve was very steep, but not vertical.
d.that there was neither a short-run nor long-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
6. According to classical macroeconomic theory, in the long run
a.monetary growth affects both real and nominal variables.
b.the only real variable affected by monetary growth is the unemployment rate.
c. a number of factors that affect unemployment are influenced by monetary growth.
d.monetary growth affects nominal but not real variables.
ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 TOP: Classical theory
MSC: Interpretive
Chapter 35 /The Short-Run Trade-Off Between Inflation and Unemployment 2331
7. Milton Friedman argued that the Fed's control over the money supply could be used to peg
a.the level or growth rate of a nominal variable, but not the level or growth rate of a real variable.
b.the level of a nominal or real variable, but not the growth rate of a real or nominal variable.
c.the level or growth rate of a real variable, but not the level or growth rate of a nominal variable.
d.both levels and growth rates of both real and nominal variables.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
8. Friedman argued that the Fed could use monetary policy to peg
a.nominal exchange rates.
b.the level of real GDP.
c.the rate of unemployment.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
9. In responding to the Phillips curve hypothesis, Friedman argued that the Fed can peg the
a.unemployment rate.
b.inflation rate.
c.growth rate of real national income.
d.All of the above are correct.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
10. According to the long-run Phillips curve, in the long run monetary policy influences
a.both the inflation rate and the unemployment rate.
b.the inflation rate but not the unemployment rate.
c.the unemployment rate but not the inflation rate.
d.neither the unemployment rate nor the inflation rat
e.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Interpretive
11. According to the Phillips curve, unemployment and inflation are inversely related in
a.the short run and the long run.
b.the short run, but not the long run.
c.the long run, but not the short run.
d.neither the long run nor the short run.
ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Long-run Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
12. By raising aggregate demand more than anticipated, policymakers
a.reduce unemployment for awhile.
b.raise unemployment for awhile.
c.reduce unemployment permanently.
d.None of the above is correct.
ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 35-2 NAT: Analytic
LOC: Unemployment and inflation TOP: Aggregate Demand | Phillips curve
MSC: Definitional
曼昆_微观经济学_原理_第五版_课后习题答案
第三章 6．下表描述了Baseballia国两个城市的生产可能性： 一个工人每小时生产的红补袜子量一个工人每小时生产的白袜子量 A．没有贸易，波士顿一双白袜子价格（用红袜子表示）是多少芝加哥11双白袜子价格是多少答：没有贸易时，波士顿1 双白袜子价格是1 双红袜子，芝加哥1 双白袜子价格是2 双红袜子。B．在每种颜色的袜子生产上，哪个城市有绝对优势哪个城市有比较优势 答：波士顿在生产红、白袜子上都有绝对优势。波士顿在生产白袜子上有比较优势，芝加哥在生产红袜子上有比较优势。 C．如果这两个城市相互交易，两个城市将分别出口哪种颜色的袜子 答：如果它们相互交易，波士顿将出口白袜子，而芝加哥出口红袜子。 D．可以进行交易的价格范围是多少 答：白袜子的最高价格是2 双红袜子，最低价格是1 双红袜子。红袜子的最高价格是1 双白袜子，最低价格是1／2 双白袜子。 7．假定一个美国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或20台电脑，而一个中国工人每年能生产100件衬衣或10台电脑。 A．画出这两个国家的生产可能性边界。假定没有贸易，每个国家的工人各用一半的时间生产两种物品，在你的图上标出这一点。 答：两个国家的生产可能性边界如图3 一4 所示。如果没有贸易，一个美国工人把一半的时间用于生产每种物品，则能生产50 件衬衣、10 台电脑；同样，一个中国工人则能生产50 件衬衣、5 台电脑。
图3 一4 生产可能性边界 B．如果这两个国家进行贸易，哪个国家将出口衬衣举出一个具体的数字例子，并在你的图上标出。哪一个国家将从贸易中获益解释原因。 答：中国将出口衬衣。对美国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是5 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。对中国而言，生产一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣，而生产一件衬衣的机会成本为1/10 台电脑。 因此，美国在生产电脑上有比较优势，中国在生产衬衣上有比较优势，所以中国将出口衬衣。 衬衣的价格在1/5 到1/10 台电脑之间。两个国家都会从贸易中获益。例如，衬衣的价格为1/8 台电脑，换言这，中国出口8 件衬衣换回1 台电脑。中国专门生产衬衣（100 件），并出口其中的8 件，这样就有92 件衬衣和换回的1 台电脑。而没有贸易时，92 件衬衣和1 台电脑在中国是不可能得到的产出。美国专门生产电脑（20 台）并向中国出口其中的1 台换取8 件衬衣。这样，美国最后就有19 台电脑和8 件衬衣，这也是没有贸易时美国不可 能得到的产出。由此可见，贸易使中国和美国所能消费的产品增加，两国都获益了。 C．解释两国可以交易的电脑价格（用衬衣衡量）是多少。 答：一台电脑的价格将在5 到10 件衬衣之间。如果电脑价格低于5 件衬衣，美国将不会出口，因为在美国一件衬衣的机会成本为1/5 台电脑。如果电脑的价格高于10 件衬衣，中国将不会进口，因为在中国一台电脑的机会成本是10 件衬衣。 D．假设中国的生产率赶上了美国，因此，一个中国工人每年可以生产100件衬衣或20台电脑。你预期这时的贸易形式会是什么样的。中国生产率的这种进步将如何影响两国居民的经济福利 答：此时，中美双方将同时生产两种商品，然后进行贸易，不过此时的贸易被称为水平贸易，即生产率大致相同的两个国家进行的贸易。而中国在提高生产率之前，两国进行的是垂直贸易。垂直
经济学原理第五版中文曼昆 名词解释
23章 微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互影响。 宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀，失业和经济增长。 国内生产总值（GDP ）：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值。 消费：家庭除购买新住房之外用于物品与劳务的支出。 投资：用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出，包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。 政府购买：地方、州和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出。 净出口：外国人对国内生产的物品的支出（出口）减国内居民对外国物品的支出（进口）。 名义GDP ：按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 真实GDP ：按不变价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。 GDP 平减指数：用名义GDP 与真实GDP 的比率乘以100计算的物价水平衡量指标。 100GDP GDP GDP ?=真实名义平减指数 %100GDP GDP -GDP ?=平减指数 第一年的平减指数第一年的平减指数第二年的第二年的通货膨胀率 24章 消费物价指数（CPI ）：普通消费者所购买的物品与劳务的总费用的衡量指标。 100?=基年一篮子的价格 的价格当年一篮子物品与劳务消费物价指数 通货膨胀率：从前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。 %100CPI CPI -CPI ?=第一年第一年第二年第二年的通货膨胀率 生产物价指数：企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。 年的物价水平 今天的物价水平年美元的数量今天的美元的数量T T ?= 指数化：根据法律或协议按照通货膨胀的影响对美元数量的自动调整。 名义利率：通常公布的、未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率。 真实利率：根据通货膨胀的英雄校正过得利率。 25章 生产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务的数量。 物质资本：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物存量。 人力资本：工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。 自然资源：由自然界提供的用于生产物品和劳务的投入，如土地、河流和矿藏。 技术知识：社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。 收益递减：随着投入量的增加，每一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。 追赶效应：开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快的特征。 26章 金融体系：经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。 金融市场：储蓄者可以借以直接向借款者提供资金的金融机构。
曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 08a
Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation Test A 1. A tax levied on the buyers of a product shifts the a. demand curve upward or to the right. b. demand curve downward or to the left. c. supply curve upward or to the left. d. supply curve downward or to the right. ANSWER: b. demand curve downward or to the left. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. When a tax is levied on a good a. buyers are worse off but sellers are not. b. sellers are worse off but buyers are not. c. neither buyers nor sellers are worse off. d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. ANSWER: d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. When a tax on a good is enacted, a. sellers always bear the full burden of the tax. b. buyers always bear the full burden of the tax. c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. d. sellers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them, but buyers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them. ANSWER: c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A tax placed on a good a. causes the price of the good to fall. b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. c. affects buyers of the good, but not sellers. d. is usually borne entirely by the seller of the good. ANSWER: b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a tax is levied on a good a. the market price falls because demand declines. b. the market price falls because supply falls. c. the market price rises because demand falls. d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receiv e. ANSWER: d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y
曼昆经济学原理第四版课后习题中文答案_百度文库
产大量物品与劳务，才能使本国居民享有在国际贸易环境下的高生活水平。2．假定社会决定减少消费并增加投资。 A．这种变化会如何影响经济增长? 答：当社会决定减少消费并增加投资时，会使社会的储蓄增加，更多的资源用于生产资本品，结果，资本存量增加，引起生产率提高和 GDP 增长得更为迅速。B．哪些社会群体会从这种变化中获益?哪些集团会受到损害? 答：拥有资本品的人会从这种变化中获益，如拥有较多的物质资本和人力资本的人。而那些依靠政府援助的人将从这种变化中受损，因为社会减少了现期物品与劳务的消费。 3．社会选择把多少资源用于消费和把多少资源用于投资。这些决策中的一部分涉及私人支出；另一些涉及政府支出。 A．说明代表消费的一些私人支出形式，以及代表投资的一些私人支出形式。国民收入账户把学费作为消费支出的一部分。按你的看法，把资源用于教育是一种消费的形式，还是一种投资的形式。 答：如家庭购买食物和服装是消费的私人支出形式，而个人购买新住房、企业对厂房和设备的投资是代表投资的私人支出形式。资源用于教育即可以看作是一种消费的形式，也可以看作是一种投资的形式。 B．说明代表消费的一些政府支出形式，以及代表投资的一些政府支出形式。按你的看法，我们应该把政府用于医疗计划的支出作为一种消费的形式，还是投资的形式？你能区分青年人的医疗计划和老年人的医疗计划吗？ 答：社会保险、国防和退伍军人津贴等是代表消费的一些政府支出形式，政府修筑铁路、核电站是代表投资的一些政府支出形式。政府用于医疗计划的支出是一种对人力资本的投资。与老年人的医疗计划相比，青年人的医疗计划更接近对人力资本的投资。 4．投资于资本的机会成本是什么？你认为一国有可能对资本“过度投资”吗？人力资本投资的机会成本是什么？你认为一国可能对人力资本“过度投资”吗？解释之。 答：投资于资本的机会成本是牺牲现期的物品和劳务的消费。一国有可能对资本“过度投资”。人力资本投资也有机会成本。当学生上学时．他们放弃了他们本可以赚到的收入。即使在人力资本特别稀缺的发展中国家，一国也不会对人力资本“过度投资”，因为一国政府进行人力资本投资的方式是提供更多更好的学校，并鼓励人们利用这些学校。尽管受过教育的工人与未受过教育的工人之间的工资差距很大，但是很多儿童在小小年纪就退学了，因为他们需要用劳动来养家糊口。 5．假设一家完全由德国公民拥有的汽车公司在南卡罗来纳开办了一家新工厂。
曼昆《经济学原理》第五版宏观经济学习题答案(中文)
第 20 章货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量 有什么关系？ 参考答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息比持有全部存款更有利 可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货 币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100 美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美 国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个 石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制 造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介 b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假 钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5 亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 a)列出 BSB的 T 账户。 b) 现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000 万美元现金。如果 BSB决定通过减 少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T 账户。 c) 解释 BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d) 为什么 BSB要采取 (b) 中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的 另一种方法。 参考答案： a. BSB的 T 账户如下： : 伯列戈瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产负债 准备金$25 million存款$250 million 贷款$225 million b.当 BSB的大储户提取了 1000 万美金现金，而 BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其 准备率，它的 T 账户如下：
曼昆 经济学原理(第五版) 课后答案
第十二章税制的设计 复习题 1．在过去的几十年来，政府的增长比经济中的其他部分快还是慢? 答：在过去几十年间，政府的增长比经济中其他部分快。数据表明，美国经济中包括联邦、州和地方政府在内的政府收入在总收人中所占百分比的增长速度快于经济中其他部分。 2．美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是什么? 答：美国联邦政府收入最重要的两个来源是个人收入所得税和用于社会保障的工薪税。 3．解释公司利润如何双重纳税。 答：当企业赚到利润时，它要按公司所得税交税；当企业用其利润向公司股东支付股息时，按个人所得税第二次交税。 4．为什么纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入? 答：因为纳税人的税收负担除了向政府交纳的税收之外，还包括两种成本：一是税收改变了激励所引起的资源配置扭曲；二是遵守税法的管理负担。这两种成本没有政府的收入作为补偿。因此，纳税人的税收负担大于政府得到的收入。 5．为什么一些经济学家支持对消费征税，而不是对收入征税? 答：因为对收入征税扭曲了对人们储蓄的激励，鼓励人们少储蓄。如果政府采取消费税，储蓄起来的全部收入在最后支出前都不征税，就不会扭曲人们的储蓄决策。 6．举出富有的纳税人应该比贫穷纳税人多纳税的两种观点。 答：这方面的观点有受益原则和能力纳税原则。 受益原则认为：人们应该根据他们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税。通常富人从公共服务中受益多，他们应该多纳税。 能力纳税原则认为：应该根据一个人所能承受的负担来对这个人征税。显然，富人的财务承受能力强于穷人，富人应该多纳税。 7．什么是横向平等概念。为什么运用这个概念是困难的? 答：横向平等是指主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该缴纳等量税收的思想。这一原则面临的问题是什么决定两个纳税人是相似的。每个纳税人在许多方面不同，为了评价税收是不是横向平等，必须决定哪些差别对纳税人的支付能力是相关的，哪些是不相关的。这些相关关系的确定是复杂而困难的。它不仅涉及经济学问题，还涉及价值观问题，很难说确定的结果是否公平。 8．说明支持与反对用单一税率取代现行税制的观点。 答：单一税率的支持者认为：(1)单一税率税将取消现行所得税的许多税收减免。通过用这种方法扩大税基，固定税能够降低大多数人面临的边际税率。税率越低意味着经济福利越大。因此，单一税率支持者声称，这种改变将扩大经济馅饼的规模。(2)由于单一税率税如此简单，所以，赋税的管理负担将大大降低。(3)由于所有纳税人都面临相同的边际税率，所以可以按收入来源而不是按得到收入的人来收税。这种额外的简单化也降低了管理成本。 (4)单一税率税将取代个人所得税和公司所得税。所有收入无论是来自工作中的劳动还是来自公司中拥有的股份，都按相同的边际税率一次性纳税。单一税率将消除目前对公司利润的双重征税，这就可以鼓励企业投资于新工厂和设备。(5)在为纳税计算收入时，允许企业扣除所有合法的经营支出，包括新投资品的支出。这种投资扣除使单一税率税更像消费税而不像所得税。结果，变为单一税率税将提高对投资的激励。 单一税率税的反对者认为：这种税很少注意纵向平等的目标。他们声称，单一税率税的累进性要小于现在的税制，而且，特别是它会把一些税收负担从富人身上转移到中产阶级身上。
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
曼昆经济学原理答案30—34
第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十一章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量的名字。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量的名字。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期 总供给的曲线的图。仔细地标出正确的轴。 答： 图31—1 经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的 三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应
物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应 较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应 当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。 由于这三个原因，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜。 4．解释为什么长期总供给曲线是垂线。 答：在长期中，一个经济的物品与劳务的供给取决于它资本与劳动的供给，以及用来把资本与劳动变为物品与劳务的生产技术。由于物价水平并不影响这些实际GDP的长期决定因素，所以长期总供给曲线是一条垂线，即经济的资本、劳动和技术决定了物品与劳务供给量，而且，无论物价水平如何变动，供给量都是相同的。
5．列出并解释为什么短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的三种理论。 答：在短期中，总供给曲线向右上方倾斜，也就是说，在一个一两年的时期中，经济中物价总水平的上升增加了物品与劳务的供给量，而物价水平下降倾向于减少物品与劳务供给量。什么因素引起物价水平与产量之间的正相关关系呢?宏观经济学家提出了三种理论说明短期总供给曲线的向右上方倾斜。在每一种理论中，一种特殊的市场不完全性引起经济中供给一方的短期状况与长期不同。虽然每一种理论在细节上不同，但它们具有共同的内容：当物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时，供给量就背离了其长期水平或“自然水平”。当物价水平高于预期水平时，产量就高于其自然率。当物价水平低于预期水平时，产量就低于其自然率。 (1)新古典的错觉理论 根据这种理论，物价总水平的变动会暂时误导供给者对他们出售其产品的市场发生的变动的看法。由于这些短期的错觉，供给者对物价水平的变动作出了反应，而这种反应引起了向右上方倾斜的总供给曲线。假设物价总水平降到低于
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第1章 经济学十大原理)
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1 / 5 第20xx货币制度 1、为什么银行不持有百分百的准备金？银行持有的准备金量和银行体系所创造的货币量有什么关系？ 参考 答案： 银行不持有百分百的准备金是因为把存款用于放贷并收取利息 比持有全部存款更有利可图。银行持有的准备金量和银行体系通过货币乘数所创造的货币量是相关的。银行的准备金率越低，货币乘数越大，所以银行存款的每一元钱可以创造更多的货币 2、考察以下情况如何影响经济的货币制度。 a、假设雅普岛的居民发现了一种制造石轮的简单方法。这种发现如何影响石轮作为货币的有用性呢？并解释之。 b、假设美国某个人发现了一种仿造100美元钞票的简单办法。这种发现将如何影响美国的货币制度呢？并解释之。 参考 答案： a、如果有一种制造石轮的简单方法，雅普岛上的居民就会制造多余的石轮，只要每个石轮的货币价值大于制造它的成本。结果，人们会自己制造货币，于是就有太多的货币被制造出来。最有可能的是，人们会停止接受石轮作为货币，而转向其他资产作为交换的媒介
b.如果美国有人发现了伪造百元面值美钞的简单方法，他们就会大量地生产这种假钞，而降低百元美钞的价值，结果可能是转为使用另一种通货。 3、xx瑞德州银行(BSB)有 2.5亿美元存款，并保持10％的准备率。 2 / 5 a)列出BSB的T账户。 b)现在假设BSB的大储户从其账户中提取了1000万美元现金。如果BSB决定通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，说明它的新T账户。 c)解释BSB的行动对其他银行有什么影响？ d)为什么BSB要采取(b)中所描述的行为是困难的？讨论BSB恢复其原来准备金率的另一种方法。 参考 答案： a. xx瑞德州银行(BSB) 资产 准备金 贷款 b.当BSB的大储户提取了1000万美金现金，而BSB通过减少其未清偿贷款量来恢复其准备率，它的T账户如下： $25 million存款
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曼昆经济学原理试题及答案
一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本 2.科斯定理 3.搭便车 4.囚徒困境 5.菲利普斯曲线 6.供应学派 7.凯恩斯革命 8.看不见的手 9.比较优势 10.外部性 二、简述题（第11、12、13题各12分，14题14分，共50分） 1.简述银行存款的创造过程。 2.简述失业的根源及其类型。 3.简述节俭的是非。 4.根据有关经济学原理，简析我国森林减少、珍稀动物来绝的原因及解决的措施。 三、论述题(每小题25分，共计50分) 1.论述人民币升值对中国经济的影响。 2.论述政府公共投资对国民经济的作用。 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本:指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件。第一，资源是稀缺的；第二，资源具有多种生产用途；第三，资源的投
向不受限制。从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，而避免带来生产的浪费，达到资源配置的最优。机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的。从经济资源的稀缺性这一前提出发，当一个社会或一个企业用一定的经济资源生产一定数量的一种或者几种产品时，这些经济资源就不能同时被使用在其他的生产用途方面。这就是说，这个社会或这个企业所能获得的一定数量的产品收入，是以放弃用同样的经济资源来生产其他产品时所能获得的收入作为代价的。这也是机会成本产生的缘由。因此，社会生产某种产品的真正成本就是它不能生产另一些产品的代价。所以，机会成本的含义是：任何生产资源或生产要素一般都有多种不同的使用途径或机会，也就是说可以用于多种产品的生产。但是当一定量的某种资源用于生产甲种产品时，就不能同时用于生产乙种产品。因此生产甲种产品的真正成本就是不生产乙种产品的代价，或者是等于该种资源投放于乙种产品生产上可能获得的最大报酬。一种资源决定用于甲种产品，就牺牲了生产其他产品的机会；从事生产甲种产品的收入，是由于不从事或放弃其他产品生产的机会而产生的。 2.科斯定理:指一种产权理论。科斯本人并未将科斯定理写成文字，科斯定理的提出是由其好友斯蒂格勒首先根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括出来的。其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为0或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。按照这个定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当。或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。 科斯定理解决外部影响问题在实际中并不—定真的有效。资产的财产权不一定总是能够明确地加以规定；已经明确的财产权不一定总是能够转让；分派产权会影响收入分配，而收入分配的变动可以造成社会不公平，引起社会动乱。在社会动乱的情况下，就谈不上解决外部效果的问题了。 3.搭便车：指不付成本或支付很低的成本而消费公共产品的行为。公共产品的特点决定了私人厂商不愿自动提供这种产品。这是因为在公用产品消费中存在“搭便车”问题，即每个人都想不付任何成本，或只支付很低的代价，来享受公共产品的服务。由于公共物品具有消费的非竞争性和受益的非排他性，人们可以在不付费的情况下享受公共物品所带来的效益。因此公共产品覆盖的消费者人数越多，搭便车问题就越严重，公共产品由私人厂商提供出来的可能性就越小。例如：1970年美国通用汽车公司研制出了一种汽车污染物排放控制装置，每个售价20美金，如果每个车尾都装上这一装置，可使汽车排放的污染下降30％至50％。然而，污染的降低是一种公共产品，每个人呼吸空气质量是否改善并不取决于自己的车上是否装上这个新发明，而是取决于该地区大多数车主的选择，于是大多数人都不想多花20美元而只是试图搭便车，结果，在私人市场上，这种公共产品的产量总难以达到最佳水平。私人不能提供公共产品，就只能由政府出面担当此项职能。事实上，私人经济中的政府，最初就是为了提供公共产品(法律、国防、公安等等)的目的由众多私人共同建立起来的。政府这一职能具体体现为：①尽可能正确地估价社会对公用产品的实际需求；②按照社会福利最大化的原则确定税收比率，并用税收收入购置公用产品，为公众提供服务。 4.囚徒困境：指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。这是博弈论中的一个经典例证，同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。具体情况如下：两囚徒被指控是一桩罪案的同案犯。他们被分关在不同的牢房且无法互通信息。各囚徒都被要求坦白罪行。如果两囚徒都坦白，各将被判入狱5年；如果两人都不坦白，则很难对他们提起刑事诉讼，因而两囚徒可以期望被从轻发落为入狱2年；另一方面，如果一个囚徒坦白而另一个囚徒不坦白，坦白的囚徒就只需入狱1年，而另一个将被判入狱10年。那么囚徒将会怎么选择呢？下表归纳了各种可能的结果。（其中“得益”是负的，表格右下角单元格意思是两个囚徒各2年徒刑）。该表说明，这两个囚徒面临着一种困境。如果他们都不坦白（以一种会遵守的方法），那么两人只需入狱仅仅2年。但他们不能相互讲话，如果囚徒A不坦白，他就冒着被B利用的危险。因为不管囚徒A怎么选择，囚徒B坦白总是最优方案。
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一 个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方： 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量， 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答： 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.
曼昆经济学原理答案16—20
第十六章寡头 复习题 1．如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔，它们想确定的产量和价格是什么? 答：如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔，它们想确定的产量和价格是对整个卡特尔来说利润最大化的产量与价格。 2．比较寡头与垄断的产量与价格。 答：如果寡头们可以联合起来统一行动的话，寡头与垄断的产量和价格相等。当寡头企业个别选择利润最大化的产量时，它们的产量大于垄断的产量水平，小于竞争的产量水平。寡头价格小于垄断价格，大于竞争价格。 3．比较寡头与竞争市场的产量与价格。 答：寡头价格高于竞争价格。寡头产量低于竞争产量。 4．一个寡头市场上的企业数量如何影响市场结果? 答：随着寡头市场上卖者数量增加，寡头市场就越来越像竞争市场，价格接近于边际成本，生产量接近于有效率的水平。 5．什么是囚犯两难处境?它与寡头有什么关系? 答：囚犯两难处境是指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。 囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。 6．举出寡头之外的两个例子，说明囚犯的两难处境如何有助于解释行为? 答：例一，共有资源的使用。设想两个渔民——杰瑞和麦克，他们共同拥有一个湖泊，湖泊中价值2万美元的鱼类资源归他们共有。造一条渔船要花1 000美元。两人各有一条渔船，每人将得到一半的鱼类资源，可以赚9 000美元(1万美元收益减1 000美元成本)，两人都可以造第二条渔船。如果某个人在三条渔船中拥有两条，他就得到三分之二的鱼类资源，这将带来11 333美元的利润。但如果两人都造第二条船，又是平分鱼类资源，而且两人的利润都下降，是8 000美元。表16－1表示杰瑞和麦克的博弈。 表16－1 共有资源博弈 例二，广告博弈。考虑两家化妆品公司——甲和乙，面临决策。如果两家都不向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品，它们平分市场。如果两家都向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品，他们仍平分市场，但利润少了，因为要承担送赠品的成本。但如果一家公司送赠品而另一家不送，送赠品的一家就把另一家公司的顾客吸引走了。表16—2是这两家公司的博弈。 表16—2 化妆品公司的博弈利己行为使这两家公司得到不良后果。
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案
曼昆经济学原理-习题答案 第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 1(列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。 答:?大学毕业后(面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;2、在学习为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6(市场巾的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢， 答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此(他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者棉利的影响。当一个人小完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。
市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8(为什么生产率是重要的? 答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。 9什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀? 答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值生活中价格总水平上升。货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。 10(短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关? 答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取台，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期描写下列各种情况所面临的权衡取舍: A(一个家庭决定是否买一辆车。 答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如:外出旅行，购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答:对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于文通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C一个公司总裁决定是否开一家新厂。 答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。 这样(企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D(一个教援决定用多少时间备课。
曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 09a
Chapter 9 Application: International Trade Test A 1. When the United States engages in international trade with China, a. it is an equal tradeoff so neither country benefits nor loses. b. China reaps economic benefits and the United States loses. c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. d. China loses and the United States reaps economic benefits. ANSWER: c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. TYPE: M KEY1: C OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. Countries usually impose restrictions on free foreign trade to protect a. domestic consumers. b. foreign consumers. c. foreign producers. d. domestic producers. ANSWER: d. domestic producers. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. If a country allows trade and the domestic price of a good is higher than the world price, a. the country will become an importer of the good. b. the country will become an exporter of the good. c. the country will neither export nor import the goo d. d. additional information about demand is needed to determine whether the country will export or import the good. ANSWER: a. the country will become an importer of the good. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A country has a comparative advantage in a product if the world price is a. equal to its domestic price. b. higher than its domestic price. c. lower than its domestic price. d. There is no way to tell by comparing the world price with the domestic pric e. ANSWER: b. higher than its domestic price. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, a. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are better off. b. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are worse off. c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. d. domestic producers are worse off, and domestic consumers are better off. ANSWER: c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y
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